Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Techniques Research Articles

A Study to Compare the Effects of Mulligan Traction Straight Leg Raise Technique, and Propeoceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (Hold Relax) Technique on Tightness, and Strength of Hamstring Muscle among Young Adults

Flexibility is defined as the ability of a muscle to lengthen, allowing one joint or more to move through a range of motion (ROM), and is an essential component of normal biomechanical functioning. Hamstring tightness can occur due to the sedentary lifestyle which is the main reason for postural abnormalities. Therefore, it is important to have optimal muscle flexibility for optimal performance. In this line of thought, the present study is designed to compare the effects of Mulligan Traction Straight Leg Raise Technique and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation hold relax technique on hamstring tightness among young adults. AIM OF THE STUDY- “To compare the effects of mulligan traction straight leg raise technique and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (hold relax) technique on tightness and strength of hamstring muscle among young adults”. METHODOLOGY- The total duration of the study was one and a half year. Subjects meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected in the study. A minimum of 60 subjects, both male and female with age between 18-25 years, were selected for the study and subsequently divided into three groups with minimum of 20 subjects in each group. Group A (control group) was given warm up and hot pack for 15 minutes. Groups B and C were experimental groups. Group B was given Mulligan Traction Straight Leg Raise technique in addition to warm up and hot pack. Group C was given PNF hold relax technique in addition to warm up and hot pack. The baseline data was recorded on first day (pre intervention) and on last day of second week (post intervention). All the interventions were performed once a day, five days a week for two weeks. DATA ANALYSIS- The collected data will be analysed using ANOVA and other statistical tests as appropriate (SPSS software). RESULT- The result of present study shows that PNF hold relax is more effective in improving flexibility of the hamstring muscle than Mulligan TSLR.

Gender differences in effects of Graston technique, active release technique, and PNF stretching on hamstring flexibility in knee osteoarthritis

Aims. To seek gender differences among the effects of the Graston Technique (GT), Active Release Technique (ART), and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching on hamstring flexibility, pain, lower extremity function, and physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Materials and methods. A multicenter, single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 45 patients – aged above 30 years with knee osteoarthritis – randomly allocated to three equal groups: Group-A (GT), Group-B (ART), and Group C (PNF). Each group received 12 physiotherapy sessions over a four-week intervention period (3 visits per week). Data were collected before and after rehabilitation using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Active Knee Extension Test, Lower Extremity Function Scale, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC). Results. A statistically significant interaction between the effects of gender and Active Release Technique on lower extremity function was present (p < 0.001) with males (42.4 ± 2.2) showed more improvement than females (35.6 ± 6.6). On the contrary, females showed more improvement (p < 0.001) than males when Graston Technique and PNF techniques were applied. Conclusion. There were no significant gender-based differences among GT, ART, and PNF regarding pain, hamstring flexibility and WOMAC score. However, males showed significantly more improvement in lower extremity function than females with ART, and females showed more improvement in lower extremity function as compared to males with GT and PNF.

Effectiveness of strengthening and stretching exercise along with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques to reduce pain and improve shoulder range of motion in adhesive capsulitis: A literature review

Abstract: Adhesive capsulitis (AC) can be defined as a common condition characterized by insidious and gradual inflammation of the glenohumeral joint capsule leading to its contracture and thus resulting in stiffness and loss of shoulder mobility. The disease causes slowly increasing pain and gradually decreasing range of motion (ROM), creating difficulty performing daily activities. Treatments advocated for AC include rehabilitation as the initial conservative measure, anti-inflammatory drugs, intra-articular corticosteroids, capsular distension injections, and surgical interventions The purpose is to review literatures on the effectiveness of strengthening and stretching exercise along with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques to reduce pain and improve shoulder ROM in AC.

Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation on Walking Speed, Discomfort, and Knee Extension in an Acute Stroke Patient: A Case Study

This study investigates the impact of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on improving functional mobility in a stroke patient, with a focus on walking speed, discomfort levels, and knee extension range of motion (ROM). PNF techniques were applied over four weeks to assess their effectiveness. The patient's walking performance was evaluated using the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and discomfort was measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS) during walking and knee extension movements in both seated and standing positions. The results revealed a significant reduction in 6MWT time from 16.47 seconds to 14.2 seconds post-intervention. VAS scores showed a marked decrease in discomfort during the 6MWT from 8 to 1 and during knee extension from 7 to 4 in both positions. Additionally, the knee extension ROM increased significantly, with the most pronounced improvement observed in the seated position (from 141.3° to 158.5°). These findings suggest that PNF is an effective therapeutic approach for enhancing walking performance and reducing discomfort related to hamstring stiffness in acute stroke patients. The study's limitations include its single-case design, limiting the generalizability of the results. Future research with a larger sample size and more objective assessment tools is recommended to validate these findings.

Impact of PNF and MET technique on hamstring flexibility among university students with hamstring tightness

Background. Hamstring tightness affects pelvic posture, contributing to symptoms such as low back discomfort and improper lumbar-pelvic area motions. The purpose of this study is to determine the immediate effectiveness of both Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) and Muscle Energy Technique (MET) interventions on hamstring tightness. A paucity of literature has left a research gap on this topic. Thus, my study aims to compare the effects of these two interventions on improving hamstring flexibility among university students with hamstring tightness. Methods. Group I, consisting of 20 subjects, received PNF for 30 minutes. Group II, also consisting of 20 subjects, received MET for 30 minutes. The study was conducted for 4 weeks. Results. The ROM variables were examined using an independent ‘t’ test with a significance level of 0.05. The mean ± SD of the difference in hamstring ROM for the PNF group was 9.77 ± 4.01° and 10.7 ± 5.21° for the MET group. This indicates that a marked difference was obtained between Group I and Group II, as well as a substantial variation between both the pre-intervention and post-intervention values. Conclusion. The findings demonstrated that both PNF and MET significantly improved (p = 0.000) ROM. Meanwhile, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was found between these two interventions.

Effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique on scapular dyskinesis in patients with subacute stroke

Effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique on scapular dyskinesis in patients with subacute stroke

Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Technique on Balance Function and Muscle Health in Older Adults With High Fall Risk.

Older adults frequently encounter health challenges, such as impaired balance and muscle health, which increase risk of falls. The current study investigated the effectiveness of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) technique in improving balance and muscle health among older adults with high fall risk. A total of 160 older adults with high fall risk were randomized into control and intervention groups. Over 6 months, the control group received standard interventions, while the intervention group received the same interventions and additional PNF training. Both groups demonstrated improvements in balance function over time, with the intervention group exhibiting significant improvements in Berg Balance Scale scores, Timed Up and Go test times, and 30-Second Chair Stand Test counts (p < 0.05). Bone density significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the control group (p < 0.05), although no substantial differences in lower limb muscle mass were observed. Satisfaction rates were higher and fall incidents fewer in the intervention group. The PNF technique is effective in enhancing balance function and muscle health in older adults with high fall risk, demonstrating potential in reducing fall risk and improving quality of life among older adults. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 50(8), 37-44.].

The effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on individuals with text neck syndrome: A randomized controlled study.

Text neck syndrome is an overuse condition that has become a global problem for all ages who use smartphones. Although therapeutic approaches are used to manage text neck syndrome, relatively little evidence exists on efficacy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques on individuals with text neck syndrome. Thirty-eight participants with text neck syndrome were randomly allocated to either the experimental or control group. Both groups performed the program including cervical range of motion, strengthening, and posture correction exercises for 6 weeks, 3 days a week, once a day for 10 repetitions. In the experimental group were included in a PNF program 3 days a week for 6 weeks. In the program, contract-relax and replication techniques were used. Pain intensity, cervical range of motion, cervical muscles' endurance, posture, and disability were assessed. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks. Pain intensity, neck muscle endurance tests, posture, and disability scores significantly improved in both groups (P < .05). The cervical range of motion values in all directions were significantly increased only in the experimental group (P < .05). The improvements in pain intensity, neck muscle endurance tests, posture, and disability scores were greater in the experimental group compared with the control group (P < .05). PNF could be used effectively to reduce neck pain and disability level and enhance cervical range of motion, cervical muscles' endurance, and posture in individuals with text neck syndrome.

