Propylparaben Research Articles

Investigation of combined effects of propyl paraben and methyl paraben on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in male rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the endocrine-disrupting effects of methyl paraben (MeP) and propyl paraben (PrP) mixture on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). In this study, six experimental groups were designated. These groups included three control groups (control, corn oil control, and positive control (50mg/kg/day BPA)) and three dose groups (10, 100, and 500mg/kg/day MeP+PrP). MeP with PrP were mixed in a 1:1 ratio and administered to the 42-day-old male rats by oral gavage for 30days. At the end of the experiment, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone and aldosterone hormones were analyzed in serum. Effects of MeP+PrP on the adrenal glands were investigated by immunohistochemical staining of 11ß hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) enzymes involved in the synthesis steps of corticosterone and aldosterone. Also, pituitary and adrenal glands were examined histopathologically. In the histopathological findings, cortical nodule, congestion, and edema were found in the tissues. In the pituitary gland, cytokeratin rings were detected in all MeP+PrP dose groups, supporting the increase of corticosterone and ACTH. Serum corticosterone, aldosterone, and ACTH hormone levels were increased in the 100 mg/kg/day MeP+PrP and BPA groups. Results obtained from immunohistochemical staining showed that increased staining parallelled increased corticosterone and aldosterone hormone levels. In summary, the results showed that exposure to the MeP+PrP mixture caused a significant increase in ACTH and corticosterone. Also, the MeP+PrP mixture caused a significant increase of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2. MeP+PrP exposure disrupts the normal HPA axis.

Human serum paraben levels and their associations with rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study from Hangzhou, China.

Parabens are widely used in consumer products resulting in frequent exposure to humans. To date, little is known about the association between human paraben exposure and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, a case-control study (n = 290) was conducted in Hangzhou, China, aiming to quantify the concentrations of methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), propyl paraben (PrP), and butyl paraben (BuP) in serum samples and to determine their associations with RA risks. MeP (mean 4.7 ng/mL, range <0.05-20 ng/mL) was the predominant paraben in human serum, followed by PrP (1.9 ng/mL, <0.12-24 ng/mL), EtP (1.4 ng/mL, <0.09-10 ng/mL), and BuP (1.09 ng/mL, <0.10-10 ng/mL). With 1-unit increase of MeP concentrations in human serum, the levels of rheumatoid factors, anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, and immunoglobulin G will increase by 0.19 unit (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.12-0.46), 0.30 unit (95% CI: 0.26-0.58), and 0.24 unit (95% CI: 0.21-0.30) in the adjusted model, respectively. One-unit increase of MeP and PrP concentrations in human serum was associated with an increase of 0.15 (95% CI: 0.037-0.28) and 0.20 (95% CI: 0.10-0.32) in the C-reactive protein concentrations. In addition, an association between serum MeP levels and the incidence of RA (odds ratios (OR)crude = 1.33, CI: 1.11-1.62, p = 0.03; ORadjusted = 1.86, CI: 1.32-2.63, p = 0.02) was positive and significant. Based on the measurements of serum paraben concentrations, this work supports the evidence for the significant associations among paraben exposure, change of specific immune marker, and RA risks.

Comparative cytotoxicity induced by parabens and their halogenated byproducts in human and fish cell lines

Parabens are a group of para-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) esters widely used in pharmaceutical industries. Their safety is well documented in mammalian models, but little is known about their toxicity in non-mammal species. In addition, chlorinated and brominated parabens resulting from wastewater treatment have been identified in effluents. In the present study, we explored the cytotoxic effects (EC50) of five parabens: methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), butylparaben (BuP), and benzylparaben (BeP); the primary metabolite, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), and three of the wastewater chlorinated/brominated byproducts on fish and human cell lines. In general, higher cytotoxicity was observed with increased paraben chain length. The tested compounds induced toxicity in the order of 4-HBA < MP < EP < PP < BuP < BeP. The halogenated byproducts led to higher toxicity with the addition of second chlorine. The longer chain-parabens (BuP and BeP) caused a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability in fish cell lines. Intriguingly, the main paraben metabolite, 4-HBA, proved to be more toxic to fish hepatocytes than human hepatocytes by 100-fold. Our study demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of some of these compounds appears to be tissue-dependent. These observations provide valuable information for early cellular responses in human and non-mammalian models upon exposure to paraben congeners.

