Propylparaben Research Articles

Serum analysis in women and in vitro skin assay for the assessment of exposure to parabens in antiperspirants.

The present study assessed the exposure to methylparaben (MP) and propylparaben (PP) from antiperspirants in serum of 24 women aged 20-30 years old and an in vitro skin assay. An effective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of MP and PP levels in serum was developed and validated in the range of 10-100 μg/L; the method was fast, simple, sensitive, linear, precise, and accurate. In addition, a simple and rapid liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method for the determination of MP and PP levels in antiperspirants was developed and validated in the range of 2-26 mg/L, which presented satisfactory linearity, precision, and accuracy. Using these two methods, 20 commercial antiperspirants were evaluated, and only three showed MP and PP in the formulation. The antiperspirant containing 0.2% and 0.1% w/w MP and PP, respectively, was given to the volunteers, to estimate the internal dose, and submitted to a pig ear skin permeation assay in Franz diffusion cells, presenting a permeation flux of 32% for MP and 71% for PP. In this assay, both MP and PP permeated the skin; however, there was no correlation between antiperspirant use and paraben serum concentration in the volunteers. Graphical abstract.

Exposure to parabens and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome: An analysis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey

BackgroundParabens are group of widely used preservative agents in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. They are estrogenic and anti-androgenic, and thus have the potential to alter the hormonal regulation of energy metabolism, and in turn affect obesity and metabolic health. Compared to obesity alone, having metabolic syndrome (a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors) further increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. We examined whether exposure to parabens was associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome or its components among Canadians. MethodsMethyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl paraben concentrations were measured in the urine of 2,564 individuals participating in Cycle 4 (2014–2015) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey, a national biomonitoring survey. We assessed associations between specific gravity-corrected log10-transformed paraben concentrations and obesity, metabolic syndrome and its components (waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose and blood pressure) via Poisson regression with robust variance estimators for binary outcomes and via linear regression for outcomes expressed continuously. We stratified analyses by age (children aged 3 to 17 years vs. adults aged 18 years and older) and investigated the presence of effect modification by sex. ResultsA 10-fold increase in propyl paraben concentration was associated with a 40% (95% CI: 3, 90) higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome among men, while ethyl paraben was associated with a 63% (95% CI: 2, 86) lower prevalence among women. Among women, methyl paraben was inversely associated with obesity, and methyl, propyl and ethyl parabens were associated with higher high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. No associations were observed among children. ConclusionsThis is the first study to report a positive association between parabens and metabolic syndrome in men. Protective associations among women previously reported for obesity were also observed for metabolic syndrome and HDL cholesterol. These results should be confirmed in longitudinal studies.

Oxidative paraben removal with chlorine dioxide: Reaction kinetics and mechanism

This study investigated the reactivity and mechanism of paraben oxidization by chlorine dioxide. Degradation kinetics of methylparaben (MeP) and propylparaben (PrP) followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and were studied in a pH range of 4.0–7.0 at 15 ± 1 °C. The kapp values were 84.3 M−1·s−1 and 83.2 M−1·s−1 for MeP and PrP, respectively, when pH value was 5.0 and the temperature was 15 ± 1 °C. The rate constants depended on the solution pH, temperature, humic acid, and HCO3– concentrations. At pH values of 4–5.0, kapp increased slowly, while at a pH value of 7.0, kapp increased rapidly. The reaction rate constants increased with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the reaction rate was inhibited by humic acid addition, while the reaction rate increased after addition of HCO3–. Two main degradation products were identified by GC–MS and the reaction pathways were proposed.

Macadamia Nuts Oil in Nanocream and Conventional Cream as Skin Anti-Aging: A Comparative Study.

