Commercial Prospects Research Articles

Blind reconfigurable intelligent surface-aided fixed non-orthogonal multiple access for intelligent vehicular networks

In intelligent vehicular networks, vehicles should be able to communicate with their surroundings while traveling. This results in more efficient, safer, and comfortable driving experiences, as well as new commercial prospects in a variety of industries. Connected vehicles and autonomous vehicles expect 100% reliable connectivity without any compromise in quality. However, due to challenges such as difficult channel terrains in urban scenarios and dead zones, the reliability of current vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems cannot be guaranteed. The performance of vehicular networks can be considerably enhanced with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS). Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) allows for massive connectivity with the surroundings. In vehicular networks, the RIS-assisted NOMA can ensure regulated channel gains, better coverage, throughput, and energy efficiency. In this work, a blind RIS-assisted fixed NOMA (FNOMA) system is proposed for a downlink V2I scenario. The closed-form analytical outage probability and throughput expressions are derived by considering RIS as an intelligent reflector and as a roadside unit. It is observed that the analytical and Monte Carlo simulation results are closely related. In simulations, it has been discovered that RIS-assisted FNOMA outperforms the traditional NOMA variants in terms of outage and throughput. Even without precise channel knowledge, blind RIS transmission outperforms traditional NOMA variants due to huge array gain. The increase in the number of reflective elements also results in a significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio gains.

Monosubstituted Low Molecular Weight Anthraquinone for Energy-Dense and Long-Life Redox Flow Batteries

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are large-scale energy storage technologies that are attractive due to their safety, flexible design, and long life. Among different types of RFBs, aqueous organic systems have gained a lot of attention due to the possibility of tailoring the redox properties by modifying the organic chemical structure. We introduce 2-2-propionate ether anthraquinone (abbreviated 2-2PEAQ), which is a singly substituted anthraquinone that is synthesized via a facile synthetic route from potentially inexpensive precursors. 2-2PEAQ has the lowest molecular weight (MW = 296.07 g/mol) among the anthraquinone derivatives reported to date that can deliver an extremely low capacity fade rate (<0.02%/day), low membrane permeability (<1 x 10-13 cm2/s), high solubility (≥1 M transferrable electrons) and acceptable redox potential (OCV >~1.0 V vs. Fe(CN)6 3-/4-) for use in aqueous organic flow batteries. Having a smaller MW per mole transferrable electrons in species that can be synthesized via simple synthesis routes is highly preferable because both attributes correlate with low mass production cost. We will discuss the degradation mechanisms of 2-2PEAQ and report its performance in the negolyte of a redox flow battery under practically relevant conditions, advancing the prospects for commercialization of grid-scale aqueous organic redox flow batteries.

Tech-economic analysis of liquid air energy storage - A promising role for carbon neutrality in China

Liquid air energy storage (LAES), a green novel large-scale energy storage technology, is getting popular under the promotion of carbon neutrality in China. However, the low round trip efficiency of LAES (~50 %) has curtailed its commercialization prospects. Limited research is conducted about the economic analysis, especially on the end-user side, as some national electricity policies may be friendly to the development of LAES. Therefore, a practical LAES system with 100 MW peak electricity output and a 501 MW heating supply is proposed. A typical example system built in Huitong District, Hebei Province, is given. The simple payback period and dynamic payback period are respectively 10.4 years and 6.5 years, while the levelized cost of storage is 0.11 $/kWh and the levelized cost of energy is 0.32 $/kWh. The subsequent economic analyses show that the payback period of the LAES system at the end-user side can be reduced by half compared to the LAES system at the power grid dispatching side, owing to its diversified incomes. There is an optimal peak regulation depth of 20 % in the thermal/renewable power plants integrated with LAES under the effects of the national electricity price policies. Finally, the potential carbon-emission economy of LAES should be taken seriously, particularly in the likely event that the carbon trading market is established. Among the four typical provinces in China, Hubei Province stands out with possible earnings of 0.07–0.074 $M/year, attributed to the sound carbon-emission basis and policies. Overall, the study provides a profound understanding of the application forms of LAES with the assistance of Chinese government policies, which will be vital for the development of energy storage technologies in the future.

Translation of nanotechnology-based implants for orthopedic applications: current barriers and future perspective.