Formulation and evaluation of transdermal prepration of bifonazole for the reatment of Sabboric dermatitis

The current work marks a concentrate on definition plan and assessment of antifungal Cream. This study comprises of Bifonazole as unmistakable specialists for against candida or antifungal action. A few excipients, for example, Liquid paraffin and borax as emulsifying specialist were utilized to deliver critical definition as Cream. The Cream were ready by utilizing 3.5% Liquid Paraffin, Methyl Parabens and Propyl Parabens separately have their own OK outcomes as shown in the trial study. The pH of definitions was 6.20 to 5.90 and consistency according to Brook field viscometer 11 was in the scope of 95400-127200. Cream was truly assessed and found no totals aftereffects of which showed magnificent consistency. As far as spredibility the definition containing 3.5% blend of Liquid Paraffin has more worth (19.52±0.018) that promoted antifungal cleanser. Sound qualities boundary consideration of sped up steadiness according to standard method and based on standard worth in conditions of temperature and moistness was of huge outcomes.

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, bisphenol and paraben compounds in dust collected from residential homes in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a growing global concern due to their widespread use and potential harm to human and animal health. Several EDCs have been linked to cancer, obesity, and diabetes in children and adults. EDCs come from manufacturers or everyday products like cookware, textile, cosmetic, furniture, and plastic. Some EDCs are volatile and may be inhaled by the inhabitants where indoor exposure to EDCs is considered worse than outdoor exposure due to the limited and confined area allowing dermal contact and ingestion of EDCs. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2021, all Malaysians were confined to their homes, prompting the goal of this study to investigate EDCs in household dust collected from Klang Valley homes. A total of 57 dust samples were collected, filtered, and extracted using methanol. EDCs including perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), bisphenol and parabens were identified and quantified in dust samples by liquid chromatography mass tandem spectrometry (LCMS/MS). The presence of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), butylparaben (BuP), methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), and propylparaben (PrP) was detected in 50–100% of dust samples, with range of concentration of 0.31–3693.96 ng/g, indicating that these compounds are common in indoor dust. Methylparaben was the most prevalent EDC in collected dust samples with mean concentration at 148. 18 ng/g, accounting for 54% of the concentration distribution, followed by BuP and PFOA. There were regional differences in EDC profiles, with higher PFAS and paraben levels in urban areas such as Putrajaya, Kuala Lumpur, and Petaling. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of EDCs from indoor dust ingestion varied by age, with infants having a significantly higher EDI (p < .01) than children and adults. Despite safe for consumption (Hazard Quotient, HQ < 1), these findings provide a baseline for assessing PFAS, bisphenol, and paraben in indoor dust from Malaysian homes.

Pharmaceutical excipients with potential to cause adverse effects in paediatric nasal medicines

Some pharmaceutical excipients may cause adverse reactions, excipient-related interactions and/or contraindications. Due to the unique characteristics of the paediatric population, adverse effects may occur to substances generally thought safe. The proportion of topical nasal medicines approved for paediatric use and the prevalence and labelling of excipients with known effect (EKE) in these products were compared in Serbia as a non-EU country and Croatia and Slovenia as EU countries. The study was designed as a post-authorization safety study and safety of excipients was considered in accordance with recommendations of the European Medicines Agency (EMA). More than 90% of topical nasal medicines registered in the three countries were approved for paediatric use and more than half of these paediatric medicines contained EKE that may cause adverse effects. Benzalkonium chloride was found in 52.38%, 55.81% and 59.09% of these products in Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, respectively. Propylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, ethanol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben and boric acid were also present in a few analysed preparations. A significant number of EKE labelling deficiencies were detected in all three countries, hindering healthcare professionals’ access to information needed for adequate patient counselling. A revision of the nasal paediatric medicines’ PLs and SmPCs is recommended.