BACKGROUND:The effect of an active substance in a dosage form can be influenced by the different method of preparation. Nanotechnology has been used widely in all aspects including drug delivery system. Nanocream is one of the cosmetic dosage forms to improve the absorption of active substances on the skin.AIM:The study was to compare macadamia nuts oil nanocream with conventional cream as skin antiaging dosage form.METHODS:The formulation of nanocream was consisted of macadamia nuts oil 10%, tween 80, propylene glycol, cetyl alcohol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben and distilled water. The anti-aging was conducted by comparing the nanocream and conventional cream. The evaluation of anti-aging activity was conducted using skin analyzer apparatus. The aging parameters were moisture, evenness, pore size, black spot, and wrinkle of the skin. The data were collected for 4 weeks. All the data obtained were statistically analyzed.RESULTS:Macadamia nut oil nanocream dosage form showed better antiaging activity on the skin compared to conventional cream which were characterized by changes in skin condition on each aging skin parameter such as water content, pore size, melanin, and wrinkles.CONCLUSON:It is concluded that macadamia nuts oil in nanocream dosage form has better antiaging activity on the skin compared to conventional cream and macadamia nuts oil can be used as an effective skin anti-aging dosage form.

Vortex Assisted Extraction for Propyl Paraben Analysis in Cosmetics

Propylparaben is an ester of para-hydroxybenzoic acid and commonly used as a preservative in the cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food products. However, several recent reports demonstrated that paraben possesses an estrogenic activity and causes cancer for the consumer. Therefore, the extraction of propylparaben from cosmetics requires method that is easy, fast, user-friendly and accurate reproducible result. Conventional techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) show some disadvantages such as the use of a large amount of solvent and time-consuming. Therefore, this present study aims to apply vortex assisted extraction (VAE) in determining the concentration of propylparaben in cosmetic samples and analyse using ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV-Vis). From the results, the calibration curve was found in the range of 0.2-1.0mg/L with a regression coefficient, r2=0.9932 and relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 1%. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for VAE was 0.090mg/L and 0.302mg/L, respectively. Operating parameters for VAE (concentration of salt, type of solvent and extraction time) and LLE (concentration of salt, extraction time, type and volume of solvent) have been optimised and subsequently applied to the extraction using the real samples. Ten cosmetic products were chosen randomly such as shampoo, body wash, gargle, toner, mouth rinse, lotion, feminine wash, face mask, and scrub. The recoveries for VAE and LLE were 76.7% -103.4% (RSD=0.1-4.0%) and 62.5%-93.9% (RSD=<1%), respectively. Therefore, VAE is the best modern method for determination of propylparaben in cosmetics because it is simpler, faster with high percentage of recovery compared to other techniques.

Stability-indicating LC method for the simultaneous determination of methyl paraben, propyl paraben, butylated hydroxytoluene and alpha-tocopherol contents in marijuana capsules

The current study is a simple liquid chromatographic method developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of methyl paraben, propyl paraben, butylated hydroxytoluene and alpha-tocopherol in marijuana (delta-8-tetra hydro cannabinol (or) dronabinol) soft gelatin capsules by using high-performance liquid chromatographic technique. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters Xterra RP18 (150 × 4.6)-mm 5-µm column with a mobile phase contained gradient mixtures, which constitutes of purified water and acetonitrile in the ratio of 700:300 (Port-A) and acetonitrile (Port-B). The optimized flow rate of 2.0 mL/min and UV detection was made at 210 nm and column temperature of 40 °C. The resolution among MP, PP, BHT and ATP was found to be > 4. The optimized method was validated as per the guidelines prescribed by the international conference on harmonization. Regression analysis confers a correlation coefficient higher than 0.999 for MP, PP, BHT and ATP peaks. The % RSD for the interday and intraday precisions for MP, PP, BHT and ATP was estimated and found to be < 5.0. The proposed HPLC method could be suitable for the estimation of these drugs in different types of pharmaceutical drug products. Schematic diagram of the procedure for the simultaneous determination of MP, PP, BHT and ATP contents in marijuana capsules

Associations between urinary parabens exposure in early to mid-pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus

