Proprioceptive Exercises Research Articles

Strengthening the pelvic floor in Female Sexual Dysfunctions: review

Background: Pelvic floor muscle strength and sexual function in women are important variables in Pelvic Physiotherapy. Aims: To identify the main contributions of Physiotherapy to strengthening the pelvic floor muscles in women. Method: Bibliographical review of books, scientific articles, theses and dissertations published between 2007 and 2023. Results: The pelvic floor is a muscular and ligamentous structure that supports the organs in the lower abdomen. Its weakness can cause a variety of problems, including UI, prolapse, pain, and sexual dysfunction. Pelvic Physiotherapy works to rehabilitate these problems. Its exercises aim to strengthen and relax the muscles, normalizing tone and desensitizing the genital region. In the long term, they restore function, helping women to have a more satisfactory sex life. Conclusion: Muscle strengthening, proprioception and body awareness exercises can help improve the quality of sexual life, making it more satisfying.

Recording Progress in Junior Athletes' Proprioceptive Training using Modern Sports Technology

This study investigates the efficacy of modern sports technology in monitoring and enhancing proprioceptive training among junior athletes. The research focuses on recording and analyzing the progress of young athletes engaged in proprioceptive exercises using state-of-the-art technological tools. Through a comprehensive examination of these advancements, this study aims to explore the impact of such technology on improving proprioception in junior athletes. The methods involve implementing specific training protocols while utilizing advanced tracking devices and analytical software to monitor and record the athletes' progress. The findings aim to provide insights into the effectiveness of modern sports technology in optimizing proprioceptive training among young athletes, thereby contributing to the enhancement of their overall athletic performance and injury prevention strategies.

Effects of Balance and Proprioceptive Exercises on the Balance of Ice Hockey Players and the Risk of Lower Limb Injuries

Background. Most ice hockey injuries are contact, but about 15% are non-contact musculoskeletal injuries and lower body injuries account for 30-45% of all injuries in ice hockey players. It is believed that proprioception and balance training can improve neuromuscular control, improve its ability to synchronise the muscle joint to improve dynamic stability and improve human performance, so balance and proprioception are suggested exercises as a regular part of training. The aim. To determine the effects of a 6-week balance and proprioception training exercises on balance and lower extremity injury risk in ice hockey players. Material and methods. 20 men were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Six weeks were applied to the research group balance and proprioception exercises, twice a week for 45 minutes next to their regular training. The control group continued with regular training. Before and after the study, static balance was assessed by the flamingo test, dynamic balance and lower extremity injury risk by the modified star excursion test, and injury risk assessment using the Functional Movement Assessment. Results. In the intervention group after 6 weeks the static balance of the right and left leg improved statistically significantly (p<0,05), the dynamic balance of the right and left leg in the front, posteromedial, posterolateral directions (p<0,05), but functional movement patterns did not change statistically significantly (p>0,05). A statistically significant difference was found between the groups in the dynamic balance of the left and right leg in the front, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions (p<0,05) and the static balance of the right leg (p<0,05). The results of the intervention group were better compared to the control group. Conclusions. After the application of balance and proprioception training exercises, the static and dynamic balance of ice hockey players improved and the risk of injury in ice hockey players decreased. Recommendations. Balance and proprioception exercises should be included in hockey physical training to improve static and dynamic balance and reduce the risk of injury. When performing balance and proprioception exercises, we recommend incorporating a variety of specific movements that are similar to those performed by athletes during training and competition. In order to determine the cause of injuries and their risk, it is very important to carry out regular tests, store them and analyse them. Keywords: balance, proprioception, hockey, injury risk

Scapular stabilization exercise training improves treatment effectiveness on shoulder pain, scapular dyskinesis, muscle strength, and function in patients with subacromial pain syndrome: A randomized controlled trial