A Multidisciplinary Extended Approach to Physiotherapy Rehabilitation in Guillain-Barre Syndrome as Sequelae of COVID-19: A Single Case Study

Introduction: Coronaviruses can cause widespread systemic infections, the most common of which are respiratory complications, which are close to the symptoms of serious acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Case Description: We report a case of a 16-year-old boy who developed weakness in bilateral lower limbs, difficulty in coughing, and generalized weakness for 2 days. He was diagnosed with post-COVID Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis manifested a CSF protein of 117 mg/dL, a white blood cell count of 6-7/mm3 , and a glucose of too low to comment. Magnetic resonance investigation of the brain revealed mucosal thickening in the bilateral maxillary, ethmoid, and left frontal sinuses. Nerve conduction studies concluded evidence of sensory-motor polyneuropathy. Physiotherapy intervention included patient education, breathing retraining, airway clearance techniques, positioning, a combination of chest proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques, a walking program with supplemented oxygen, and psychological support. Results: Outcome measures have shown enhancement in functional independence and performance of activities of daily living. Conclusion: The evidence from this study suggests that pulmonary rehabilitation plays a pivotal role in managing a patient who is diagnosed with post-COVID GBS, which includes patient education, breathing retraining, airway clearing techniques, a combination of chest PNF techniques, positioning, a walking program with augmented oxygen, and psychological support.

The Effect of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Techniques and Shoulder Stabilization Exercise in Adults with Forward Head and Rounded Shoulder Posture

The Effect of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Techniques and Shoulder Stabilization Exercise in Adults with Forward Head and Rounded Shoulder Posture

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION (PNF) TECHNIQUES ON MUSCLE FLEXIBILITY AMONG EXTENDED SITTING POSTURE INDIVIDUALS

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to compare the effectiveness of different Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching techniques for hamstring muscle tightness, and to find out the best PNF technique for improving hamstring flexibility. Methods: In this quasi-experimental designed study, 30 university students who were between 18-25 years-old, sitting &gt;6 hours per day, and had a Active Knee Extension Test (AKET) &gt;20º were recruited with convenience sampling and equally allocated into Group A, B and C, non-randomly. Hold-Relax (HR), Agonist Contraction (AC) and Contract-Relax-Antagonist-Contract (CRAC) stretching techniques were given respectively, 3 sessions/week, for three weeks. Results: Paired t-test showed significant effect of each technique compared between pre-test value and post-test value of AKET measurements of Hold-relax (HR), AC and CRAC groups (p

Ventilatory Effect of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Patterns in Critically Ill Patients: A Brief Review

Background: The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) plays a crucial role in managing patients with life-threatening conditions, and the mortality rate of mechanically ventilated patients in developed countries is on the rise. Chest complications during ICU stays, such as respiratory failure and pneumonia, pose significant challenges in patient care, requiring continuous and vigilant medical and physiotherapy intervention. Objective: This narrative review explores the role of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) techniques in chest physiotherapy for mechanically ventilated patients, aiming to assess their impact on respiratory parameters and overall patient outcomes. Method: A comprehensive analysis of relevant literature was conducted, focusing on studies investigating the ventilatory effects of PNF in different patient populations, including neurological injuries, organophosphorus poisoning, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Results: The reviewed studies demonstrated that incorporating PNF techniques, such as intercostal stretch and anterior basal lift, alongside conventional chest physiotherapy, positively influenced respiratory rates, oxygen saturation, and pulmonary compliance. These findings suggest that PNF can be an effective adjunct in preventing pulmonary complications and improving outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients. Conclusion: The evidence presented in this narrative review supports the integration of PNF techniques into chest physiotherapy for mechanically ventilated patients. The positive outcomes reported in the literature suggest that PNF can be a valuable adjunct to conventional care, contributing to better respiratory function and potentially reducing complications associated with immobility. Keywords: Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Mechanical ventilation, Physiotherapy intervention, Chest complications, Chest physiotherapy techniques, PNF techniques

Effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique on scapular dyskinesis in patients with subacute stroke

Objectives: The objective of this was to compare the effects of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) hold-relax technique on pain severity, range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder, shoulder disability, and scapular asymmetry in stroke patients with scapular dyskinesis. Methods: The study used a randomized clinical trial design including 46 patients ranging from 40 to 60 years with at least five months of stroke with type-1 scapular dyskinesia. The participants were divided into two groups, taking the upper limb Diagonal 1 (D1) flexion pattern and Diagonal 2 (D2) flexion pattern, respectively, which were allocated by consecutive sampling using the lottery method. We used a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, goniometry for shoulder ROM, shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) for shoulder disability, and lateral scapular slide test for scapular asymmetry. Results: D1 flexion and D2 flexion both improved the ROM in both groups (P &lt; 0.05) and decreased pain and disability, while in-between comparisons did not find a significant difference between the effectiveness of both treatments in terms of pain measured by VAS, ROM, that is, flexion, extension, and abduction (P &gt; 0.05). In terms of external and internal rotation, the D1 flexion pattern of PNF techniques showed more improvement as compared to D2 flexion (P &lt; 0.05). While in terms of SPADI, D2 flexion showed more improvement as compared to D1 flexion (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Scapular PNF substantially influences stroke patients’ shoulder discomfort and ROM.

Do proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques improve respiratory parameters and swallowing in people with multiple sclerosis: A randomized-controlled study

AimThis study aims to investigate the effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) techniques on respiratory parameters, swallowing, functional capacity, fatigue, and quality of life in people with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS). MethodThirty-four PwMS were included and randomized into the PNF Group (mean age: 43.23±10.55/years) or Control Group (mean age:38.47±8.18/years). In the PNF group, head-neck, upper extremity, trunk, and breathing techniques were applied three days/eight weeks. The control group continued home-based breathing exercises. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow 25–75 % (%FEF 25–75), peak cough flow (PCF), maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory pressures (MEP) were and two minutes walking test (2MWT) were measured. Dysphagia in Multiple Sclerosis (DYMUS), Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life (MusiQoL) were questioned. ResultsAfter treatment, MIP, MEP,%FEV1/FVCpred,%PEFpred,%FEF 25–75pred, PCF, DYMUS, EAT-10, FSS, and MUSIQoL were improved in the PNF group while MIP, MEP, PCF, DYMUS, EAT-10, MUSIQoL, and 2 MWT were improved in the control group (p < 0.05 for all). In the between-group analysis of the mean differences, the%FEV1pred was significantly different in favor of the PNF Group (p = 0.011), and MIP was significantly different in favor of the Control Group (p = 0.013). DiscussionThe PNF techniques can improve respiratory muscle strength, respiratory functions, cough efficiency, swallowing functions, and quality of life in mild to moderate PwMS. However, these improvements were not superior except for%FEV1pred compared to home-based breathing exercises.

Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Technique on Balance and Mobility in Chronic Stroke Patient

This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted impact of stroke, a cerebrovascular disorder, on individuals, emphasizing the physical, emotional, and cognitive dimensions of its aftermath. Stroke is a major global health concern, contributing significantly to mortality and disability. The immediate consequences involve neurological impairments such as paralysis, speech difficulties, and impaired vision, while the emotional toll includes coping with loss and adjusting to new realities. Long-term cognitive implications affect memory, attention, and executive function, adding complexity to the recovery journey. Communication challenges, physical limitations, and the risk of secondary complications are discussed, highlighting the importance of a continuum of care. The role of caregivers is explored, emphasizing the emotional, physical, and financial burdens they face. Technological innovations, such as virtual reality and robotics, are introduced as promising tools in stroke rehabilitation. The focus then shifts to balance and mobility issues in stroke survivors, particularly the impact of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation emerges as a dynamic and versatile therapeutic approach, offering promise for improved functional outcomes and enhanced quality of life in the evolving landscape of stroke care and rehabilitation. The review delves into the neurophysiological ballet of PNF, emphasizing neuromuscular stimulation, neuroplasticity, and motor learning. Clinical applications of PNF in orthopaedic, neurological, geriatric, and paediatric rehabilitation are discussed, highlighting its versatility.