OPS 15: Chemicals and pregnancy, Room 114, Floor 1, August 26, 2019, 10:30 AM - 12:00 PM Background/Aim: Certain endocrine disruptors have been linked to glucose homeostasis among pregnant women, but data on parabens in relation to gestational diabetes (GDM) are limited. We investigated the associations of urinary parabens in early-to-mid pregnancy with GDM risk. Methods: Within the prospective Pregnancy Environment and Lifestyle Study, we conducted a nested case-control study of 111 GDM cases diagnosed at gestational weeks (GW) 24-28 and 222 non-GDM controls, matched on age, GW at urine collection, and race/ethnicity (Asian/non-Asian, given high proportion of Asian cases). Urinary concentrations of butylparaben (BuP), ethylparaben (EtP), methyl paraben (MeP), and propylparaben (PrP) were assessed at GW 10-13 and 16-19, with cumulative concentrations estimated by area-under-the-curve. Conditional logistic regression examined the associations of parabens with GDM risk, after adjusting for pre-pregnancy body mass index, urinary creatinine levels, and race/ethnicity (White/Black/Hispanic/Asian). Results: The detection rates for urinary parabens were 32% (BuP), 47% (EtP), 97% (MeP), and 94% (PrP). In the overall sample, PrP in the second versus lowest tertile at GW 10-13 was associated with GDM with a marginal significance (adjusted odds ratio 1.84; 95% CI 0.98-3.47), whereas no associations were observed for other parabens at either gestational period. When stratified by race/ethnicity, the association of PrP in the second versus lowest tertile with GDM was only significant among Asians [GW 10-13: 2.93 (1.06-8.08), P-for-interaction=0.29; GW 16-19: 3.18 (1.10-9.21); P-for-interaction=0.20]. Significant effect modification by race/ethnicity was observed for the cumulative concentrations of EtP (P-for-interaction=0.005), with a 2.66-fold (1.01-7.04) increased risk of GDM among Asians and 67% (0.33; 0.13-0.84) decreased risk among non-Asians, comparing women with detected versus non-detected levels. Conclusions: Urinary PrP exhibited a non-linear association with GDM risk among Asians. Opposing associations were observed between detected urinary EtP and GDM risk among Asians (positive) and non-Asians (inverse). Further investigations are needed to understand these racial/ethnic differences.

Prenatal exposure to parabens affects birth outcomes through maternal Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Polymorphisms

TPS 743: Health effects in pregnancy, Exhibition Hall, Ground floor, August 26, 2019, 3:00 PM - 4:30 PM Background/Aim: Human exposure to parabens is very common in daily life by using personal care products. These chemicals are associated with poor birth outcomes. However, modifying effects of polymorphism in glutathione S-transferases (GST) gene remain unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of genetic polymorphisms on the association of prenatal exposure to parabens with birth outcomes. Methods: We plan to recruit more than 300 women during 3rd stage pregnancy between 2017 and 2019 in Korean pregnant women, called The Mother And Kids Environmental health (MAKE) Study. We measured parabens (Methyl-paraben (MeP), Ethyl-paraben (EtP), Propyl-paraben (PrP)) concentrations in maternal urine samples, also collected information on birth outcome, socio-economic status, and consumption habits of consumer products. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine whether the association between prenatal exposure to parabens and birth outcomes (gestational age, birth weight, body length, head circumference and abdominal circumference) varied by maternal GST genes. Results: The adjusted geometric means for urinary concentrations of MeP, EtP, and PrP were 13.96, 9.45, and 1.70 ng/mL, respectively. Parabens were positively associated with weight and abdominal circumference at birth. In particular, MeP and PrP showed significant association with an increase in abdominal circumference (MeP, ß=0.355, p=0.02; PrP, ß=0.376, p=0.02) adjusting for potential confounders. Prenatal exposure to parabens showed significantly positive association with abdominal circumference in mother of GST null genotype (MeP, ß=0.634, p=0.02; EtP, ß=0.546, p=0.05; PrP, ß=0.618, p=0.04). Conclusions: This study reported the association between prenatal parabens exposure and birth outcomes. We also found that GST polymorphism might affect the association between prenatal parabens exposure and abdominal circumference, suggesting the effect of genetic susceptibility on the relation between prenatal parabens exposure and abdominal circumference.

