Prospective Review Research Articles

A review of applications and future prospects of nanotechnology

At the beginning of the 21st century, human beings entered the era of nanotechnology, and more scientists began to pay attention to and engage in the research of nanotechnology in different fields. This article introduces the origin and development history of nanotechnology and reviews its applications in energy equipment, environmental protection, and medical treatment, which reflect the importance of nanotechnology for human production and life based on existing literature and data. It can be seen that nanotechnology is a very promising technology that has made great achievements in the fields of energy equipment, medicine, environmental protection, and so on. At the same time, in the application and development of nanotechnology, there are not only safety risks in the use process but also opportunities to create new technologies and new materials. So, nanotechnology, as a relatively young technology, still has gaps or little research in some research fields, such as the emerging green nanotechnology, the precise control of nanostructures by self-assembly technology, and the way to industrial production, which will also become a hot trend in nanotechnology research in the future.

Programmed Grooming after 30 Years of Study: A Review of Evidence and Future Prospects.

In 1992, an evolutionary model for the endogenous regulation of parasite-defense grooming was first proposed for African antelope by Ben and Lynette Hart. Known as the programmed grooming model, it hypothesized that a central control mechanism periodically evokes grooming so as to remove ectoparasites before they blood feed. The programmed grooming model contrasts with a stimulus-driven mechanism, in which grooming is stimulated by direct peripheral irritation from ectoparasite bites. In the 30+ years since the seminal 1992 paper, 26 studies have provided robust support for the programmed grooming model in ungulate hosts and ticks. In addition, multiple studies from unaffiliated investigators have evaluated the predictions of the model in different host systems (including rodents and primates) and in a variety of other ectoparasites (fleas, lice, and keds). I conducted a tricennial review of these studies to assess the current evidence and arrived at the following three conclusions: (1) tests of the programmed grooming predictions should use a similar methodology to the well-established protocol, so that the results are comparable and can be properly assessed; (2) the predictions used to test the model should be tailored to the biology of the host taxa under investigation; and (3) the predictions should likewise be tailored to the biology of the ectoparasites involved, bearing in mind that grooming has varying degrees of effectiveness, depending on the parasite. Further research is warranted to enhance our understanding of the role of grooming in maintaining the health of wild animals in the face of parasite attacks.

Exploring aspect-based sentiment analysis: an in-depth review of current methods and prospects for advancement

Exploring aspect-based sentiment analysis: an in-depth review of current methods and prospects for advancement

State-of-the-Art Review on Botanical Hybrid Preparations in Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy Research: Background and Perspectives.

Despite some evidence supporting the synergy concept, the commonly known assumption that combinations of several herbs in one formulation can have better efficacy due to additive or synergistic effects has yet to be unambiguously and explicitly studied. The study aimed to reveal the molecular interactions in situ of host cells in response to botanical hybrid preparations (BHP) intervention and justify the benefits of implementing BHP in clinical practice. This prospective literature review provides the results of recent clinical and network pharmacology studies of BHP of Rhodiola rosea L. (Arctic root) with other plants, including Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (ashwagandha), (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (green tea), Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. and Maxim.) Maxim. (eleuthero), Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (schisandra), Leuzea carthamoides (Willd.) DC., caffeine, Cordyceps militaris L., Ginkgo biloba L.(ginkgo), Actaea racemosa L. (black cohosh), Crocus sativus L. (saffron), and L-carnosine. The most important finding from network pharmacology studies of BHP was the evidence supporting the synergistic interaction of BHP ingredients, revealing unexpected new pharmacological activities unique and specific to the new BHP. Some studies show the superior efficacy of BHP compared to mono-drugs. At the same time, some a priori-designed combinations can fail, presumably due to antagonistic interactions and crosstalk between molecular targets within the molecular networks involved in the cellular and overall response of organisms to the intervention. Network pharmacology studies help predict the results of studies aimed at discovering new indications and unpredicted adverse events.

Biohybrid Robots: Integrating Living Tissues with Robotics

Biohybrid robots represent a combination of biological materials and mechanical robots that use the unique resources of tissue to accomplish advanced tasks. This article addresses the emergence of biohybrid robots by describing the integration of living tissues (e.g., muscle cells, neurons, and organoids) with robotic platforms. Exploring the intersection of biology, engineering, and robotics, we examine the processes and challenges associated with the design, control, and management of biohybrid robots. We also examine various applications in medicine, biotechnology, and environmental care that exploit the potential of biohybrid robots. Through a comprehensive review of current research and future prospects, this article aims to uncover the revolutionary potential of biohybrid robots in pushing the boundaries of science and technology.