The objective of bioimplant engineering is to develop biologically compatible materials for restoring, preserving, or altering damaged tissues and/or organ functions. The variety of substances used for orthopedic implant applications has been substantially influenced by modern material technology. Therefore, nanomaterials can mimic the surface properties of normal tissues, including surface chemistry, topography, energy, and wettability. Moreover, the new characteristics of nanomaterials promote their application in sustaining the progression of many tissues. The current review establishes a basis for nanotechnology-driven biomaterials by demonstrating the fundamental design problems that influence the success or failure of an orthopedic graft, cell adhesion, proliferation, antimicrobial/antibacterial activity, and differentiation. In this context, extensive research has been conducted on the nano-functionalization of biomaterial surfaces to enhance cell adhesion, differentiation, propagation, and implant population with potent antimicrobial activity. The possible nanomaterials applications (in terms of a functional nanocoating or a nanostructured surface) may resolve a variety of issues (such as bacterial adhesion and corrosion) associated with conventional metallic or non-metallic grafts, primarily for optimizing implant procedures. Future developments in orthopedic biomaterials, such as smart biomaterials, porous structures, and 3D implants, show promise for achieving the necessary characteristics and shape of a stimuli-responsive implant. Ultimately, the major barriers to the commercialization of nanotechnology-derived biomaterials are addressed to help overcome the limitations of current orthopedic biomaterials in terms of critical fundamental factors including cost of therapy, quality, pain relief, and implant life. Despite the recent success of nanotechnology, there are significant hurdles that must be overcome before nanomedicine may be applied to orthopedics. The objective of this review was to provide a thorough examination of recent advancements, their commercialization prospects, as well as the challenges and potential perspectives associated with them. This review aims to assist healthcare providers and researchers in extracting relevant data to develop translational research within the field. In addition, it will assist the readers in comprehending the scope and gaps of nanomedicine's applicability in the orthopedics field.

Powering the Future: A Critical Review of Research Progress in Enhancing Stability of High‐Efficiency Organic Solar Cells

AbstractOrganic solar cells (OSCs) are a promising photovoltaic technology that employs organic semiconductor material as the photoactive layer, which has the unique advantages of light weight, large‐area flexible fabrication, low‐cost, and semitransparent. In recent years, the performance of OSCs has been significantly improved, and the highest power conversion efficiency has exceeded 19%. Despite the tremendous progress in OSCs, the major bottleneck in realizing the commercialization of OSCs is the device stability. Therefore, reviewing the recent research progress on the stability of high‐performance OSCs is urgent and necessary. This review discusses the factors limiting device lifetime, such as metastable morphology, air, irradiation, heat, and mechanical stresses. Additionally, this review presents the research progress over the last 5 years, focusing on enhancing device stability from the perspective of photoactive layers and other functional layers, which includes material design and device engineering, such as solid additives, device fabrication, optimizing buffer layers, using stable electrodes, and encapsulation. Lastly, this review explores current commercialization challenges and prospects, including using advanced machine learning techniques to assist experimental research.

Pengaruh Pemangkasan Cabang Lateral dan Dosis Pemberian Pupuk NPK pada Tanaman Bunga Kol (Brassica Oleracea Var. Botrytis L)

Cauliflower is a vegetable that has commercial value and good prospects, especially for public consumption. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Indonesia cauliflower production has decreased from 2019 to 2021, it is necessary to improve maintenance, one of which is by pruning lateral branches to increase productivity, thereby increasing the rate of photosynthesis to produce high productivity and the right dose of NPK fertilizer to maximize growth in the vegetative and generative phases thereby increasing the yield of cauliflower plants. This study aims to determine the effect of pruning lateral branches and doses of NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield of cauliflower.&#x0D; The research was conducted in the hamlet of Jinarum, Girilayu, Matesih, Karanganyar from July to September 2022. The research method used a Completely Randomized Block Design (RAKL) consisting of 2 treatment factors and 3 replications. The first factor is lateral branch pruning P0: without pruning, P1: pruning lateral branches 3 WAP, P2: pruning lateral branches 5 MST. The second factor is the dose of NPK fertilizer with doses of N1: 150 kg/ha, N2: 200 kg/ha, N3: 250 kg/ha.&#x0D; The results showed (1) Pruning lateral branches had a very significant effect on fresh stover, dry stover, crop diameter, crop weight per plant, and crop weight per plot. However, it did not have a significant effect on plant height and number of leaves. (2) NPK fertilizer doses had a very significant effect on fresh stover, dry stover, crop diameter, and crop weight per plant, had a significant effect on crop weight per plot, and had no significant effect on plant height and number of leaves. (3) The interaction between treatments had a very significant effect on fresh stover, dry stover, and crop weight per plant, and had no significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, crop diameter, and crop weight per plot. (4) The highest yield was obtained in the pruning treatment 3 weeks after planting with a dose of NPK fertilizer of 200 kg/ha, namely the crop weight of 11,997.4 grams per plot (. 26,644 kg/ha).&#x0D; Kata kunci : pruning lateral branches, the dose of NPK fertilizer