A rapid and environmentally friendly method for determination of parabens preservatives in flavors by supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A rapid method for determination of parabens preservatives (methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, propyl paraben, isobutyl paraben, and butyl paraben) in flavors was established by using supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with dispersive solid-phase extraction. After adding methanol and primary secondary amine to the sample simultaneously, high extraction efficiency and good sample cleanup could be obtained by simple shaking. Parabens were well separated on a Chiralpak IG-3 column in 6min by gradient elution. Recoveries from spiked blank samples at 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0mg/kg were determined to be 88.3-106.6%with relative standard deviations less than 8.0%. All analytes achieved good linear relation (r ≥ 0.999 2). The limits of detection for all analytes ranged from 0.03 to 0.09mg/kg and the limits of quantification from 0.11 to 0.31mg/kg, respectively. A total of 20 actual samples were successfully analyzed by taking the proposed method. Being simple, rapid, green, and reliable, this method can be taken for the determination of parabens preservatives in flavors.

Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Cream Containing Extracts of Tridax Procumbens, Ficus Religiosa, Azadirachta Indica and Curcuma Longa

Now a day's herbal medicine has great impact on human health and diseases. Herbal medicine plays important role in overall aspects such as economical and medicinal. Although usage of these herbal medicines is increased day by day because of their quality, efficacy and safety. The present research study explores new formulation containing extracts of Tridax procumbens, Ficus religiosa, Azadirachta indica and Curcuma longa in the form of cream (O/W). The formulation were characterized by determining the pharmaceutical characteristics such as pH, appearance, viscosity, spreadability, etc. The phytochemical constituents such as carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, etc were detected with the help of identification tests. The cream formulation were designed by using excipients such as stearyl alcohol, beeswax, sorbitol monooleate, methyl paraben, propyl paraben and liquid paraffin. As compared to allopathic medicines herbal medication is considered as safer. Whereas allopathic medications are associated with some side effects. Whereas cream formulation is much better as compared to other formulations for absorption and penetration of active moiety tropically.

Paraben exposures and their interactions with ESR1/2 genetic polymorphisms on hypertension

The widely used paraben preservatives have been frequently detected in human urine, and shown to disrupt the endocrine system. Recently, several epidemiologic studies have investigated the associations between paraben exposures and hypertension risk, but findings are inconsistent. Genetic susceptibility variation may contribute to the conflicting results. This study aimed to explore the associations of paraben exposures and their interactions with estrogen receptor genes 1 and 2 (ESR1 and ESR2) polymorphisms with hypertension. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study involving 396 hypertension cases and 396 controls in Wuhan, China. The urinary paraben concentrations were determined using a liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer. The genotyping of ESR1 and ESR2 was performed using the Applied Biosystems 3730 XL sequencer. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to examine the associations between urinary paraben concentrations and hypertension risk. Gene-environment interactions were estimated on both multiplicative and additive scales. The results showed that urinary ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), and ∑parabens (∑PBs) levels were positively associated with the risk of hypertension (Ptrend<0.05). Compared with their reference groups, subjects in the highest tertile of EtP, PrP, and ∑PBs had a 4.05-fold (95% CI: 2.56, 6.41), 2.72-fold (95% CI: 1.76, 4.20), and 1.60-fold (95% CI: 1.08, 2.36) increased risk of hypertension, respectively. When stratified by sex, the hypertensive effect of EtP was more pronounced in males (Pinteraction = 0.012). Furthermore, interaction analysis showed that PrP exposure interacted with ESR1 rs2234693 polymorphism on hypertension risk, with the significance of multiplicative (Pinteraction = 0.043) and additive (RERI = 1.27, AP = 0.52). Our results suggested that paraben exposure was positively related to hypertension risk, and that ESR1 rs2234693 polymorphism might modify the parabens exposure-related hypertensive effect.