IntroductionSubacromial pain syndrome (SPS) is a common cause of shoulder pain, and is associated with functional limitation, workdays lost, disability, and poor quality of life. PurposeOur purpose was to investigate the effects of scapular stabilization exercises in patients with SPS. MethodSixty-four patients with SPS who also exhibit observable scapular dyskinesis defined by the scapular dyskinesis test were recruited and randomized to scapular stabilization exercise training group or to control group. All participants received the same rehabilitation protocol including glenohumeral and scapular mobilization, pendulum exercises, shoulder stretching, range of motion exercises, strengthening, and proprioceptive exercises. Patients in the scapular stabilization exercise training group performed additional scapular stabilization exercises. The presence of scapular dyskinesis, shoulder pain severity, motion, muscle strength, scapular upward rotation, and shoulder disability were assessed before and after the four-week rehabilitation program. ResultsThe scapular stabilization exercise training group had better improvement in scapular dyskinesis, pain, muscle strength, and shoulder disability compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant time-group interaction regarding shoulder motion and scapular upward rotation (p > 0.05). ConclusionsScapular stabilization exercises added to the shoulder mobilization, stretching, and strengthening are effective in improving scapular dyskinesis, reducing pain, increasing muscle strength and shoulder function in patients with SPS accompanied by scapular dyskinesis.

A scoping review of the different types of exercise programs proposed for the improvement of postural balance in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), which is the most common type of scoliosis, is a progressive disease that occurs in children aged 10-16 years. Abnormal curvature in AIS provokes spinal asymmetry of the upper body alignment and might deteriorate postural balancing and control ability. To evaluate the effect of exercise interventions on balance and postural stability in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Embase, Scopus, Pubmed (Medline) and Web of Science databases were searched using the terms idiopathic scoliosis, physiotherapy, and balance. The articles selected were published in English in peer-reviewed journals from 2012 to July 2022. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The PEDro scale values ranged from 2 to 6 (mean, 3.6), indicating a low level of scientific rigor. In the sample studies, spinal stabilization exercises were most often trialed (n= 3), followed by Schroth's exercise (n= 2), stretching and self-elongation exercise (n= 2), the exercise protocol of Blount and Moe, physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercise, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation exercise (all n= 1). Physical therapists will be able to apply hippotherapy, Schroth exercise, physiotherapy scoliosis-specific exercise, trunk stabilization, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation exercise, spinal stabilization exercise, core stabilization exercise, and body awareness therapy to manage balance impairments in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, and further studies are needed to provide stronger evidence.

The Extent of Application of Physiotherapists in Saudi of Proprioceptive Exercises for Post-Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients, A Cross-Sectional Study

The Extent of Application of Physiotherapists in Saudi of Proprioceptive Exercises for Post-Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients, A Cross-Sectional Study

Functional rehabilitation of ankle trauma by the graduate in motor science

Sports trauma commonly affects joints of the extremities; ankle injuries are one of the most common. The study aimed to rehabilitate ankle trauma with proprioceptive exercise, performed, by graduate in motor science. Trauma causes joint instability, which is manifested mainly in running and walking. For this reason, baropodometry and motor tests were used as evaluation criteria; evaluating joint instability in both static and dynamic and neuromotor abilities. Seven athletes (aged 17 and 24 years old) are recruited for the study; they had suffered ankle trauma. The rehabilitation program involved the supervision of a multidisciplinary team (neurologist, posturologist, kinesiologist, sports doctor, observers). Each treatment was always at the same time and included 3 phases: the first on specific work to recover joint mobility, in the second the work was focused on recovering strength, third phase was aimed at recovering ankle sprains. The athletes were administered proprioceptive functional rehabilitation programs aimed at recovering the ankle trauma and plantar pressures. The data were positive and encouraging with respect to the planned goal, supporting the importance of proprioception and the role of the graduate in motor science in the functional re- education of trauma.