Fisheries and Aquaculture in Wetland Ecosystems: A Review of Benefits, Risks, and Future Prospects in India

Fisheries and Aquaculture in Wetland Ecosystems: A Review of Benefits, Risks, and Future Prospects in India

Correction to: Design and evaluation of an electronic prospective medication order review system for medication orders in the inpatient setting

Correction to: Design and evaluation of an electronic prospective medication order review system for medication orders in the inpatient setting

A prospective review of Cauda Equina Syndrome referrals received by an on-call orthopaedic department at a major trauma unit.

Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) is one of the genuine orthopaedic emergencies. Diagnosis of acute CES is challenging and may be missed, resulting in considerable medicolegal claims. In Ireland, nearly €21 million in compensation has been paid out over a 10-year period due to the diagnosis being missed. As a result, defensive practices have resulted in an increased number of referrals for CES to the on-call orthopaedic service in a major trauma unit. A prospective data-capturing exercise was carried out of all referrals for acute CES to the orthopaedic on-call department in a tertiary-level university-affiliated teaching hospital between August and November 2023. Qualitative data was captured including referral source, referring clinician grade, in-hours or out-of-hours referral, MRI on referral, red flags as identified by the referring team, red flags as identified by the orthopaedic team, and outcome. Forty referrals for CES were made over the duration of this audit. Seventeen (42.5%) referrals were made in-hours, and 23 (57.5%) were referred out-of-hours. Only five (12.5%) of these referrals had an MRI done at the time of the referral. No patients were transferred for an out-of-hours MRI to another hospital. Only five (12.5%) patients required surgical decompression-none of these patients required an out-of-hours emergent decompression. There is a lack of understanding as to what exactly is being referred-resulting in a referral volume which is over ten times the expected number of CES cases being made to our unit. The lack of out-of-hours MRI access poses a significant concern for patient outcomes.

Dental Implant Positioning Accuracy Using a Key or Keyless Static Fully Guided Surgical System: A Prospective Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

To realize a systematic review with prospective meta-analysis aiming to compare the accuracy of static fully guided implant placement depending on the drill key modality (conventional drill key surgery systems vs newer keyless systems) and evaluate the impact of deviation factors. An electronic systematic search was conducted to identify prospective clinical trials matching inclusion criteria. The variables of interest were coronal global, apical, vertical, and angular deviations. The types of edentulism and surgical guide support were investigated as deviation factors. Meta-regression (mixed-effect model) was performed. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane's I. test and interpretation thresholds. A total of 1,233 implants in 475 patients were analyzed (18 studies included). Coronal global deviation was significantly lower in the keyless group than in the key group (-0.36 mm; 95% CI -0.62, -0.09; P = .008). Angulation control of the keyless system was superior to that of the key system (-0.36 degrees; 95% CI -0.75, 0.02; P = .063). Nonsignificant differences were found between both groups in apical (P = .684) and vertical deviations (P = .958). Significant influence of the type of edentulism (single, partial, total) and surgical guide support (tooth, mucosa, bone) on the overall amount of coronal global, apical, and angular deviations was found (P < .001). The lowest deviations were found in partial edentulism and tooth-supported surgical guide groups. (P < .001). Keyless static fully guided surgical systems allowed significantly better control of coronal and angular deviations than conventional systems. The types of edentulism and surgical guide support seemed to influence the positioning accuracy.