Parameters of ovarian reserve in relation to urinary concentrations of parabens

OPS 15: Chemicals and pregnancy, Room 114, Floor 1, August 26, 2019, 10:30 AM - 12:00 PM Background/Aim: Parabens are commonly used as antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food and beverage processing. Widespread human exposure to parabens has been recently documented, and some parabens have demonstrated adverse effects on female reproduction in animal studies. Despite the widespread usage of parabens in personal care products little is known about their effect on female fertility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between environmental exposure to parabens and parameters of ovarian reserve. Methods: Urine samples collected from 511 female who attended the infertility clinic for diagnostic purposes were analyzed for five parabens concentrations using a validated gas chromatograohy ion-tap mass spectrometry method. Parameters of ovarian reserve were: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), antral follicle count (AFC), estradiol (E2) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels. Results: In multivariate linear regression models adjusted for age, smoking and BMI only propyl paraben (PP) decrease antral follicle count (p=0.04), estradiol level (p=0.04) and increase the FSH concentration (p=0.028). Methyl (MP), ethyl (EP), butyl (BP) and isobutyl (iBuP) parabens were not associated any with parameters of ovarian reserve. These findings suggest that exposure to PP may adversely affect ovarian reserve, one of the predictor of female fertility among women attending a fertility clinic. Conclusions: PP may be associated with diminished ovarian reserve. As this is one of the first study on this topic, so the observation of the relationship between parabens and ovarian reserve warrants further investigation.

A comprehensive analysis of racial disparities in chemical exposure biomarkers in US women

PDS 64: Health impact assessment and environmental justice, Johan Friso Foyer, Floor 1, August 26, 2019, 1:30 PM - 3:00 PM Background: African American women are 2 to 3 times more likely to be diagnosed with triple negative breast cancer, compared to European American women. The biological mechanisms for this disparity are not well understood but are likely due to an interaction between genes and environmental exposures. To better understand environmental factors which may impact triple negative breast cancer risk, we implemented an untargeted approach to systematically compare chemical exposure differences by race. Methods: We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of 148 chemical biomarker concentrations measured in 38,080 female participants 1999-2014. We conducted a series of multiple survey weighted regression models with chemical biomarker levels as the outcome variable and race/ethnicity as the main predictor while adjusting for age, cotinine levels (biomarker of smoking), poverty-income ratio (surrogate variable of socioeconomic status), and cycles (years) in which the participants were sampled. To understand chemical exposures by age and race, we conducted stratified analyses by age groups (0-11, 12-25, 26-50, and 51-up). Results: Across age groups, African American women had significantly higher biomarker concentrations of many chemicals, including methyl paraben (2.39-fold), propyl paraben (2.09-fold), mono-ethyl phthalate (1.74-fold), 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (2.35), and 2,5-dichlorophenol (4.56-fold), relative to non-Hispanic white women. For the youngest age group (0-11 years), the chemical exposure disparities between African American and non-Hispanic white women are further exaggerated for parabens and 1-4 dichlorobenzene. Conclusions: Overall, we identified substantial differences in chemical body burden by race in a representative sample of US women. Many of the chemicals with exposure disparities are found in cosmetics, pesticides, and other consumer products. Ongoing work is determining whether these toxicants impact biological pathways associated with breast cancer to better understand the link between the environment and triple negative breast cancer disparities.