Flexible Al2O3/polymethyl methacrylate composite nanofibers for high-performance sun shading and radiative cooling

Radiative cooling utilizes high solar reflectivity and high infrared emissivity to achieve temperature cooling down, which has attracted extensive research interest as a zero-energy consumption manner. However, the design of photonic structures and metamaterials for radiative cooling do not exploit commercialization prospects due to high production costs and structural complexity. Here we propose an economical and scalable electrospinning method for fabricating high-performance sun-shading and radiative cooling composite flexible film. The composite film is a non-woven fabric of nanofibers with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles. The diameter of the nanofibers distributes in the range of 300–1200 nm and Al2O3 nanoparticles are wrapped in the nanofibers. The nanofibers strongly scatter sunlight to enable high solar reflectivity and back-reflection layer is no more necessary. Molecular vibrations of PMMA and phonon polarization resonance of Al2O3 nanoparticles synergistically result in high infrared emissivity. At a thickness of 0.30 mm and with an Al2O3 content of 8%, this material exhibits exceptional solar reflectance levels of approximately 95% between wavelengths of 1.1–2.5 µm. Additionally, it demonstrates an extremely low rate of solar absorption of approximately 5.5% between wavelengths of 0.3–1.1 µm, distinguishing itself as a highly effective solar selective surface even without the inclusion of a back-reflective layer. Furthermore, the material exhibits ultrahigh infrared emissivity levels of approximately 0.98 within atmospheric windows ranging from 8 to 13 µm. These remarkable characteristics position this material as a highly promising candidate for use in solar thermal energy conversion systems. As a result, the device shows a cooling performance that reaches a temperature decrease of up to 4.3 °C under 1000 W/m2 peak solar intensity and a decrease of 5.9 °C during nighttime. The composite film has enormous potential for use in vehicle shading and personal thermal management. Moreover, its mechanical properties allow for the flexibility needed to meet the demands of everyday use. Our work provides a straightforward and scalable method to manufacture products with exceptional sun shading and radiative cooling capabilities.

Potassium tin mixed iodide-bromide KSn(I1-xBrx)3 [x = 0.25,0.5,0.75,1] perovskites for solar cell absorbers: A computational study

Metal-halide perovskite (PVK) materials have been the subject of investigation in the photovoltaic community because of their remarkable optoelectronic characteristics. Nonetheless, the extrinsic and intrinsic instabilities of PVK materials remain a major obstacle to their commercial fabrication prospects. This problem can be resolved through halide mixing. In the current study, we examine the elastic, structural, mechanical, thermal, electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of potassium tin mixed iodide-bromide(I-Br) PVK, KSn(I1-xBrx)3 [x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1] (KSnIBr). With an increase in bromine concentration, KSnIBr’s thermodynamic stability is found to rise. The elastic properties demonstrate the mechanical stability of the PVK materials. The Pugh’s ratio, Cauchy’s pressure, and Poisson’s ratio highlight their ductility. Ductile materials are desirable for the formation of thin films. An extremely high melting point ensures that the PVK materials retain their solid state even at very high temperatures. The high absorption coefficient (αω), low energy loss factor (L(ω)), and low reflectivity(R(ω)) in the visible region are used to pitch their candidature as absorber materials in perovskite solar cells (PSC). A bandgap (Eg) of 1.9 eV, 1.9608 eV, 1.9761 eV, and 2.1285 eV is obtained for KSn(I0.75Br0.25)3, KSn(I0.5Br0.5)3, KSn(I0.25Br0.75)3, and KSnBr3 respectively. A single junction perovskite solar cell utilizing the KSnIBr perovskite is simulated using SCAPS software. An efficiency of 11.31 %, 10.3 %, 9.89 %, and 8.05 % are reported for KSn(I0.75Br0.25)3, KSn(I0.5Br0.5)3, KSn(I0.25Br0.75)3 and KSnBr3 PVK respectively. These wide bandgap perovskite materials in conjunction with other narrow bandgap materials may be beneficial for the design of tandem solar cells in future.