321 The Use of AI in Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease: How Far Have We Come?

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is gaining popularity in a variety of disciplines. While clinical applications for AI have increased in recent years, the use of AI in pediatric congenital heart disease (CHD) is limited. The goal of this systematic review was to assess how AI is currently used in this patient population and to describe knowledge gaps. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A systematic search was performed up to July 2023 using PubMed and Scopus databases and revealed 814 articles. Upon initial screening, 161 duplicates, 76 non-AI articles, and an additional 318 irrelevant articles were removed. A total of 259 full-text articles were reviewed for relevance. Articles that did not include a retrospective or prospective review of human subject data were excluded. Articles that had only results in the adult, prenatal, or non-CHD population were excluded. The remaining 68 articles were included in this review. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 68 articles in this review, 19 were performed within cardiac surgery, 41 were within cardiology, and the remaining 8 included articles were combined cardiac surgery and cardiology. Upon initial review, 24 used AI for diagnostic purposes, 40 for predicting survival or adverse outcomes, 2 for developing training tools, and 2 for surveillance of CHD trends. We anticipate that upon further review of these 68 articles, there will be a wide variety in the types of AI models that were used. The results will reveal a multitude of challenges and limitations that future studies will need to further address. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: While technical innovations in pediatric CHD have dramatically improved survival rates, we have hit a plateau in improving the complications of these patients. AI has created an opportunity to build new diagnostic, predictive, teaching, and surveillance tools for advancing CHD care, but it seems we still have a long way to go.

Utility of video fluoroscopic swallow study in advancing oral diet post TORS for oropharyngeal malignancies

ObjectiveTORS is a minimally invasive surgical alternative to chemoradiotherapy for oropharyngeal malignancies. While early postoperative oropharyngeal dysphagia is linked to TORS, this study explores both subjective and objective swallowing outcomes. Study designRetrospective and prospective review of the patients who underwent TORS for oropharyngeal malignancy from 2018 to 2023. SettingSingle tertiary referral center. MethodsPostoperative transnasal feeding tubes were administered to 142 patients undergoing TORS. Data on oncological, clinical, surgical, and pathological parameters, including VFSS records, pain with swallow, and feeding tube removal timing, were collected. Clinical swallow exam (CSE) was conducted on POD-1, with a formal swallow study pursued if inconclusive. Once a safe swallow was confirmed, oral diets were initiated, and the feeding tube removed, with most patients discharged on POD-2. ResultsAt an average age of 59.3 years on the day of operation, the palatine tonsil (N = 101) was the predominant subsite. A dobhoff feeding tube was intraoperatively placed in 98 % of patients (N = 139). On POD-1, CSE was conducted in 119 patients, with 26 % (37/119) cleared for total oral diet (NOMS ≥ 4). Additionally, 30 out of 73 VFSS patients were cleared for total oral diet. A total of 54.9 % (78/142) had the feeding tube removed before discharge on POD-2, with a mean time of 6.5 ± 6.6 days. Overall, 71.1 % (101/142) achieved a total oral diet within one week after TORS. ConclusionEarly post-TORS swallowing is vital for oropharyngeal malignancies. VFSS assesses post-operative swallowing safety, allowing most patients to resume total oral nutrition shortly after TORS.

Criteria for choosing prosthetic biomaterials according to their physicochemical properties for anterior and posterior sectors. a comprehensive review.

To describe the existing knowledge about metal-free prosthetic biomaterials according to their physicochemical properties and based on this, define criteria for their placement in both the anterior and posterior sectors. A digital search was carried out in the databases: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar of the literature published in the English language without time restrictions and included original articles such as case reports, retrospective and prospective studies, narrative, comprehensive, systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Meanwhile, short communications, editorials and articles in a language other than English were excluded. 40 articles were evaluated, published between 2000 and 2023. The main characteristics and physicochemical properties of ceramic biomaterials such as zirconia, feldspathic based ceramics, lithium disilicate and alumina, among others, were analyzed and summarized. In addition, certain criteria were defined based on the available scientific evidence on the use of different ceramic systems both in the anterior sector and in the posterior sector for patients who need some type of prosthetic restoration. Among the different metal-free materials used for the construction of fixed dental prostheses, zirconia has been shown to have better aesthetic, biomechanical and biocompatibility properties, which makes it a candidate material for the rehabilitation of partially edentulous patients.