Effects of a Physical Activity Program that Incorporates Exercises Targeting Balance, Strength, and Proprioception on Cognitive Functions and Physical Performance in Old Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Aging often leads to cognitive function decline, sensory structure deterioration, and musculoskeletal system weakening. This impacts postural control during static and dynamic activities like walking, increasing the fall risk among the elderly. Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) face an elevated fall risk and cognitive decline, magnifying the public health concern. This study aimed to explore solutions by investigating the effects of a multi-component physical activity program on cognitive and motor functions in MCI patients. Twenty-three participants were enrolled in the study and assigned into two groups: an intervention group (n = 13; age = 85.7±5.5 years) and a control group (n = 9; age = 85±6.7 years). The study spanned two months, with participants engaging in three 60-minute weekly physical exercise sessions. The intervention focused on improving proprioception, muscle strength, and balance. Results demonstrated significant enhancements in physical performance, fall risk reduction, and balance (p < 0.05). Various tests, including the timed up and go test, Unipedal Stance test, Tinetti test, Short Physical Performance Battery, and 6-minute walking test, indicated these improvements. Cognitive function was evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination, revealing non-significant progress (p > 0.05). Predictive models for outcomes were developed using linear regression analysis during the follow-up stage. This study underscores the effectiveness of a multi-component physical activity program encompassing balance, proprioception, and muscle-strengthening exercises as a non-pharmaceutical approach in improving balance skills and playing a key role in mitigating the risk of falls among old adults with MCI.

Neuromuscular Response during Different Side-Cutting Maneuvers and Its Influence on the Risk of Knee Injuries.

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of a customized exercise program on electromyographic (EMG) variables during side-cutting maneuvers. Fifty-seven physically active volunteers were recruited and randomized into two groups: a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). The CG maintained their regular physical activity, while the EG followed an individualized, integrated exercise regimen that included strength, neuromuscular, proprioceptive, eccentric training, and whole-body vibration (WBV) exercises, lasting for 12 weeks. EMG-Root Means Square (RMS) values for the quadriceps (Q) and hamstrings (H) were measured immediately following initial foot contact at 50, 100, 150, and 200 milliseconds. Changes in EMG activity were evaluated before and after a twelve-week intervention, and the effect size (ES, 90% confidence limit [90%CL]) was calculated. The results showed that the EG participants exhibited enhanced co-contraction as measured by the hamstring/quadriceps ratio (H/Q ratio) during both open and cross-cutting side maneuvers after the twelve-week intervention. Furthermore, the customized, integrated exercise program that combined strength, neuromuscular, proprioceptive, eccentric training, and WBV exercises were could potentially serve as a beneficial neuromuscular and biomechanical strategy for addressing knee injury risk in non-professional, physically active populations at high risk for such injuries.

Effectiveness of Proprioceptive and Paaryaad Exercises on Motor Coordination, Balance, and Executive Functions in Girls with ACL Injury

Effectiveness of Proprioceptive and Paaryaad Exercises on Motor Coordination, Balance, and Executive Functions in Girls with ACL Injury

Poster 382: A Multi-Center Epidemiologic Analysis of the Injuries Affecting Female and Male Collegiate Basketball Players

