Prospective Retrospective Memory Questionnaire Research Articles

Neurological long-COVID: Associations among fatigue, dysautonomia, depression, and subjective memory complaints

IntroductionLong-COVID is a multisystem disease characterized by a varied presentation of symptoms. According to most recent research, the most common symptom of long-COVID is fatigue, which up to this date lacks a universally accepted definition. This study aimed to investigate neurocognitive and physical manifestations of neurological long-COVID, particularly fatigue and its relation with autonomic disfunction, cognitive impairment (known as, brain fog), and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the study provided insights into predictors of fatigue in long-COVID. MethodsThe included patients (n=141) were referred to the neuro-long-COVID ambulatory service of Trieste from 30 September 2021–02 March 2022. Patients were given self-reporting questionnaires to screen for fatigue, autonomic dysfunction, cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms. The questionnaires adopted for these conditions to be assessed were Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), COMPASS-31, Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Participants were divided into two groups, fatigued and non-fatigued patients, based on FSS scoring (scores > 4.67 indicate fatigued patients). The questionnaire scores of the two groups were then compared. ResultsFatigued patients had significantly higher scores in COMPASS (p<0.001, Cohen’s d=1.077), BDI (p<0.001, Cohen's d=0.862), and PRMQ ( p<0.001, Cohen's d=1.159).Furthermore, the multivariate regression analysis showed that predictors of fatigue in long-COVID were symptomatological burden in acute infection (OR=1.38, 95 % CI 1.020–1.887, p=0.037) and in long-COVID (OR=1.78, 95 % CI 1.133–2.2824, p=0.013), COMPASS-31>16 (OR=3.44, 95 % CI 1240–9.560, p=0.018) and BDI>15 (OR=5.1, 95 % CI 1.715–15.164, p=0.003). ConclusionThis study showed associations between fatigue, dysautonomia and depression, as well as with symptom burden in acute and long-COVID.

Co-ultraPEALut in Subjective Cognitive Impairment Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An Exploratory Retrospective Study.

Neurological involvement following coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is thought to have a neuroinflammatory etiology. Co-ultraPEALut (an anti-inflammatory molecule) and luteolin (an anti-oxidant) have shown promising results as neuroinflammation antagonists. The aim of this study was to describe cognitive impairment in patients with post-COVID-19 treated with co-ultraPEALut. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), and a subjective assessment were administered at baseline and after 10 months. Patients treated with co-ultraPEALut were retrospectively compared with controls. Twenty-six patients treated with co-ultraPEALut showed a significant improvement in PRMQ (T0: 51.94 ± 10.55, T1: 39.67 ± 13.02, p < 0.00001) and MoCA raw score (T0: 25.76 ± 2.3, T1: 27.2 ± 2, p 0.0260); the MoCA-adjusted score and the FSS questionnaires also showed an improvement, even though it was not statistically significant; and 80.77% of patients reported a subjective improvement. In the control subjects (n = 15), the improvement was not as pronounced (PRMQ T0: 45.77 ± 13.47, T1: 42.33 ± 16.86, p 0.2051; FSS T0: 4.95 ± 1.57, T1: 4.06 ± 1.47, p 0.1352). Patients treated with co-ultraPEALut and corticosteroids were not statistically different from those treated with co-ultraPEALut alone. Neuro-post-COVID-19 patients treated with co-ultraPEALut scored better than controls in MoCA and PRMQ questionnaires after 10 months: this may support the importance of neuroinflammation modulation for neuro-long-COVID-19.

Comparison between Elderly Attenders and Non-Attenders of Pusat Aktiviti Warga Emas in Sarawak

Malaysia is not left behind as it is going towards becoming an aging nation. Currently, there are 10.7% of the population who are above 60 years old which is equivalent to 3.5 million of elderly people and this is expected to rise in the near future. The objective of this research is to compare the quality of life, activities of daily living, cognitive function and depression between elderly attenders and non-attenders of Pusat Aktiviti Warga Emas (PAWE). In this cross-sectional study, a total of 735 elderly participated where 101 elderly who attended PAWE and the remaining 634 elderly did not attend PAWE. Older People’s Quality of Life (OPQOL), Prospective Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Katz Activities of Daily Living and Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living were used as study instruments. The statistical analysis involved were Pearson’s correlation, independent t-test, Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and multiple group analysis. Household income and activities of daily living have shown positive correlation with quality of life. Cognitive function and depression correlated negatively with quality of life. Based on PLS-SEM, there was better quality of life, activities of daily living, cognitive function, and lesser depressive symptoms among elderly PAWE attenders. The findings obtained from this study will be able to support the planning and future programs of expanding senior activity centres such as PAWE as it promotes healthy ageing among elderly people.