Chelating resin encapsulation for reduced Pb leakage in perovskite solar cells

AbstractAlthough perovskite solar cells have achieved efficiency over 25%, the toxic of Pb content remains severe problem given its commercial prospect. Especially when the devices suffer harsh weather, the Pb content can easily leak out to soil and water. Chelating resins (CRs) exhibit excellent superiority in treating waste water in industrial field, since the functional groups in CRs can adsorb divalent metal ion to soften and purify waste water. Herein, an iminodiacetic acid (IDA)‐CR is introduced as encapsulation over perovskite solar cells for the first time. The IDA‐CR exhibits high surface area and excellent adsorption capability. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Pb leakage are studied, and the devices with encapsulation of IDA‐CR can detain over 90% of Pb compared with control devices without encapsulation after immersed in deionized water for 12 h even in acid situation or after heating. This IDA‐CR method provides a new strategy towards environmental and biological‐friendly perovskite optoelectronic devices.image

Flower-like ZnCo2O4 microstructures with large specific surface area serve as battery-type cathode for high-performance supercapacitors

In this work, flower-like ZnCo2O4 microstructures were synthesized through an initial solvothermal method and combined with an extra calcination treatment. The mixed solvent containing glycerol and isopropyl alcohol in different volume ratio played an important role for the formation of MFs with different size, namely the ZnCo2O4 MFs-20/20 and ZnCo2O4 MFs-5/35. These ZnCo2O4 MFs were assembled by many porous nanosheets with thin thickness and exhibited huge specific surface area. Benefitting from this significant feature, these MFs presented outstanding electrochemical properties. Under the current load of 1 A g−1, the ZnCo2O4 MFs-20/20 delivered a specific capacity of up to 373.2C g−1, which was superior to that (315.6C g−1) of ZnCo2O4 MFs-5/35. At the same time, they also demonstrated a good rate performance with 72.4 % and 76.9 % capacity retention under 10 A g−1, respectively. To evaluate the practical application of these MFs in supercapacitor, a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) was assembled using such ZnCo2O4 MFs as cathode and activated carbon (AC) as anode. The ZnCo2O4 MFs-20/20//AC HSC delivered a high energy density of up to 44.9 W h kg−1 at 1077.7 W kg−1, and the ZnCo2O4 MFs-5/35//AC HSC exhibited an inferior energy density of 37.2 W h kg−1. Both HSCs presented superior cycling property over 5000 cycles at a high current load of 8 A g−1. These electrochemical results suggest that the ZnCo2O4 MFs in this work can serve as advanced cathode for the assembly of high-performance hybrid supercapacitor, and may have brilliant commercial prospect in the field of electrochemical energy storage.

Job-synergistic engineering from Fe3N/Fe sites and sharp-edge effect of hollow star-shaped nitrogen-doped carbon structure for high-performance zinc-air batteries

Due to the limited sources, high cost, and poor long-term stability of noble metal catalysts, the large-scale commercial application of zinc-air batteries has been restricted. Therefore, designing non-noble metal catalysts with excellent activity and stability for both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) blossoms in the ascendant. Herein, we report a hollow star-shaped dual-functional electrocatalyst with uniform and dispersed Fe3N/Fe nanoparticles derived from zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIFs) by a simple sacrificial template strategy. This hollow structure has the characteristics of low density, thin shell, and high permeability, and its internal cavity not only provides additional three-phase interfaces to accelerate O2 reduction and evolution but also promotes the diffusion of reactants onto the catalyst. By controlling the input amount of iron metal salt, the dispersion degree of FeNP can be effectively adjusted, and the generated Fe3N introduces abundant Fe-NX active sites. Density functional theory calculations show that the strong affinity between Fe3N and FeNP is favorable for promoting the oxygen intermediate reaction, achieving a job-synergistic catalytic effect and high reaction kinetics. The synthesized Fe3N/FeNP-N-C-3.3% exhibits excellent dual-functional activity for OER and ORR, with a high half-wave potential of 0.867 V for ORR (better than the commercial Pt/C of 0.82 V) and an overpotential of only 294 mV for OER at 10 mA cm−2. The rechargeable Zn-air battery prepared with Fe3N/FeNP-N-C-3.3% as an air cathode shows a long-term cycling performance of over 750 h and a maximum power density of 205 mW cm−2. The flexible Zn-air battery has a high open-circuit voltage of 1.48 V and a maximum power density of 52.6 mW cm−2, showing glamorous commercial prospects.