Ecotoxicological Consequences of the Abatement of Contaminants of Emerging Concern by Ozonation—Does Mixture Complexity Matter?

Ozonation has been used to degrade persistent water contaminants, namely, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). However, ozonation can lead to by-products that can be more toxic than the parent compounds. This work aims to assess whether the ecotoxicological effects of ozonation are modified as the initial matrix being treated increases in complexity, considering mixtures of 2, 3, 4 and 5 PPCPs. The following PPCPs were used: two parabens (metylparaben (MP) and propylparaben (PP)), paracetamol (PCT), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and carbamazepine (CBZ). The following model species were used to assess toxicity: the crustacean Daphnia magna, the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata, the macrophyte Lemna minor and the watercress Lepidium sativum. There was a trend of increased toxicity with increasing mixture complexity of the untreated samples, except for D. magna. The same was observed after ozonation with the exception of the mixture MP+PP, which showed high toxicity to all the tested species, namely 100% immobilization of D. magna. The toxicity of SMX to the primary producers decreased pronouncedly after ozonation, except for L. minor. This study highlights the importance of considering the complexity of the matrix being treated and of using an ecotoxicological test battery with a wide diversity of species for assessing ozonation efficiency.

Formulation and evaluation of a topical gel containing dapsone and fexofenadine HCl

Topical drug administration is a localized method of delivering drugs to specific areas of the body via topical channels such as ophthalmic, rectal, vaginal, and cutaneous. The major route of topical medication delivery is through the skin, which is one of the most easily accessible organs on the human body for topical drug administration. The present investigation involves formulation of topical gel using Dapsone and Fexofenadine HCl. For the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria, Dapsone is an effective and well-tolerated second-line treatment. Topical Dapsone is used to treat acne . Dapsone belongs to the sulfone antibiotics family of drugs. It works by reducing inflammation and delaying or preventing bacteria growth. Fexofenadine HCl is an antihistamine medicine that helps with the symptoms of allergies.Topical gel of Dapsone and FexofenadineHCl was prepared by using High molecular weight water soluble polymer Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose such as K35 grade and other excipients including Propyl paraben, oleic acid, Triethanaloamine and purified water were reported in the formation of gel. In the present investigation combination of Dapsone and Fexofenadine HCl gel.

Association between parabens concentrations in human amniotic fluid and the offspring birth size: A Sub-study of the PERSIAN birth cohort

ObjectiveParabens are extensively used, and cause widespread exposure of the general population including pregnant women and developing fetuses to these pollutants. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between the maternal exposure of parabens to study their transfer passed through the placental barrier to amniotic fluid; the second objective was to determine the association of paraben concentration in the amniotic fluid with the offspring birth size. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2019 to March 2021 in Isfahan, Iran. Samples of amniotic fluid were collected as set from 128 pregnant women at Cesarean section. The amniotic fluid concentrations of four parabens including methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), and butylparaben (BP) were determined using gas chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (GC-Mass). ResultsThe pointed parabens were extracted from yielded clear supernatant using a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method. Four paraben derivatives including MP (normal: 0.68 ± 0.7; overweight: 1.40 ± 1.76; obese: 0.30 ± 0.26; p-value: 0.275), EP (normal: 0.14 ± 0.09; overweight: 0.72 ± 0.72; obese: 0.38 ± 0.05; p-value: 0.434), PP (normal: 0.05 ± 0.05; overweight: 0.06 ± 0.06; obese: 0.20 ± 0.17; p-value: 0.770), and BP (normal: 2.89 ± 1.80; overweight: 3.89 ± 6.48; obese: 5.80 ± 7.56; p-value: 0.341) were simultaneously detected in samples of maternal amniotic fluid using GC–MS. In 92.2% (n = 118) of pregnant women, the paraben derivatives (MP, EP, PP, BP) were detected. We found that considerable levels of MP, EP, PP, and BP existed in 22.6% (n = 29), 21.9% (n = 28), 29.7% (n = 38), and 85.2% (n = 109) of samples, respectively. In addition, the correlation between paraben concentrations in amniotic fluid and birth size was investigated. The results showed that an inverse significant association between MP and head circumference, chest, hip, and arm circumference. While a positive correlation between MP and height of newborn was observed. Similar correlations were observed for EP and weight, height, head circumference, chest, hip, and arm. ConclusionThe current study indicated that parabens have been detected in amniotic fluid samples and a strong/possible correlation between exposure of pregnant women to parabens and the birth size of newborns.