Effectiveness of Myofacial Release versus Proprioceptive Neuro Facilitation Technique on Pain and Range of Motion in Patients with Cervicogenic Headache

Background: Cervicogenic headache is a prevalent condition characterized by headaches caused by cervical musculoskeletal impairments. The effectiveness of Myofascial Release (MFR) and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) in managing this condition has been explored, with varying outcomes on pain intensity, cervical range of motion (ROM), and functional disability. Objective: To compare the efficacy of MFR and PNF techniques in reducing pain and improving ROM in patients with cervicogenic headache. Methods: This randomized control trial included 30 female participants diagnosed with cervicogenic headache. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either MFR or PNF treatments over a period of 4 weeks, with sessions conducted twice weekly. Outcome measures included pain intensity assessed by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), cervical ROM measured using a universal goniometer, and functional disability evaluated through the Neck Disability Index (NDI). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, employing t-tests for within-group comparisons and ANOVA for between-group analyses. Results: Both MFR and PNF groups showed significant improvements post-treatment. The MFR group demonstrated a reduction in VAS scores from 6.73 ± 0.593 to 4.26 ± 0.703 (p&lt;0.001), and the PNF group from 6.73 ± 0.593 to 5.26 ± 0.432 (p&lt;0.001). Cervical ROM and NDI scores also significantly improved in both groups. Comparative analysis revealed MFR to be more effective in enhancing cervical rotation (MFR: 70.13 ± 3.020 to 80.20 ± 2.840; PNF: 60.33 ± 2.690 to 64.06 ± 2.548; p&lt;0.05) and reducing NDI scores (MFR: 48.33 ± 5.56 to 17.53 ± 5.46; PNF: 10.00 ± 2.267 to 8.93 ± 1.667; p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Both MFR and PNF are effective in treating cervicogenic headache, significantly reducing pain intensity and improving cervical ROM and functional disability. MFR, however, exhibited a superior efficacy in enhancing cervical rotation and reducing NDI scores, suggesting it may offer additional benefits in the management of cervicogenic headache.

Ab. No. 63 Immediate Effect of Intercostal Stretch Versus Anterior Stretch Basal Lift on Lung Compliance, Tidal Volume, Respiratory Rate, Heart Rate and SPO2 in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: An Experimental Study

Introduction: Mechanical ventilation is a useful modality for patients who are unable to sustain the level of ventilation necessary to maintain gas exchange function. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) of respiration is the use of selective external proprioceptive and tactile stimuli that alter depth and rate of breathing to assist respiration. Several PNF techniques are reported to increase the depth of breathing, decrease respiratory rate and increase arousal in patient with a decreased level of consciousness. Intercostal stretch and basal lift are commonly used techniques, having beneficial effects among ventilatory patients. The purpose is to compare the effect of the Intercostal stretch versus Anterior Stretch Basal Lift on Tidal Volume, Lung Compliance, SpO2, Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate Methods: After screening for inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 30 subjects were randomized into 2 groups of n=15 each: 1) Intercostal Stretch 2) Basal Lift. After randomization, along with chest physiotherapy, both groups received respective PNF techniques (3 sets of 10 repetition). Pre and post outcomes were analyzed. Result: Significant changes (p&lt;0.05) seen in all the outcomes in Intercostal group. In Basal lift group, Tidal volume, compliance and SpO2 has shown significant improvement (p&lt;0.05). Inter group analysis didn’t show significant improvement (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Both these PNF techniques aids chest physiotherapy in enhancing the results for patients on mechanical ventilation. But Intercostal Stretch showed more significant results than Basal Lift, and is more feasible to perform in day to day practice. Implications: It is safe to apply these techniques in mechanically ventilated patients for better outcomes.