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and behaviors associated with ADHD in adolescents

TPS 731: Neurological effects in children, Exhibition Hall, Ground floor, August 26, 2019, 3:00 PM - 4:30 PM Background: Phthalates and parabens are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) commonly found in personal care products. Studies suggest that exposure to EDCs may influence childhood behaviors associated with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the relationship during adolescence has not been studied. Methods: Urinary biomarker concentrations of phthalates and parabens commonly found in personal care products were quantified in 152 adolescents (age ~15 yrs) in the New Bedford Cohort, a birth cohort study among residents near the New Bedford Harbor Superfund site, Massachusetts. ADHD-associated behavior was assessed with multiple indices from self, parent, and teacher completed behavioral checklists using the Conners’ Attention Deficit Scale and the Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd ed., where higher scores indicate more problem behaviors. We used a repeated measures analysis with negative binomial models to estimate the adjusted association of each analyte with these multiple measures of ADHD-related behavior. Results: In this racially diverse (38% non-white or Hispanic) and socioeconomically disadvantaged (31% in low income households, 43% had unmarried mothers, 59% had mothers with a high school education or less) population, a doubling in urinary concentration of the molar sum of paraben biomarkers was associated with an 2% increase in behavior score associated with ADHD in girls (95% CI: 1.01, 1.04), but not boys; this association appeared to be driven by propyl and methyl paraben. We also observed a 3% increase in the ADHD-related behavior score in both sexes with a doubling of the molar sum of urinary phthalate biomarkers commonly found in personal care products (95% CI: 1.01, 1.04); this association was predominantly driven by monobutyl phthalate (%diff: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.07), although we observed a smaller significant association with mono-iso-butyl phthalate. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that exposure to some parabens and phthalates during adolescence may be associated with behaviors characteristic of ADHD.

Sensitively-selective determination of Propyl Paraben preservative based on synergistic effects of polyaniline-zinc-oxide nano-composite incorporated into graphite paste electrode

The application of Propyl Paraben (PP) as a chemical preservative has expanded and diversified. Widespread use of products containing PP has resulted in its ubiquitous occurrence in environment and biological fluids among the general population. Several in-vivo studies have associated PP with estrogenic activity and malfunctioning of reproductive organs. In this work, we have developed a highly sensitive voltammetric sensor for PP detection based on polyaniline-zinc-oxide nano-composite modified carbon paste electrode (PANI/ZnO/MCPE). The synthesized nano-composite was characterized using spectroscopic techniques. Experimental conditions such as supporting electrolyte, their pH and scan rate were optimized to attain a well defined PP anodic peak current at 690 mV. Our experiments indicate a strong synergistic interaction between ZnO and PANI, resulting in the magnification of PP current with a declined over-potential, compared to bare CPE. We have proposed a mechanism of π-π interaction between PP and PANI/ZnO/MCPE. The electrode process was characterized to be irreversible; diffusion controlled and proceeds with an exchange of 1eˉ and H+. Noteworthy analytical performance over wide linear range from 100.0 to 1.0 μM, with a detection limit of 0.13 μM and anti-interference characteristics were ascertained. A significant advantage of this sensor is its inability to detect micro molar concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA) while PP is detected at micro levels in the presence of high concentrations of AA. The versatility of this sensor was demonstrated by efficaciously applying it to trace analysis of complex real samples such as pharmaceutical formulations, biological samples and lake water with good recoveries.

Determination of Preservatives in Fruit Juice Products Available in Bangladesh by a Validated RP HPLC Method

The aim of this study was to investigate whether fruit juices available in markets of Bangladesh contain any preservative. A specific RP-HPLC method was developed, validated and applied to identify and quantify preservatives including benzoic acid, sorbic acid, methyl paraben and propyl paraben simultaneously in 50 different products. These additives were separated by C18 column in mobile phase composed of methanol and acetate buffer (pH 4.4) in the ratio of 50:50 with a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min, and detected at 254 nm. Linearities for benzoic acid, sorbic acid, methyl paraben and propyl paraben were determined in the range of 20-170 ppm (r2 0.997), 12-42 ppm (r2 0.994), 10-60 ppm (r2 0.993) and 10-60 ppm (r2 0.992) respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 5.46 ppm and 16.5 ppm for benzoic acid while for sorbic acid they were 1.08 ppm and 3.30 ppm, respectively. Benzoic acid was detected in a range of 96.1 to 441 ppm in 9 fruit juices while in 7 fruit juices sorbic acid was found in a range of 105 - 444 ppm. The values were within the maximum allowable ranges for fruit juice (1000 ppm for both benzoic acid and sorbic acid) as suggested by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). None of the juice product was found to contain methyl paraben or propyl paraben&#x0D; Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 18(2): 195-208, 2019 (December)