Risk of thyroid cancer and benign nodules associated with exposure to parabens among Chinese adults in Wuhan, China.

Parabens are widely used as preservatives, which have been found to affect thyroid function in toxicological studies. However, population studies on whether they are associated with thyroid tumors remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the relationship between environmental paraben exposure and thyroid cancer and benign nodules. We recruited participants from the Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery at Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan, China. The detectable percentages of methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, and propyl paraben in the urinary samples of 425 study subjects were 99.1%, 95.3%, and 92.0%, respectively. All uncorrected and creatinine-corrected parabens were moderately correlated with one another. After adjusting for possible confounders, all three parabens were associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer. Furthermore, the mixture pollutant analysis of parabens found positive associations with risk of thyroid cancer (OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.31) and benign nodules (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 0.86, 1.80). We observed that individual exposure to paraben mixtures may be associated with the risk of thyroid cancer and benign nodules.

Effective extraction of parabens from toothpaste by vortex-assisted liquid-phase microextraction based on low viscosity deep eutectic solvent

An efficient, green and reliable method, namely deep eutectic solvent-based vortex-assisted liquid-phase microextraction (DES-VALPME) was proposed for the rapid extraction and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography coupled with variable wavelength detector (HPLC-VWD) determination of methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP) and butylparaben (BP) in toothpaste samples as a proof-of-concept example of trace analysis of personal care and cosmetic products. Compared with traditional DES suffering from higher viscosity, a class of six low viscosity DESs were synthesized by simply dissolving quaternary ammonium salts (hydrogen bond acceptors, HBAs) in methanol or ethanol (hydrogen bond donors, HBDs) at ambient temperature. Initial studies indicated that the DES consisting of tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) and ethanol at a molar ratio of 1:5 achieved the highest extraction efficiency for all target analytes. The influence of type, molar ratio and volume of DES, extraction temperature and vortex time on the extraction efficiency was investigated and optimized systematically. Under the selected conditions, the method displayed satisfactory linearity in the range of 0.05–10 μg/g (R2 ≥ 0.9995), acceptable recoveries for the real samples (varied from 79.4% to 108.6%), good precision (with relative standard deviation ≤ 5.2 %), as well as lower limits of detection (in the range of 0.01–0.02 μg/g). This study demonstrates that the separation and determination of PBs with the developed DES-VALPME-HPLC-VWD technique is simple, efficient, sensitive and inexpensive.

In Vivo Estimation of the Biological Effects of Endocrine Disruptors in Rabbits after Combined and Long-Term Exposure: Study Protocol.