The Mechanisms, Effects, and Outcomes of Manual Therapy in the Treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis: A Literature Review

Purpose of the Study: Adhesive capsulitis, commonly called frozen shoulder, is frequently treated with manual therapy. This pathology cycles through three stages and usually resolves itself; however, many patients will use traditional treatments to expedite their recovery. The researchers theorize that a variety of manual therapy techniques improve the adverse effects of this condition, greater than that of traditional treatments. This literature review aimed to explore various manual therapy techniques that are beneficial in preventing and minimizing lifelong symptoms associated with adhesive capsulitis and analyze which ones are most effective in treating this pathology. Methods: The mechanisms of orthopedic manual therapy for adhesive capsulitis are vast. This literature review examined the following techniques. The first technique reviewed was Mulligan’s mobilization with movement techniques applied to the GH joint in elevation, internal rotation, and flexion compared with passive stretching. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques were reviewed, where specific techniques were picked based on the patient’s dysfunctions and compared to traditional manual therapies. In addition, Maitland’s mobilization techniques were reviewed, and patients were given mobilizations to treat pain or restrictions in the tissue. These were compared to Kaltenborn’s mobilization techniques. Next, Maitland’s mobilization techniques were compared with a myofascial release arm-pull technique. Finally, scapular mobilization was compared to posterior capsular stretching in treating adhesive capsulitis. Discussion: The outcomes of this literature review evaluated various manual therapy techniques for treating adhesive capsulitis, aiming to improve shoulder movement and alleviate pain. Researchers expected manual therapy to outperform traditional treatments like medications and surgery by enhancing ROM and reducing pain. Mulligan’s manual therapy demonstrated significant pain reduction and ROM improvement, particularly in flexion, abduction, and rotation. Combining Mulligan’s technique with other modalities yielded superior outcomes compared to passive stretching. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) techniques showed better pain reduction, ROM enhancement, and coracohumeral thickness reduction than traditional manual therapy. Maitland and Kaltenborn’s techniques significantly improved shoulder rotation and functional movement, especially with soft tissue mobilization. Scapular mobilization techniques increased joint motions, but ROM improvements varied. Manual therapy techniques like Mulligan’s, PNF, Maitland, and scapular mobilization offer promising results in improving the quality of life for adhesive capsulitis patients by enhancing ROM and reducing pain. As more research is done with this pathology, it was found that Mulligan’s, Maitland’s, PNF’s, and soft tissue mobilizations were effective in increasing ROM and decreasing stiffness in patients with this diagnosis. These are all effective forms of manual therapy, specifically when performed by a skilled clinician, further advocating for education on these techniques. Additionally, understanding the mechanisms, effects, and outcomes of different manual therapies for treating adhesive capsulitis can reduce the risk of life-long symptoms and improve quality of life. Results: Various manual therapy methods, such as Mulligan’s mobilization with movement (MWM), Maitland’s mobilization, and PNF have been used to treat adhesive capsulitis. These manual therapy techniques increased joint range of motion (ROM) and reduced the patients’ perceived pain.

Effect of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Technique on Balance in Stroke Patients: A Narrative Review

Stroke, or Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA), is a condition that impairs the brain by rupturing blood vessels or by obstructing blood arteries with blood clots, causing a significant deterioration in the patient’s functioning and worsening their Quality Of Life (QOL). Stroke patients are prone to falls and fall-related complications after a stroke, which are associated with balance disorders leading to activity limitations, increased dependency, affecting social and community participation, QOL, longer treatment duration, and slow prognosis. Balance disorders and fall risks after a stroke hinder stroke rehabilitation, so it is essential to improve balance for better results in stroke rehabilitation. Over the last decade, the Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) technique has shown potential for improving balance in stroke patients. A systematic literature search was conducted, and the findings were critically reviewed and thematically analysed.

Effectiveness of Thoracic Mobility Exercises and Chest Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Technique on Pulmonary Function in Postoperative Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Effectiveness of Thoracic Mobility Exercises and Chest Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Technique on Pulmonary Function in Postoperative Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomised Controlled Trial