Effect of maternal diet on the frequency of micronuclei in pregnant women and newborns: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

The effects of diet on maternal and child genetic levels have been previously reported. Diet-associated DNA damage, such as the presence of micronuclei (MN), may be related to an increased risk of developing chronic diseases, such as cancer. Such damage is particularly concerning during pregnancy as it can affect the newborn. This review will aim to summarize the primary evidence of the impact of diet during pregnancy on micronucleus frequency in the maternal-newborn population. This protocol was developed based on the Preferred Reporting Items guidelines for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Protocol. The review was registered with the International Register of Prospective Systematic Reviews on February 17, 2022 (registration number: CRD42022302401). We will use PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Science direct, and Google databases to search for observational studies. This review will include studies that investigate the diet consumed by pregnant women and its effect on the frequency of MN in mothers and newborns without any time or language limitations. For data extraction, researchers will independently review the full text and collect information that characterizes the study and its findings. We will analyze the results by calculating the odds ratio for each type of diet evaluated, accompanied by a 95% confidence interval. We will perform a quantitative synthesis of homogeneous studies to perform a meta-analysis. Micronucleus frequency quantifies the effect and will be presented as the mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range. This review will aim to identify which dietary patterns during pregnancy may be associated with an increase in the frequency of MN in mothers and their newborns. Understanding the impact of diet on the frequency of MN is essential to deepen studies and to propose strategies that aim to protect the health of the public through food.

Enhancing Drug Management, Cost Savings, and Staff Satisfaction in Anesthesiology: A Quality Improvement Project in a Chinese Tertiary Hospital.

In alignment with China's national directive for improved drug management in anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University initiated a quality improvement project, aiming to tackle the prevailing challenges of inefficiencies in drug administration, escalating drug costs, and the notable communication gap between pharmacists and anesthesiologists. We employed a Plan-Do-Study-Act methodology to establish a pharmacy team and execute a multidimensional pharmaceutical intervention. The interventions included the formulation of standard procedures, guidelines and regulations, assistance from an information system (including automatic dispensing cabinets and prospective prescription review system), communication feedback (via WeChat groups), and education for anesthesiology staff. The intervention spanned from April to September 2023, focusing on optimizing medication management, achieving cost savings, and enhancing the satisfaction of anesthesia team members, with an additional observation from October to December 2023. Following the interventions, improvements were observed in drug management practices. These enhancements included increased compliance with accounting procedures, more rigorous registration of controlled substances, and more effective disposal of liquid residues. There was no adverse events related to high-alert medications or look-alike drug usage errors. The introduction of automatic dispensing cabinets and a prospective prescription review system markedly improved work efficiency. The utilization of a WeChat group facilitated effective communication about unreasonable prescriptions and drug-related issues. Among the 29,061 patients who underwent surgery both before and after the interventions, significant reductions were observed both in the drug proportion and the per capita drug costs (P = 0.03, P = 0.014, respectively). The per capita drug cost decreased by 20.82%, from ¥723.43 to ¥572.78, consistently remaining below ¥600 throughout the 9-month observation period. The per capita cost of monitoring drugs including dezocine, butorphanol, haemocoagulase agkistrodon, penehyclidine, and ulinastatin experienced a significant reduction (P < 0.05). Additionally, in the satisfaction questionnaires returned, a remarkable 94.44% of anesthesiology staff expressed high satisfaction with the comprehensive pharmaceutical interventions. The quality improvement project has yielded remarkable positive outcomes, serving as a model worthy of reference and replication in similar healthcare settings.

Single-fiber probes for combined sensing and imaging in biological tissue: recent developments and prospects.

Single-fiber-based sensing and imaging probes enable the co-located and simultaneous observation and measurement (i.e., 'sense' and 'see') of intricate biological processes within deep anatomical structures. This innovation opens new opportunities for investigating complex physiological phenomena and potentially allows more accurate diagnosis and monitoring of disease. This prospective review starts with presenting recent studies of single-fiber-based probes for concurrent and co-located fluorescence-based sensing and imaging. Notwithstanding the successful initial demonstration of integrated sensing and imaging within single-fiber-based miniaturized devices, the realization of these devices with enhanced sensing sensitivity and imaging resolution poses notable challenges. These challenges, in turn, present opportunities for future research, including the design and fabrication of complex lens systems and fiber architectures, the integration of novel materials and other sensing and imaging techniques.