Formulation and Evaluation of Liquid Filled Hard Gelatin Capsule of Febuxostat

Liquid filled hard gelatin capsule are well recognized as a solid dosage form for convenient administration of drugs orally in a liquid form. This liquid composition available help the most challenging drug compounds in capsules has increased significantly in recent years. The drugs which have low solubility, poor bioavailability, low melting point, critical stability are the perfect candidate for liquid filling in capsule. The current study presents the formulation aspects, filling and sealing aspects of capsule, evaluation parameters of the liquid filled hard gelatin capsule using Febuxostat as drug, oils (Arachis oil, Coconut oil, Olive oil) as solvents, Glyceryl monostearate as solubilizing agent, Butylated hydroxy toluene as antioxidant, Methyl paraben &amp; Propyl paraben as preservatives. A capsule formed F3 formulation shows maximum drug release and drug content among all the formulations.&#x0D; Keywords: Liquid filled hard gelatin capsule, Febuxostat, Arachis oil, Coconut oil, Olive oil, Glyceryl monostearate, Butylated hydroxy toluene, Methyl paraben, Propyl paraben.

Parabens in breast milk and possible sources of exposure among lactating women in Korea

Parabens, broad-spectrum antimicrobial preservatives widely used in various consumer products and food, are suspected to be linked with several adverse health effects in humans, especially newborn babies, infants, and young children. While human exposure to parabens has been frequently reported by measuring the concentration of parabens in urine, similar measurements in breast milk have rarely been made. To determine paraben concentrations in breast milk and possible sources of exposure, four major parabens, including methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), and butylparaben (BP) were measured in breast milk samples collected from 260 lactating women in South Korea. Demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors associated with the presence of parabens in breast milk were determined. EP concentrations were detected at the highest levels in breast milk samples, followed by MP, PP, and BP. Pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, use of basic skin care products, use of cosmetics, canned beverage, and type of milk consumption were associated with higher frequencies of paraben detection. In addition, type of milk, parity, and drinking status were significantly associated with the concentration of EP. Multiple regression analyses showed that colostrum and transitional milk samples had higher levels of EP than mature milk samples. The estimated daily intake of parabens in infants via breastfeeding appears to be negligible when compared to the acceptable daily intake values set forth by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA); however, considering the vulnerability of breastfed infants and ubiquitous sources of exposure from daily use of household and personal toiletries, efforts to identify sources and mitigate exposure are warranted.

Analytical in-house method validation for determination of permethrin (trans and cis isomers), methyl paraben, propyl paraben and BHT

Analytical in-house method validation for determination of permethrin (trans and cis isomers), methyl paraben, propyl paraben and BHT

Experimental Design Approach to Optimize HPLC Separation of Active Ingredients, Preservatives, and Colorants in Syrup Formulation

Abstract Background: Preservatives and colorants in pharmaceutical products may be highly toxic, especially for sensitive individuals, when they are used in excessive amounts. In this context, sensitive and non-labor-intensive analytical methods with short analysis time for simultaneous quantification of these additive substances in drugs can meet all requirements in quality control laboratories. Objective: The aim of the study was to develop a simultaneous HPLC method for the analysis of pseudoephedrine HCl and guaifenesin, along with preservatives, methyl paraben and propyl paraben, and colorants, ponceau 4R and sunset yellow, in a syrup sample. Methods: Optimum conditions of HPLC separation were determined by Box-Behnken experimental design. Four independent variables of the separation were pH (6.0, 6.5, and 7.0) and flow rate of the mobile phase (2.0, 2.2, and 2.4 mL/min) and mobile phase ratios for the first and second gradient elutions (75, 80, and 85% for Gradient 1 and 50, 55, and 60% for Gradient 2 in terms of phosphate buffer percent, respectively). Results: The optimum conditions were found to be pH, 6.3; flow rate, 2.4 mL/min; and mobile phase ratios (phosphate buffer-acetonitrile) for Gradient 1 and 2, 85+15 (v/v) and 60+40 (v/v), respectively. Conclusions: Simultaneous analysis of all compounds was achieved by using this HPLC method with a short run time below 10 min. Highlights: This simple, rapid, and validated method is convenient and applicable for routine analysis of pharmaceutical products having similar composition without the need for any extraction step.