Recently, an increasing number of chemical compounds are being characterized as endocrine disruptors since they have been proven to interact with the endocrine system, which plays a crucial role in the maintenance of homeostasis. Glyphosate is the active substance of the herbicide Roundup®, bisphenol A (BPA) and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are used as plasticizers, while triclosan (TCS), methyl (MePB), propyl (PrPB), and butyl (BuPB) parabens are used as antimicrobial agents and preservatives mainly in personal care products. Studies indicate that exposure to these substances can affect humans causing developmental problems and problems in the endocrine, reproductive, nervous, immune, and respiratory systems. Although there are copious studies related to these substances, there are few in vivo studies related to combined exposure to these endocrine disruptors. The aim of the present pilot study is the investigation and assessment of the above substances’ toxicity in rabbits after twelve months of exposure to glyphosate (both pure and commercial form) and to a mixture of all the above substances at subtoxic levels. The lack of data from the literature concerning rabbits’ exposure to these substances and the restrictions of the 3Rs Principle will result in a limited number of animals available for use (four animals per group, twenty animals in total).

Effect of shock wave on optical properties of Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate single crystal: A self-defocusing third order nonlinear optical material

This work focuses on the effect of shock wave on optical properties of propyl p-hydroxybenzoate single crystal. An optically transparent single crystal was grown by adopting slow evaporation solution growth technique (SEST). Its structure was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction using Reitveld refinement. The Hirshfeld surface morphology and the intermolecular interaction of titled compound was scrutinized using crystal explorer. Three shock waves generated at constant air compressor pressure of 0.78 Mpa with calculated Mach number 1.7 were allowed to interact with the grown crystal. The UV–vis spectroscopy analysis on shock wave treated sample shows an increase in transmittance for 1st and 2nd shock and a reduction of transmittance for the 3rd shock wave. The defects induced after each shockwave – sample interaction was investigated by photoluminescence spectroscopy and surface morphology studies in detail. The third order nonlinear properties like self – defocusing and reverse saturation absorption of grown crystal were studied using a femto-second Ti-sapphire laser source. The nonlinear absorption coefficient, refractive index were calculated to be 4.04 ˟ 10−10 cm/W and −8.47 ˟ 10−15 cm2/W using open and closed aperture Z-scan measurement respectively.

Read-across and new approach methodologies applied in a 10-step framework for cosmetics safety assessment – A case study with parabens

Parabens are esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid that have been used as preservatives in many types of products for decades including agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, food and cosmetics. This illustrative case study with propylparaben (PP) demonstrates a 10-step read-across (RAX) framework in practice. It aims at establishing a proof-of-concept for the value added by new approach methodologies (NAMs) in read-across (RAX) for use in a next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) in order to assess consumer safety after exposure to PP-containing cosmetics. In addition to structural and physico-chemical properties, in silico information, toxicogenomics, in vitro toxicodynamic, toxicokinetic data from PBK models, and bioactivity data are used to provide evidence of the chemical and biological similarity of PP and analogues and to establish potency trends for observed effects in vitro. The chemical category under consideration is short (C1–C4) linear chain n-alkyl parabens: methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben and butylparaben. The goal of this case study is to illustrate how a practical framework for RAX can be used to fill a hypothetical data gap for reproductive toxicity of the target chemical PP.

Exposure to Antibacterial Chemicals Is Associated With Altered Composition of Oral Microbiome.

Antimicrobial chemicals are used as preservatives in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi in the products. Unintentional exposure in humans to such chemicals is well documented, but whether they also interfere with human oral microbiome composition is largely unexplored. In this study, we explored whether the oral bacterial composition is affected by exposure to antibacterial and environmental chemicals. Gingival fluid, urine, and interview data were collected from 477 adults (18–47 years) from the RHINESSA study in Bergen, Norway. Urine biomarkers of triclosan, triclocarban, parabens, benzophenone-3, bisphenols, and 2,4- and 2,5-dichlorophenols (DCPs) were quantified (by mass spectrometry). Microbiome analysis was based on 16S amplicon sequencing. Diversity and differential abundance analyses were performed to identify how microbial communities may change when comparing groups of different chemical exposure. We identified that high urine levels (>75th percentile) of propyl parabens were associated with a lower abundance of bacteria genera TM7 [G-3], Helicobacter, Megasphaera, Mitsuokella, Tannerella, Propionibacteriaceae [G-2], and Dermabacter, as compared with low propylparaben levels (<25th percentile). High exposure to ethylparaben was associated with a higher abundance of Paracoccus. High urine levels of bisphenol A were associated with a lower abundance of Streptococcus and exposure to another environmental chemical, 2,4-DCP, was associated with a lower abundance of Treponema, Fretibacterium, and Bacteroidales [G-2]. High exposure to antibacterial and environmental chemicals was associated with an altered composition of gingiva bacteria; mostly commensal bacteria in the oral cavity. Our results highlight a need for a better understanding of how antimicrobial chemical exposure influences the human microbiome.