Objectives: Basketball is a high-intensity sport associated with acute and overuse injuries in both females and males. With the growing popularity of basketball at all levels domestically and globally, there has been an increased emphasis in understanding the injury patterns of these athletes. A large proportion of the current literature on basketball injuries utilize publicly available websites to obtain medical data. Thus, there is a need for prospectively collected data from healthcare professionals as it pertains to basketball injuries. By utilizing a conference-specific injury database, this study sought to characterize the types of injuries affecting elite intercollegiate female and male basketball players. Upon establishing commonly recognized injury patterns as well as associated return to sport data, this study can potentially help guide prevention and treatment protocols. Methods: A blinded conference-specific injury database was utilized to perform a retrospective review of injuries for male and female Division I collegiate basketball players from 2017 to 2021. Analysis included musculoskeletal injuries stratified by anatomic location, gender, time missed and injury diagnosis. Time missed was categorized as no time away from sport, less than three weeks away from sport and more than three weeks away from sport. “Estimated athlete risk per year” was used as a surrogate for risk per athlete-year since observation periods were not known for each individual athlete due to the data being blinded. On average, athletes were followed for 2.3 years, which assumes an equal number of freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors per year and no athletes transferring/quitting. To estimate athlete exposure hours (AEH), total season length in weeks was multiplied by 20 hours per week as this is the maximum duration of sport-related activity according to the National Collegiate Athletic Association bylaws. Team rosters as well as season start and end dates were obtained from publicly available schedules on the Pac-12 website. Injury rate (IR) per 1000 AEHs was calculated by the following formula: IR per 1000 AEH= [(Number of total in-season injuries) / (Season length in weeks * 20 hrs / week * number of athletes on the team)] * 1000. Relative risk (RR) was used to compare estimated athlete risk per year between genders with statistical significance being defined by a 95% confidence interval (CI) not including one (p &lt; 0.05). Results: A total of 663 college basketball players out of 853 (77.7%) suffered 4532 total injuries. Significantly more females suffered an injury (314 out of 360, 87.2%) when compared to males (349 of 493, 70.8%; RR: 1.23 [95% CI: 1.15 - 1.32]). The most common injuries across genders were ankle and hindfoot injuries accounting for 1007 out of 4532 (22.2%), knee injuries accounting for 750 injuries (16.5%), head/face injuries accounting for 532 injuries (11.7%), forefoot injuries accounting for 446 injuries (9.8%) and hand/wrist/forearm injuries accounting for 359 injuries (7.9%). Women were significantly more likely to suffer a knee injury (RR: 1.49 [95% CI: 1.27-1.75]), a head/face injury (RR: 1.32 [95% CI: 1.09-1.60]) or a midfoot/forefoot injury (RR: 1.42 [95% CI: 1.14-1.76]) (Table 1). Although ankle sprains were the most common injury, 259 ankle sprains out of 660 (39.2%) did not result in any time away from sport and 306 ankle sprains (46.4%) resulted in time away from sport but less than three weeks. One hundred and ninety-one concussions affected 146 out of 853 athletes (17.1%). Eighty-two out of 360 female athletes (22.8%) suffered a concussion as compared to 64 out of 493 male athletes (13.0%; RR: 1.23, [95% CI: 1.15-1.32]). Return to sport data was not specified for 22 out of 191 concussions. Of the remaining 169 concussions, 17 (10.1%) resulted in more than three weeks away from sport (Table 2). Conclusions: Lower extremity injuries were expectedly the most common injuries seen in both male and female basketball players, however these injuries did not result in substantial periods of missed playing time. Most current injury prevention strategies and proprioceptive training exercises focus on the lower extremity, with the ankles in particular. The current study, however, demonstrates that basketball players suffer from a variety of injuries suggesting that injury prevention techniques should be expanded to include all areas of the body. Females suffered significantly more injuries than males. Specifically, females suffered more knee injuries, head/face injuries, midfoot/forefoot injuries and concussions. Variations in anatomy, muscle strength and proprioceptive patterns are all possible rationales for this increased injury rate in females, however the definitive rationale is not completely understood. One additional possible rationale is that psychosocial factors have been shown to cause males to underreport symptoms. Understanding the injury patterns and the prognoses of such injuries can help physicians guide the expectations of these athletes, optimize the patient-athlete relationship and ultimately keep our collegiate basketball players safe. [Table: see text][Table: see text]

Effect of proprioceptive exercises on balance and kinesiophobia in a patient with bilateral total hip arthroplasty: A case report

Effect of proprioceptive exercises on balance and kinesiophobia in a patient with bilateral total hip arthroplasty: A case report

Proprioceptive exercises and their role in improving static and dynamic joint stability in ankle sprains in handball players

Proprioceptive exercises and their role in improving static and dynamic joint stability in ankle sprains in handball players

Effects of compression garments on balance in hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a randomized controlled trial