Subjective memory complaints are associated with decreased cortical thickness in Veterans with histories of mild traumatic brain injury

Objective: Memory problems are frequently endorsed in Veterans following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), but subjective complaints are poorly associated with objective memory performance. Few studies have examined associations between subjective memory complaints and brain morphometry. We investigated whether self-reported memory problems were associated with objective memory performance and cortical thickness in Veterans with a history of mTBI. Methods: 40 Veterans with a history of remote mTBI and 29 Veterans with no history of TBI completed the Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), PTSD Checklist (PCL), California Verbal Learning Test-2nd edition (CVLT-II), and 3 T T1 structural magnetic resonance imaging. Cortical thickness was estimated in 14 a priori frontal and temporal regions. Multiple regressions adjusting for age and PCL scores examined associations between PRMQ, CVLT-II scores, and cortical thickness within each Veteran group. Results: Greater subjective memory complaints on the PRMQ were associated with lower cortical thickness in the right middle temporal gyrus (β = 0.64, q = .004), right inferior temporal gyrus (β = 0.56, q = .014), right rostral middle frontal gyrus (β = 0.45, q = .046), and right rostral anterior cingulate gyrus (β = 0.58, q = .014) in the mTBI group but not the control group (q’s > .05). These associations remained significant after adjusting for CVLT-II learning. CVLT-II performance was not associated with PRMQ score or cortical thickness in either group. Conclusions: Subjective memory complaints were associated with lower cortical thickness in right frontal and temporal regions, but not with objective memory performance, in Veterans with histories of mTBI. Subjective complaints post-mTBI may indicate underlying brain morphometry independently of objective cognitive testing.

Predictors of Daily Life Functioning in HIV-Infected Individuals

Background: Daily life functioning refers to the skills needed to independently perform day to day routines and deficits of daily life functioning common among people living with HIV. This study aimed to investigate the role of immunologic, virologic, cognitive functioning, and demographic variables to predict daily life function in HIV-infected individuals.&#x0D; Methods: We recruited 67 HIV-positive individuals who were under the treatment of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) in Imam Khomeini hospital, Tehran, Iran, in 2016. Prospective-retrospective memory questionnaire (PRMQ), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living interview (IADLs), and flow cytometry test to assess CD4 count were used. The data were analyzed with stepwise regression analysis using SPSS-22 software.&#x0D; Results: The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the prospective/retrospective memory complaints are predictive of daily functioning in people living with HIV (p&lt;0.001, F (1,42) =26.86, R2 adj=0.381). Our results also indicated that CD4 cell count, viral load, age, gender, and education do not predict instrumental activities of daily living scores among HIV-infected individuals (p&gt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Future studies should focus on the effects of prospective/retrospective memory rehabilitation to improve the daily function of HIV-infected individuals. Future studies should also focus on the mediating role of muscle mass decreases between the association of daily life functioning with CD4 and viral load.

A-105 The Utility of Subjective Reports in Predicting Objective Prospective Memory Outcomes in Amnestic and Non-Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

Abstract Objective: Prospective memory (PM) involves remembering to carry out an intended action in the future and is impacted in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (ad). Subjective ratings have been used in reporting patient PM outcomes. This study examined the utility of subjective reports in predicting objective PM in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI) and healthy older adults. Methods: Participants included 58 healthy controls (HC), 37 persons with aMCI, and 28 individuals with naMCI. Subjective reports were assessed using caregiver and participant ratings on the Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire. An objective PM measure was used during the neuropsychological assessment. Simple PM involves remembering to request any pill after a task. Complex PM involves remembering to request the correct number of pills after each task. Results: Linear regression analyses revealed that subjective caregiver and participant ratings predicted simple PM performance for only the HC group, where caregiver reports were unique predictors. Subjective caregiver and participant ratings were not predictive of complex PM performance in any of the groups. Conclusion: Results indicate that subjective caregiver reports were only predictive of healthy participants’ objective simple PM outcomes. This indicates that generally overall subjective ratings are not a substitute for actual PM outcomes in ad and MCI groups. In conclusion, researchers and clinicians should not rely solely on subjective reports in predicting objective outcomes.