Utilisation of palliative/ end-of-life care practice recommendations in the burn intensive care unit of a Ghanaian tertiary healthcare facility: An observational study

BackgroundThe need to integrate palliative/end-of-life care across healthcare systems is critical considering the increasing prevalence of health-related suffering. In burn care, however, a general lack of practice recommendations persists. Our burn unit developed practice recommendations to be implemented and this study aimed to examine the components of the practice recommendations that were utilised and aspects that were not to guide further training and collaborative efforts. MethodsWe employed a prospective clinical observation approach and chart review to ascertain the utilisation of the recommendations over a 3-year period for all burn patients. We formulated a set of trigger parametres based on existing literature and burn care staff consultation in our unit. Additionally, a checklist based on the practice recommendations was created to record the observations and chart review findings. All records were entered into a secure form on Google Forms following which we employed descriptive statistics in the form of counts and percentages to analyse the data. ResultsOf the 170 burn patients admitted, 66 (39%) persons died. Although several aspects of each practice recommendation were observed, post-bereavement support and collaboration across teams are still limited. Additionally, though the practice recommendations were comprehensive to support holistic care, a preponderance of delivering physical care was noted. The components of the practice recommendations that were not utilised include undertaking comprehensive assessment to identify and resolve patient needs (such as spiritual and psychosocial needs), supporting family members across the injury trajectory, involvement of a palliative care team member, and post-bereavement support for family members, and burn care staff. The components that were not utilised could have undoubtedly helped to achieve a comprehensive approach to care with greater family and palliative care input. ConclusionWe find a great need to equip burn care staff with general palliative care skills. Also, ongoing collaboration/ partnership between the burn care and palliative care teams need to be strengthened. Active family engagement, identifying, and resolving other patient needs beyond the physical aspect also needs further attention to ensure a comprehensive approach to end of life care in the burn unit.

COVID-19 Infection in Pregnancy: A Case Series from Derna, Libya

Introduction: Pregnant women are potentially a high-risk population during infectious disease outbreaks such as COVID-19, because of physiologic immune suppression in pregnancy. However, data on the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 among pregnant women, compared to nonpregnant women, are lacking. We sought to describe the management of twenty-one pregnant women with COVID-19 infection.&#x0D; Methods: A prospective chart review was conducted to identify pregnant women who presented with symptom and sign of COVID- 19 and tested positive or highly suspected even if test was negative, from 15 June 2020 to 04 October 2021.&#x0D; Results: Four women required non-invasive supplemental oxygen therapy and one required mechanical ventilation. One woman had a pulmonary embolism and expired after delivery.&#x0D; Conclusion: Management of pregnant women with severe COVID-19 is complex and should involve multidisciplinary expertise. Avoiding early delivery may be a safe option. We recommend an individualized approach to care, including careful consideration of the expected risks and benefits of expectant obstetric management versus delivery.

The Expertise Finder: Using NASA ADS for Panel Reviewer Selection

Astronomical research is often made possible by the utilization of different resources that support members of the community in their research endeavors (e.g., telescopes access, or funds). Often, the entities that provide these resources establish a competitive process, which include the submission, by interested parties, of research proposals describing the research objectives and how the resources will be used to reach them. These proposals are evaluated by “ad hoc” panels of researchers, that provide a ranked list of the proposals based on their scientific relevance and other factors. This is also true for many NASA funding opportunities. In this article we present an open-sourced tool, the Expertise Finder, that simplifies the reviewers identification process. Expertise Finder provides NASA officials ways to scout prospective reviewers at small, less resourced, institutions that may have fewer opportunities to present and publish their research work with respect to colleagues at larger institutions.

Flavonoids as Insecticides in Crop Protection-A Review of Current Research and Future Prospects.

Pesticide overuse in agricultural systems has resulted in the development of pest resistance, the impoverishment of soil microbiota, water pollution, and several human health issues. Nonetheless, farmers still depend heavily on these agrochemicals for economically viable production, given the high frequency at which crops are affected by pests. Phytopathogenic insects are considered the most destructive pests on crops. Botanical pesticides have gained attention as potential biopesticides and complements to traditional pesticides, owing to their biodegradability and low toxicity. Plant-based extracts are abundant in a wide variety of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, a class of polyphenols that have been extensively studied for this purpose because of their involvement in plant defense responses. The present review offers a comprehensive review of current research on the potential of flavonoids as insecticides for crop protection, addressing the modes and possible mechanisms of action underlying their bioactivity. The structure-activity relationship is also discussed. It also addresses challenges associated with their application in pest and disease management and suggests alternatives to overcome these issues.

Revolutionizing Banking and Finance: A Comprehensive Review of AIs Role and Future Prospects

Revolutionizing Banking and Finance: A Comprehensive Review of AIs Role and Future Prospects