Purpose To evaluate the immediate and 4-week effects of compression garments (CG) on balance using a force platform during 8 different visual, static, and dynamic conditions in hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hEDS) patients. Methods Thirty-six participants were randomly assigned to a group: physiotherapy alone (PT, n = 19) or physiotherapy and daily CG wearing for 4 weeks (PT + CG, n = 17). Both attended 12 physiotherapy sessions (strengthening, proprioception, and balance exercises) for 4 weeks. Primary outcome: sway velocity of the centre of pressure (COP) measured before, immediately with the CG, and at 4 weeks. Secondary outcomes: ellipse area, Romberg quotient, and pain. Results Sway velocity in dynamic conditions decreased immediately with the CG. After 4 weeks of intervention, sway velocity (95% CI 4.36–39.23, effect size 0.93) and area (95% CI 146–3274, effect size 0.45) on the laterally oscillating platform with eyes-closed improved more in the PT + CG group than the PT group. Romberg quotient on foam cushion improved more in the PT + CG than the PT group. Pain decreased in both groups after 4 weeks with no between-group difference. Conclusion CG combined with physiotherapy improved dynamic balance measured with COP variables significantly more than physiotherapy alone in people with hEDS. Trial Registration NCT03359135

Effectiveness of proprioception training in functional recovery of thumb osteoarthritis. Single, multicenter, non-blind randomized clinical trial

Background and objectivesOsteoarthritis at the base of the thumb (CMC-1 OA) is a pathology that mainly affects postmenopausal women. The main symptoms including pain, decreased hand-thumb strength and fine motor capacity. Although a proprioceptive deficit has already been demonstrated in people with CMC-1 OA, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effects of proprioceptive training. The main objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of proprioceptive training in functional recovery. Materials and methodsA total of 57 patients were included in the study, 29 in the control group and 28 in the experimental group. Both groups underwent the same basic intervention programme, but the experimental group included a proprioceptive training protocol. Variables of the study were pain (VAS), perception of occupational performance (COMP), sense position (SP) and force sensation (FS). ResultsStatistically significant improvement was observed in the experimental group in pain (p < .05) and occupational performance (p < .001) after 3 months of treatment. No statistical differences were found in sense position (SP) or sensation of force (FS). Discussion and conclusionsThe results concord with previous studies focussing on proprioception training. The incorporation of a proprioceptive exercise protocol reduces pain and significantly improves occupational performance.

Proprioceptive Exercises in Hemiplegia Improve Balance and Spatiotemporal Parameters

Abstract Objective It was planned to investigate the effects of proprioceptive exercises applied to patients with hemiplegia on muscle tone, balance, perception, posture, mobility, and spatiotemporal parameters. Materials and Methods 70 participants with hemiplegia were randomized to an experimental group (conventional stroke rehabilitation program+proprioceptive exercise, 30 sessions) and a control group (conventional stroke rehabilitation program, 30 sessions). Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test, Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Posture Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI), Spatiotemporal parameters (cadence, maximum plantar pressure, total weight transfer, step cycle duration, swing phase, step length and foot angle), and Berg Balance Scale (BERG) were applied on all participants before and after treatment. Results When the intra-group values were compared before and after the treatment, TUG, PASS, MMSE, RMI and BERG values increased significantly. MAS upper extremity and MAS lower extremity values decreased significantly. (p&lt;0.01). In the comparison between the groups, one of the spatiotemporal parameters, cadence, total weight transfer, and maximum plantar pressure values, increased significantly after the treatment. Step cycle duration, swing phase, step length and foot angle values decreased significantly after the treatment. (p&lt;0.01) Conclusion Unlike the literature, proprioceptive exercises that we add to the conventional rehabilitation program can be used to improve muscle tone, balance, perception, postural control, mobility, and spatiotemporal parameters.

The Effect of the Physiotherapy Program in Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix Saguenay (ARSACS): A Case Report

Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix Saguenay (ARSACS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease caused by a gene mutation. Cerebellar, pyramidal, and neuropathic symptoms have appeared in this disease. The patient participated in a two-week rehabilitation program for six weeks, which included strengthening, balance, proprioception exercises, and virtual reality games. Researchers performed an upper extremity coordination test, lower extremity endurance test, and balance test before- after treatment. Improvements in all measurements were observed and recorded.