Significance of the in vivo endocannabinoid level to predict effectiveness of lifestyle multidomain intervention: The SUPERBRAIN study

AbstractBackgroundIn the South Korean study to prevent cognitive impairment and protect brain health through lifestyle intervention in at‐risk elderly people (SUPERBRAIN), we explored changes of in endocannabinoid after 24‐week intervention and impact of baseline endocannabinoid on cognitive and physical effects of intervention.MethodA total of 152 participants, aged 60‐79 years without dementia but with ? 1 modifiable dementia risk factor, were randomly assigned to the facility‐based multidomain intervention (FMI), and home‐based MI (HMI), or control groups. Among them, 125 participants (43 FMI, 44 HMI, and 38 control) took measurement for their levels of cortisol, anandamide (N‐arachidonoylethanolamine; AEA), and 2‐AG (2‐arachidonoylglycerol). Plasma levels were determined by liquid chromatography‐selected reaction monitoring quantification using a QTrap5500 mass spectrometer (ABSciex, Foster City, CA, USA). We compared changes of compound levels between intervention and control groups. In addition, we analyzed whether the baseline level of the compound was independent predictor for changes in clinical measures after intervention.ResultNeither the ratios, cortisol to AEA + 2‐AG, cortisol to AEA, and cortisol to 2‐AG nor the levels in AEA, 2‐AG, and cortisol showed noteworthy differences before and after the SUPERBRAIN program, between control and intervention groups. Some changes in the physical fitness and cognitive function variables were associated with the baseline AEA and cortisol, especially in the intervention group: Figure‐8‐walks (p&lt;0.05),and ‘pre‐contemplation stage’ score of the readiness to change questionnaire for motivational enhancement (p&lt;0.05) for cortisol; Prospective Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) by caregiver (p&lt;0.05), and total scale index score of Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS, p&lt;0.05) for AEA; ‘Confirmed control’ score of the questionnaire for motivational enhancement (p&lt;0.05) for both. Among them, intervention status and baseline AEA seemed to be possible independent variables for changes in two cognitive function items, PRMQ by caregiver and total scale index score of RBANS. However, further analysis showed no interaction between intervention status and baseline AEA level on cognitive function.ConclusionBaseline level of in vivo endocannabinoids may predict the cognitive change after a multidomain dementia prevention intervention program, though its modulation on multidomain dementia prevention intervention for cognitive effects needs to be more revealed.

주관적 인지장애를 호소하는 지역사회 노인에 대한 다요인 인지능력 향상프로그램(‘씽씽두뇌 발전소’)의 효과성 검증을 위한 비교 연구

Objectives: This study explored the effects of nonpharmacological multifactorial memory improvement program (‘Ssing-Ssing Doonoi baljeonso (SSD)’) developed by the National Center of Mental Health in 2015 in community-dwelling elderly complaining of subjective memory impairment (SMI). Methods: A randomized, controlled, 8-weeks trial of SSD with double-blind assessments at baseline and end-point of treatment. A total of 117 elderlies with SMI were recruited from 10 community-based welfare centers in Seoul, Korea. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: SSD and art therapy group. 8 sessions of treatment were administrated to the groups. Results: SSD significantly improved immediate recall, delayed recall of word memory test, all items of the logical memory test, and immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition of the visuospatial function test (all p<0.05). Korean short version of Geriatric Depression Scale(S-GDS-K) was also significantly improved, and Memory Efficacy Questionnaire(MEQ), Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire(PRMQ), and Korean Dementia Screening Questionnaire(K-DSQ) were all significantly improved. In particular, compared to the art therapy group, the K-DSQ showed better results(time * group, F(1, 114)=6.585, p=0.012, η²=0.055), and S-GDS-K was a tendency to improve in SSD group (time * group, F(1, 114)=3.596, p=0.060, η²=0.031). Conclusion: Our multifactorial memory training program significantly enhanced memory, visuospatial function, mood and subjective memory efficacy. Compared with art therapy, SSD had more advantages in memory function of daily life and showed a tendency to improve depression. It is likely to be applied as a nonpharmacological treatment for the prevention of cognitive decline in the elderly with SMI/MCI.

Associations between performance-based and self-reported prospective memory, impulsivity and encoding support

Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to execute future intended actions and may be negatively affected by impulsivity. The current study aimed to address questions on (1) relationships of PM with facets of impulsivity; (2) psychometric properties of a PM task, in particular convergent validity with self-reported PM; and (3) whether external support of the encoding process would improve PM or affect relationships with impulsivity. 245 participants performed the experiment online. Participants completed either a baseline version of the task, which combined blocks of an ongoing working memory task with PM trials involving a varying stimulus requiring an alternative response; or a version that provided external support of encoding by requesting that participants visualize and execute the intended prospective action before each block. The Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) and Short Version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (SUPPS) were used to assess self-reported prospective memory and facets of impulsivity. Reliability of PM performance was good and remained acceptable even with the exclusion of participants with low scores. PM performance was associated with self-reported PM, explaining variance in addition to that explained by working memory performance. PM performance was also negatively associated with impulsivity, in particular sensation seeking and positive urgency, but only in the baseline task. Support did not cause overall improvements in performance. In conclusion, results provided further evidence for a relationship between facets of impulsivity and PM. PM as assessed via the current task has good psychometric properties.