Methyl Paraben May Increase Risk of Pruritus in African Americans Whereas Triclosan Is Inversely Associated With Pruritus and Eczema.

Phenols and parabens (P&Ps) are commonly found in skin care products. However, P&Ps' role in pruritus and eczema has not been studied. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between P&Ps, and pruritus and eczema. This is a cross-sectional population-based study of 2202 participants. We examined the association between urinary phenols (triclosan, bisphenol A, benzophenone-3) and parabens (methyl and propyl parabens) and itchy rash/eczema using the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. Phenols and parabens were divided into quartiles (Qs) with the first Q as the reference. We calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for multiple variables. Urinary triclosan was inversely associated with itchy rash (P trend = 0.048). In a subpopulation analysis by race/ethnicity, urinary methyl paraben was positively associated with itchy rash in African Americans (fourth Q vs first Q: odds ratio, 12.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-154.06; P trend = 0.02). Triclosan was inversely associated with eczema in whites (P trend = 0.04). Methyl paraben exposure may increase the risk of itchy rash in African Americans, whereas triclosan may decrease the risk of itchy rash and eczema. The potential effect of triclosan and methyl paraben in pruritus and eczema warrants further study.

Application of a Multifunctional Additive in Cosmetic Preparations for Safe Preservation

The aim of this study is represented by the description and the selection of an alternative preservative complex, it�s application in the development and formulation of a moisturizer and the comparative study of the efficacy of the cosmetic formulation, versus a traditional preserved cosmetic cream. For an adecvate preservation of the moisturizing cream there was used comparatively, the alternative preservation system Dermosoft LP (Caprylyl Glycol, Glycerin, Glyceryl Caprylic, Phenylpropanol), and the traditional preservative Salinip (Phenoxyethanol, Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben, Ethyl Paraben, Butyl Paraben, Isobutyl Paraben). Dermosoft LP has comparable effects to traditional preservatives, and proven efficacy by microbiological Challenge test.

Exposure assessment to parabens, bisphenol A and perfluoroalkyl compounds in children, women and men by hair analysis

Population is continuously exposed to endocrine disrupting compounds present in everyday products such as parabens, bisphenol A (BPA), and perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs). The aims of this study were, first, to evaluate human exposure to three parabens (methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP) and propylparaben (PrP)), BPA and six PFCs (perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS)) through the analysis of hair samples from children, women and men and, then, to evaluate possible relationships between pollutant concentration in hair and age, gender, smoking and dyeing habits or hair colour. Hair samples were collected from 42 volunteers from Seville (Spain) (10 children, 16 women and 16 men). Six of the monitored pollutants (MeP, EtP, PrP, BPA, PFHpA and PFOS) were detected in at least 76% of the samples analysed. The highest concentrations and frequency of detection (100% of the samples) corresponded to MeP and PrP (up to 14,187 and 9009 ng/g, respectively). BPA was found in 83% of the samples at concentrations in the range from 24 to 1427 ng/g whereas PFCs were detected at concentrations in the range from 0.6 to 15.5 ng/g, being PFHpA and PFOS the ones most frequently detected (86% and 76%, respectively). Concentrations of BPA and parabens in adults were statistically higher than those in children. The results of this study reveal the suitability of hair for biomonitoring endocrine disrupting compounds of high concern (PFCs, parabens and BPA) to which population is internally or/and externally but continuously exposed.