The FORMULATION AND EVALUATION O FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF THE PREPARATION OF HAIR TONIC Ethanol Extract of Patchouli Leaves (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) TO OVERCOME HAIR LOSS

Nilam leaves contain flavonoids. flavonoids that have activity that can accelerate hair growth and prevent hair loss. The purpose of the study was to make a hair tonic preparation containing patchouli leaf extract and to determine the concentration of the best formula to treat hair loss. Hair tonic is made with nilam leaf extract at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%. The ingredients for making Hair Tonic include propylene glycol, propyl paraben, methyl paraben, menthol, sodium metabisulfite, 96% ethanol, Ol. Rosae, Aquades. The method of the study an experimental method with extraction by maceration for 5 days and remaceration for 2 days using 96% ethanol as solvent. Evaluation of Hair Tonic preparations includes homogeneity, pH, organoleptic, viscosity, irritation, preference, and hair growth effectiveness test. The effectiveness test on hair growth in rabbits was carried out on 5 rabbits with 5 treatment groups, namely, positive control group Hair Tonic nature, negative control group, 5% concentration group, 10% concentration group, and 15% concentration group. The analysis of the data on growth testing using One Way Anova. Hair growth data on day 12 were positive control 0.95 mm, negative control 0.03 mm, formula 1 (5%) 0.08 mm, formula 2 (10%) 0.13 mm, formula 3 (15%) 0.83mm. The best formula to treat hair loss is hair tonic with a concentration of 15% nilam leaf ethanol extract. It can be concluded that the greater the concentration of nilam leaf extract given to each treatment, the faster the hair growth.

Wound Healing Activity of Nanoemulgel Containing Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. Extract on Burns Model in Rat

BACKGROUND: The content of secondary metabolites in mobe leaves has the potential to be used in wound healing. Artocarpine, one of the secondary metabolites found in mobe leaves, is reported to affect the expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) protein, thereby increasing fibroblast cell proliferation and accelerating the wound healing process. AIM: This study aims to determine the wound healing activity of nanoemulgel-containing ethanol extract of mobe leaves. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The method used in this study was experimental using chemicals ethanol 96%, Carbopol 940, PEG 400, Propylene glycol, Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben, Triethanolamine, Aqua Destillata. Mode leaves which were taken purposively were then formulated in nanoemulgel preparations which were tested for wound healing in male rats. The nanoemulgel preparation was then evaluated which included homogeneity, emulsion type, pH, viscosity, dispersion, and measurement of the nanoemulgel globules of mobe leaf extract, stability of the nanoemulgel preparation. Tests for the healing effect of burns were carried out on male rats for 14 days. RESULTS: Mobe leaves ethanol extract can be formulated into nanoemulgel dosage forms. This study showed wound healing activity of nanoemulgels with concentration variation of mobe leaves ethanol extract. The percentage of wound diameter reducing and fibroblast cells value were showed to increase and significantly different to negative control (p &lt; 0.05) in 14 days. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB and TGF-β1 immunoexpression evaluation result showed significantly different to Blanko group (p &lt; 0.05) in 14-day observation. CONCLUSION: From this study, nanoemulgel mobe can stimulate more fibroblast cell proliferation by greatly expressing TGF-β1 and PDGF BB in burn wounds.