Health-related Quality of Life Characteristics in Individuals With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Aims In chronic and incurable illnesses, the quality of life and its related factors are of significant importance. We aimed to investigate the predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-positive individuals. Methods &amp; Materials Our sample included 90 HIV-infected individuals who were under Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Imam Khomeini Hospital of Tehran, Iran, in 2016-2017. The HRQoL questionnaire, Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) interview, and flowcytometry test to assess CD4 count were used for data gathering. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency and standard deviation and inferential statistics, including correlation and stepwise regression analyses. SPSS was used for data analysis, as well. Findings The present study data revealed that prospective/retrospective memory complaint and daily living functioning were predictors HRQoL in individuals with HIV (P&lt;0.001, F2,85=22.70, R2 adj=0.55). The collected data also suggested that CD4 count, viral load, gender, age, and education did not predict HRQoL in the explored HIV-positive individuals (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion Prospective and retrospective memory and daily living functioning were the major predictors of HRQoL among the investigated HIV-infected individuals.

Interrelationships between depression, exercise and subjective memory complaints

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the interrelationships between habitual engagement in exercise, subjective memory complaints (SMC) and depression symptomology. MethodsA sample (N=192) of young adults (Mage=22 y; college students) completed a survey evaluating their current exercise (Physical Activity Vital Signs questionnaire), SMC (Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire), and depression levels (PHQ-9 questionnaire). ResultsPhysical activity was not associated with prospective (β=0.87, P=0.28) or retrospective (β=0.07, P=0.92) SMC. However, those with higher depression symptomology had worse prospective (β=−0.27, P<0.001) and retrospective (β=−0.25, P<0.001) SMC. Lastly, those meeting physical activity guidelines (vs. not) had lower depression symptomology (β=−1.91, P=0.02). ConclusionThis study provides suggestive evidence that, among young adults, higher levels of depression symptomology are associated with worse SMC. Further, habitual engagement in exercise was not directly associated with SMC, but may indirectly relate to SMC via its relationship with depression.

Exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness on subjective memory complaints

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the association between exercise and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness on subjective memory complaints in young adults. Four-hundred and 64 young adult college students (18–35 yrs) completed an online survey. Exercise behavior was assessed from the Physical Activity Vital Signs Questionnaire. Cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated from an algorithm that included an assessment of age, gender, body mass index, waist circumference, resting heart rate, habitual physical activity behavior, and smoking status. Subjective memory complaints were assessed using the Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire. Subjective memory complaints were common among this young adult sample. However, exercise was not statistically significantly associated with prospective (β = −0.002, P = 0.25) or retrospective (β = −0.001, P = 0.26) memory complaints. Results were similar for cardiorespiratory fitness. In conclusion, we did not observe an association between exercise and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness on subjective memory complaints in young adults.

STOPPING OF TASK-SWITCHING IN PATIENTS WITH OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD)

Introduction Inhibition and attentional switching both play central role in theorizing about cognitive impairments in OCD. The aim of the present study was to investigate inhibition and shifting abilities within a single experimental task. A new ‘inhibition-of-switching’ task was designed with minimal memory load suitable for patients under medication. The goal of this task was to simulate a real life situation, where following consecutive successful execution of a simple algorithm, participants need to change to another algorithm in order to respond adequately to new stimuli configurations. However, a further difficulty could be if the response must be inhibited for the same stimuli configuration on the next encounter with it. We hypothesized that OCD patients along with slower switching performance, will have difficulties in inhibiting previously adequate switching responses, making more false alarm type errors. Methods Twenty-six properly diagnosed OCD patients and twenty-six healthy adults matched in age and education undertook an inhibition-of-switching task in two conditions. 1) Single task condition: two digits appeared on a computer screen, and subjects had to press the right or the left-arrow key under the bigger number, and 2) Secondary task conditions: here the participants’ primary task was identical with the single task condition, whereas their secondary task was to press the up-arrow key if the two presented digits were identical. Furthermore, participants had an inhibition rule for the secondary task, they needed to respond only on every second time encountering with identical digits. To assess the memory performance, subjects completed the Digit Span Forward and Backward Tasks and the Prospective Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ). Statistical analyses were performed using mixed analysis of variance and two-tailed t-tests. Results We found that secondary task instruction produced significantly more cost in terms of reaction time during the execution of primary task for OCD patients compared to a healthy control group. However, there was no difference in switching cost in terms of reaction time between the two groups, suggesting that OCD patients had no difficulty with changing one stimuli-based response algorithm to another one. Additionally, OCD patients made significantly more false alarm type errors in the secondary task, and there was a significant positive correlation between the number of false alarm type errors and the prospective memory subscale scores of the PRMQ in the OCD group. Conclusion These results suggest that OCD patients experience difficulties during inhibition-of-switching task, and here we propose that these difficulties originate from over-monitoring of secondary task stimuli during execution of primary task and disinhibition of activated out-of-date responses. We argue that over-activated intentions go together with a response inhibition deficit, and these two factors together contribute to the higher rate of perseverative errors.