The borderline of science: Western exploration and study of Chinese insect white wax from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century.

Insect white wax is a type of biological wax, mainly produced in Jiading Fu (now Leshan, Sichuan province) in southern Sichuan province, also known as Sichuan wax. It is a special export product in China and an important source of income for local wax farmers. From the seventeenth century onward, Westerners who traveled deep into southwestern China studied the wax, including its geographical distribution, biological experiments, and production techniques. They assessed its commercial prospects and strove to introduce it to Europe and the areas it controlled. Based on the reports of the European scholars' expeditions, travelogues, conference proceedings, and correspondence, this paper examines the history of Western research on the insect white wax and aims to investigate the underlying motivations for the exploration activities, proposes the concept of "object colonialism," and discusses the impact of adopting objects from their countries of origin on the world's political and economic landscape.

Na3VMn0.5Ti0.5(PO4)3/C with active Na+ hopping sites for high-rate and durable sodium-ion batteries

This study established the carbon-coated Na3VMn0.5Ti0.5(PO4)3/C (NVMTP/C) as a high-energy cathode material of the NASICON family for next-generation sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). When subjected to electrochemical sodium storage testing, the NVMTP/C cathode provided a stable specific capacity of 160.3 mAh g-1 with three electron reactions (average working voltage ∼3.4 V) during the Na+ (de)insertion routine, achieving a superior energy output of 544 Wh kg−1 among the NASICON family of SIBs. Benefiting from the characteristic NASICON structure and established multiple redox couples, the cathode delivered excellent rate capability (82 mAh g-1 at 17 C, 1 C = 176 mAh g-1), in addition to excellent cycling permanence at low and high current surges (104 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at 0.85 C and 84 mAh g-1 after 3000 cycles at 11.34 C, respectively). Computational studies based on first principle calculations and density of states (DoS) attributed the superior electrochemical properties of NVMTP/C cathode to its substantial Na+ hopping sites facilitating the unhindered multi-electron transfer reactions (V2+/3+, V3+/4+, Ti3+/4+, and V4+/5+) reversibly at their respective redox potentials. The detailed DoS analysis revealed that the varying electronic configuration due to the co-swapping of Ti and Mn significantly uplifts the electronic conductivity of the NVMTP/C cathode. Further calculation studies clearly indicate lower activation energy for active Na+ hopping and hence faster Na-diffusion thus suggesting that the present NVMTP/C cathode can have definite commercial prospects.

Multiscale Ion‐Sieving Separator with Selective Zn2+ Channels and Excellent Zn2+ Desolvation Kinetics for Dendrite‐Free and Kinetics‐Enhanced Zinc Metal Batteries

AbstractZn metal batteries have garnered considerable scientific and technological interests. However, the widespread commercial application of these batteries is impeded by the uncontrollable dendrite growth and consequent severe side effects. Herein, a functionalized separator is prepared by spraying polyaniline‐modified graphene oxide (denoted as NPGO)/polyvinylidene difluoride solution directly on one side of a common separator of glass fibers (GFs). The reversible transition between protonated and deprotonated states of quinolone imide on NPGO nanosheets can facilitate the rapid desolvation and transfer of Zn2+. Therefore, the spatial electric field as well as the Zn2+ flux is effectively homogenized due to the ion‐sieving effect of NPGO nanosheets that are oriented toward Zn anode. This engineering design of the NPGO@GFs separator harvests excellent rate and cycling performance (over 3000 cycles at 20 mA cm−2) for Zn metal symmetric batteries. Meanwhile, it provides an impressive commercial prospect (500 cycles with a capacity retention of 91.6% under 2000 mA g−1) for MnO2||Zn full batteries. Such a strategy can be generalized as a common way to protect metal anodes (Na, Zn, and K) in rechargeable batteries, which is highly cost‐effective and scalable.