Effects of 6 weeks of ankle stability exercises on pain, functional abilities, and flexibility in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundDue to delayed activation of the deep trunk muscles, patients with chronic non-specific low back pain use different adjustment strategies to maintain postural control. Patients with chronic non-specific low back pain maintain a quite standing posture during pain episode and challenging activities by using signals from other joints, mainly the ankle joint. Since proprioceptive signals from the ankle joint reduce postural control variability in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain, this study explored whether ankle stability exercises added to traditional physical therapy exercises would improve the intensity of pain, functional disabilities and lumbar flexion range of motion in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain.MethodsSixty patients with chronic non-specific low back pain participated in the current study. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups: group A and group B. Patients in group A received traditional physical therapy exercises for low back pain. Patients in group B received the same traditional physical therapy exercises as patients in group A, plus ankle stability exercises. The intensity of pain, functional disability, and lumbar flexion range of motion were assessed twice before and after a 6-week period during which each group received their interventions.ResultsMixed design MANOVA revealed a significant decrease in visual analog scale and Oswestry Disability Index in group B compared to group A post treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was a significant increase in the lumbar flexion range of motion in group B compared with group A post treatment (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe findings of this study revealed that adding ankle stability exercises to the traditional physical therapy exercises significantly improved pain, Oswestry Disability Index, and lumbar flexion range of motion in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain. Thus, ankle strengthening and proprioceptive exercises may be beneficial in the management of chronic non-specific low back pain.

EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT PHYSICAL THERAPY EXERCISE TECHNIQUES IN CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDY

Purpose: Exercise therapy is the most common conservative treatment for low back pain. Exercise has generally been associated pain and kinesiophobia. In this context, especially paraspinal muscles need to be focused on. For this reason, the aim of our study is to evaluate different types of exercises that will help increase neuromuscular facilitation and core stability in paraspinal muscles by considering patient satisfaction.&#x0D; Methods: A total of thirty-seven female patients with chronic low back pain were included in the study. The Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire was used to assess functionality. Core stability was evaluated with a stabilizer. Pain intensity and satisfaction were measured with Visual Analog Scale. Patients' kinesiophobia levels were assessed by using Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale. Patients were randomized into three groups according to the interventions as: Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation exercise group (n = 9), core stability exercise group (n = 14) and control (n = 14) group. The duration of applications was 3 days per week with a total of 6 weeks.&#x0D; Results: There were group differences for core muscle strength (p = .045), Oswestry scores (p = .001), pain intensity score (p = .003) and Tampa score (p = .001). There were significant gains for Core muscle strength and Oswestry scores for Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Core stability groups (p &lt; .05).&#x0D; Conclusion. Core stabilization exercises have additional effects to improve rehabilitation outcomes for patients. Besides that, the level of patient satisfaction was importantly different between all groups in favor to Core stability in chronic low back pain.

Effect of Proprioceptive Training on Reaction Time: A Randomized Control Trial

Introduction: Reaction time is an important indicator of good performance. Different types of exercises have been used by researchers to improve the reaction time of an individual. Other types of exercises still need more research to study their effect on simple reaction time, such as proprioceptive training. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of a proprioceptive training program using the Huber machine on the simple reaction time.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Twenty-one participants from the medical staff were assigned to two groups including the experimental group (1) composed of 5 male and 5 female participants and a control group (2) including 5 male and 6 female participants. A simple reaction time (SRT) test was assigned to all participants. Only the experimental group performed a proprioceptive exercise protocol on Huber motion’s platform, while the control group was tested at identical periods without exercising before the training (T0), immediately post-exercise (T1), and twenty minutes after exercising (T2). The procedure was repeated for six sessions over two weeks.&#x0D; Results: The participants of the group (1) show a decrease in the mean of RT (-43 min) immediately after proprioceptive training (T1), but they reveal a little increase (at T2) in SRT after an interval of 20 minutes (-23 min). They still prove a retention effect, while few participants in the control group show improvement at T1 or T2. Paired sample t-test was significant for the group (1) at T1 and T2 (P&lt;0.05) while it was not significant for the control group.&#x0D; Conclusion: Proprioceptive training may have a positive influence on reaction time with a retention effect. Clinicians can use proprioceptive training to improve the reaction time of their patients.