Sleep, health and memory: comparing parents of typically developing children and parents of children with special health‐care needs

Parents of children with special healthcare needs (CSHCNs) report poorer sleep than parents of typically developing (TD) children, which has been associated with poorer mental health. The relations between sleep disturbances and general health and memory among this population are unknown. The current study aimed to replicate the findings that parents of CSHCNs report poorer sleep quality than parents of TD children, and further examine how sleep is related to general health and memory. Participants (75 parents of TD children; 97 parents of CSHCNs) completed an online questionnaire consisting of: demographics, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Prospective Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) and the Healthy Days Measure. Parents of CSHCNs reported worse global sleep than parents of TD children. Parents of CSHCNs took longer to fall asleep at night, had shorter sleep duration and worse subjective sleep quality than parents of TD children. Parents of CSHCNs also had worse prospective memory and were more likely to report poor general health than parents of TD children. Poorer sleep quality was associated with worse memory and health among both parents of TD children and parents of CSHCNs. Results from this study highlight the importance of addressing the sleep of parents of CSHCNs and support the need for more research in this area. By recognizing factors associated with parent's health and functioning, service providers may be better able to implement support programs for parents of CSHCNs.

Subjective memory complaints, cognitive performance, and psychological factors in healthy older adults.

To determine whether subjective memory complaints (SMCs) are associated with performance on objective cognitive measures and psychological factors in healthy, community-dwelling older adults. The cohort was composed of adults, 65 years and older with no clinical evidence of cognitive impairment (n = 125). Participants were administered: CogState computerized neurocognitive battery, Prospective Retrospective Memory Questionnaire, personality and meaning-in-life measures. SMCs were associated with poorer performance on measures of executive function (p = 0.001). SMCs were also associated with impaired delayed recall (p = 0.006) but this did not remain significant after statistical adjustment for multiple comparisons. SMCs were inversely associated with conscientiousness (p = 0.004) and directly associated with neuroticism (p < 0.001). Higher scores on SMCs were associated with higher perceived stress (p = 0.001), and ineffective coping styles (p = 0.001). Factors contributing to meaning-in-life were associated with fewer SMCs (p < 0.05). SMCs may reflect early, subtle cognitive changes and are associated with personality traits and meaning-in-life in healthy, older adults.

The effect of a home-based walking exercise program among men with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy: A feasibility trial.

e15152 Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the mainstay therapy for men with advanced prostate cancer. However, there are a number of side effects of ADT that negatively impact the health-related quality of life (HRQL) in these men. We therefore hypothesize that a simple and accessible home-based exercise program can promote the HRQL of men with prostate cancer receiving ADT. The primary goal of the study is to examine the feasibility of such study. Methods: A 12-month prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the exercise group with the control group. Men with prostate cancer who would start ADT were recruited and randomly assigned to: (1) Exercise group would receive instructions in setting up an individualized home-based walking exercise program, or (2) control group would have standard medical advice from the attending physician. Each participant was provided with a pedometer for tracking daily activity and he would record time spent in physical activity. A strurctured phone survey was conducted every 2 weeks during the progression phase until they achieved the maximal level of prescribed exercise regimen. The outcome measures used to assess health-related quality of life, physical and cognitive functions at baseline and every 3 months included SF-36, FACT- P, and FACT-Fatigue scale, SPPB, and 6-Minute Walk Test, and Prospective Retrospective Memory Questionnaire. A MANOVA was conducted to determine the differences between the groups. Results: Six patients were recruited in the feasibility study (exercise group= 4 and control group =2). We report three-month follow-up data. Over 3-month period, there were no safety issues reported in both groups. The adherence to the structured walking exercise session was 100 %. The target daily step count adherence was 89%. Though our preliminary data at 3 months have not yet reached significant differences between the two groups except for prospective retrospective memory (p= 0.044), there was a trend favoring the exercise group. Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that home-based walking exercise program is feasible and may potentially positive effects on health-related quality of life. No significant financial relationships to disclose.