Au Nanoparticles Decorated CoP Nanowire Array: A Highly Sensitive, Anticorrosive, and Recyclable Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate.

Metal-semiconductor composites are promising candidates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates, but their inert basal plane, poor active sites, and limited stability hamper their commercial prospects. Herein, we report a three-dimensional CoP nanowire array decorated with Au nanoparticles on carbon cloth (Au@CoP/CC) as a self-supporting flexible SERS substrate. The Au nanoparticles spontaneously grew on the surface of the CoP nanowire array to form efficient SERS hot spots by a redox reaction with HAuCl4 without any additional reducing agents. Such Au@CoP/CC substrate exhibited a limit of detection of 10-11 M using rhodamine 6G as a model dye with outstanding corrosion resistance ability even under extreme acid and alkali conditions, which is better than many recently reported Au-based SERS substrates. Finite-difference time-domain simulation results demonstrated that Au@CoP/CC can provide a high density of regions with intense local electric field enhancement. Moreover, Au@CoP/CC can degrade target organic dyes for the self-cleaning and reproduction of SERS-active substrates under visible light irradiation. This work provides a novel means of using the plasmonic metal-transition metal phosphide composites for high-performance SERS sensing and photodegradation.

Enhanced Carotenoid Production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by Overexpression of Endogenousand Exogenous Beta-Carotene Ketolase (BKT) Genes.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga that can grow heterotrophically by using acetate as a carbon source. Carotenoids are natural pigments with biological activity and color, which have functions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vision protection, etc., and have high commercial value and prospects. We transformed Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with the BKT genes from Phaffia rhodozyma (PrBKT) and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrBKT) via plasmid vector, and screened out the stable transformed algal strains C18 and P1. Under the condition that the cell density of growth was not affected, the total carotenoid content of C18 and P1 was 2.13-fold and 2.20-fold higher than that of the WT, respectively. CrBKT increased the levels of β-carotene and astaxanthin by 1.84-fold and 1.21-fold, respectively, while PrBKT increased them by 1.11-fold and 1.27-fold, respectively. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of C18 and P1 showed that the overexpression of CrBKT only up-regulated the transcription level of BKT and LCYE (the gene of lycopene e-cyclase). However, in P1, overexpression of PrBKT also led to the up-regulation of ZDS (the gene of ζ-carotene desaturase) and CHYB (the gene of β-carotene hydroxylase). Metabolome results showed that the relative content of canthaxanthin, an intermediate metabolite of astaxanthin synthesis in C18 and P1, decreased. The overall results indicate that there is a structural difference between CrBKT and PrBKT, and overexpression of PrBKT in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii seems to cause more genes in carotenoid pathway metabolism to be up-regulated.

Comparative evaluation of drying characteristics and antioxidant quality of raspberry by different drying methods

AbstractFour drying methods, hot air drying (HAD), microwave constant temperature drying (MWD), microwave vacuum temperature‐controlled drying (MIVD‐T50), and freeze drying (FD), were investigated for their effects on raspberries in terms of drying time, color, microstructure, rehydration, water activity, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and DPPH scavenging ability. It was found that microwaves combined with vacuum took the shortest time. The color of MIVD‐T50 is similar to that of FD and much better than that of HAD and MWD. A smooth surface and fluffy and porous structure inside were observed in the FD and MIVD by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. FD has the highest energy consumption, followed by HAD, MIVD‐T50 and MWD. The retention rates of total phenols and flavonoids in HAD, MWD and FD were lower than those in MIVD‐T50, and FD had the advantage of retaining anthocyanin content. In general, MIVD‐T50 has significance for the commercial production of raspberry.Practical applicationsThe use of natural antioxidants in food processing not only enhances the shelf life of products but also improves their nutritional value. Raspberry is a rich source of antioxidants and is widely used in food processing. However, the drying process is crucial in preserving its antioxidant quality, and different drying methods affect the antioxidant content differently. According to the results of the experiments, the drying method has a considerable impact on the energy usage and quality of dried raspberries. Compared with the HAD and MWD treatments, both FD and MIVD‐T50 showed better nutrient content preservation and antioxidant activity, which may be caused by the lower temperature drying process of FD or the stronger efficiency of MIVD‐T50. However, the drying time of FD is longer, and the energy consumption is higher. Therefore, MIVD‐T50 is a promising raspberry drying technology with low energy consumption, a short drying time, and high quality. It has huge development potential and broad commercial scale production market prospects.

Recent Advances in Co-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Water splitting is a promising technique in the sustainable "green hydrogen" generation to meet energy demands of modern society. Its industrial application is heavily dependent on the development of novel catalysts with high performance and low cost for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). As a typical non-precious metal, cobalt-based catalysts have gained tremendous attention in recent years and shown a great prospect of commercialization. However, the complexity of the composition and structure of newly-developed Co-based catalysts make it urgent to comprehensively retrospect and summarize their advance and design strategies. Hence, in this review, the reaction mechanism of HER is first introduced and the possible role of the Co component during electrocatalysis is discussed. Then, various design strategies that could effectively enhance the intrinsic activity are summarized, including surface vacancy engineering, heteroatom doping, phase engineering, facet regulation, heterostructure construction, and the support effect. The recent progress of the advanced Co-based HER electrocatalysts is discussed, emphasizing that the application of the above design strategies can significantly improve performance by regulating the electronic structure and optimizing the binding energy to the crucial intermediates. At last, the prospects and challenges of Co-based catalysts are shown according to the viewpoint from fundamental explorations to industrial applications.

High mass loading and additive-free prussian blue analogue based flexible electrodes for Na-ion supercapacitors

Supercapacitor electrodes often suffer from the low mass loading of active substances and the unsatisfactory ion/charge transport features due to the use of various additives. Exploring high mass loading and additive-free electrodes is of huge significance to develop advanced supercapacitors with commercial application prospects, which still remains challenging. Herein, high mass loading CoFe-prussian blue analogue (CoFe-PBA) electrodes are developed by a facile co-precipitation method using activated carbon cloth (ACC) as the flexible substrate. The homogeneous nanocube structure, large specific surface area (143.9 m2 g−1) and appropriate pore size distribution (3.4 nm) of the CoFe-PBA endow the as-prepared CoFe-PBA/ACC electrodes with low resistance and appealing ion diffusion characteristics. Typically, the high areal capacitance (1155.0 mF cm−2 at 0.5 mA cm−2) is obtained for high mass loading CoFe-PBA/ACC electrodes (9.7 mg cm−2). Furthermore, symmetrical flexible supercapacitors (FSCs) are constructed using CoFe-PBA/ACC electrodes and Na2SO4/polyving alcohol (Na2SO4/PVA) gel electrolyte, achieving superior stability (85.6% capacitance retention after 5,000 cycles), maximum energy density of 33.8 μWh cm−2 at 200.0 μW cm−2 and promising mechanical flexibility. This work is expected to offer inspirations for the development of high mass loading and additive-free electrodes for FSCs.

A review of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of marine zoosporic microorganisms and their commercialization

Abstract Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are nutritionally and pharmacologically well-recognized beneficial compounds widely used as nutrient supplements for various applications. As the human body cannot accomplish de novo synthesis of PUFA, we depend on exogenous bioresources for the supply of these essential PUFA for day-to-day activities. The PUFA global market is expected to reach about US$ 9.7 billion by 2032. The recent drop in natural fish catch and global climate change severely hamper the global PUFA supply chain. As a sustainable, promising resource, marine zoosporic microorganisms are considered to be safe and alternative primary producers of beneficial PUFAs for direct and indirect human consumption. However, by considering the limitations associated with strain efficiency, final product yield and production cost, more viable low-cost production strategies and establishment of highly efficient, stable, high production cell lines specific for marine zoosporic microbes are essential to meet global PUFA market demand. The exploration of the latest techniques for research and development could shape the dynamics better for the global market for marine zoosporic organism-based PUFA products. Therefore, this review first summarizes low-cost production and strain improvement strategies, and later highlights the advantages and commercial prospects for marine zoosporic microbe-derived PUFA.