Proprioceptive Training Research Articles

Combined effect of blood flow restriction training and proprioceptive training on conservatively managed multiligament knee injury patient: A case report

Combined effect of blood flow restriction training and proprioceptive training on conservatively managed multiligament knee injury patient: A case report

Effects of proprioceptive training on gait and plantar pressure after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPeople who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction have an increased risk of osteoarthritis. Abnormality of lower limb kinematics will occur after the operation. This may be related to lower limb muscle strength, the co-excitation of hamstrings and quadriceps femoris, and the weakness of proprioception. Proprioceptive training can improve the proprioception of lower limbs and promote the recovery of lower limb kinematics. Our research objective is to observe whether proprioceptive training can improve the proprioception of lower limbs within 3 months after surgery and whether the recovery of proprioception can correct the abnormal lower limb kinematics. The secondary objective is to explore the underlying mechanism of postoperative lower limb gait abnormalities.Methods/designThis study is a prospective single-center randomized clinical trial to be conducted in the Sports Medicine and Orthopedics of Zhongda Hospital Southeast University. Forty participants aged 18–50, preparing to undergo anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and initial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendons as grafts will be randomly assigned to the intervention or comparator group. People in the intervention group will add proprioceptive training three times a week, 20 min each time. The intervention will be conducted on the first day after surgery. The researcher mainly collects the data of joint of sense, gait, and plantar pressure. The assessment will be divided into three stages: after signing the informed consent form (within 2 weeks before surgery), 6 weeks after surgery, and 12 weeks after surgery.DiscussionThe main purpose of our study is to explore whether the proprioception of patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is weakened, whether the lower limb kinematics is abnormal and whether the lower limb kinematics can be corrected through proprioceptive training.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2200065808. Registered on 15 November 2022; Version 1.

Can a structured home-based rehabilitation program reduce dorsal central wrist pain?

ObjectivesDorsal central wrist pain, often a consequence of peri-scapholunate ligament injury, can result in a decline in functional performance. There is a scarcity of clinical data evaluating the effectiveness of conservative management on peri-scapholunate ligament injury. Conservative management includes education, immobilization with orthotic devices, scapholunate-stabilizing muscle strengthening, and proprioception training. The identification of the ligamento-muscular reflex and scapholunate-stabilizing muscles formed the rationale for a rehabilitation training program. We have devised an innovative standardized 16-week treatment program for patients with dorsal central wrist pain associated with acute peri-SL ligament injury. We hypothesized that the program can effectively reduce dorsal wrist pain and improve functional performance. Materials and methodsRecruited subjects underwent the 16-week home-based program, which included immobilization and rehabilitation exercises, to improve their wrist stability. Follow-up was arranged every 4 weeks for progress monitoring. The Short-Form 12 item questionnaire version 2, power grip, pinch grip, wrist range of motion, total performance score and total pain score when performing activities of daily living were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. An exercise adherence questionnaire was used to evaluate adherence to the home rehabilitation program. ResultsTwenty-three subjects (26 wrists) completed the program. Pain on visual analog scale improved by 5.1 cm and total pain score improved from 14.4/20 to 19.5/20. Total performance score reached 39/40, which indicated near-normal wrist function. Power grip and pinch grip increased by 22.3% and 17.8%, respectively. The physical component scale of the Short-Form 12 item questionnaire showed significant improvement, while the mental component scale did not. Overall adherence was fair. DiscussionConservative management, including immobilization and rehabilitation training, can provide significant clinical improvement in patients with dorsal central wrist pain associated with acute peri-scapholunate ligament injury. ConclusionStandardized wrist rehabilitation can be taken as a reference treatment modality. It is an evidence-based non-invasive treatment option for clinicians and therapists.

Scapholunate and lunotriquetral joint dynamic stabilizers and their role in wrist neuromuscular control and proprioception

Recent research interest has grown in exploring the role of muscles, isometric contraction, proprioception, and neuromuscular control in addressing dynamic scapholunate and lunotriquetral joint instability, marking a shift in the understanding of wrist stability. To present a comprehensive review of the carpal ligaments anatomy and wrist biomechanics, with a particular focus on the role of proprioception in dynamic carpal stability and their role in managing scapholunate (SL) and lunotriquetral (LTq) dynamic instabilities. We conducted a systematic search of the literature and review of the most relevant papers published and indexed in pubmed, related to wrist biomechanics, proprioception and its contribution to carpal dynamic stability. The study involved a comprehensive review of neuromuscular mechanisms in dynamic stabilization of the carpus, based on cadaver studies. The 3D position of the scaphoid, triquetrum, and capitate was monitored before and after tendon loading. The extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) and the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) are identified as the primary pronators of the midcarpal joint. The ECU's pronation effect can potentially strain the scapholunate ligament, while the supinator muscles, the abductor pollicis longus (APL), the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), and the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), have a protective role, particularly in cases of scapholunate ligament dysfunctions. The FCR, despite being a pronator of the distal row, has a beneficial effect as it provokes supination of the scaphoid. Comprehending carpal dysfunctions and instabilities hinges on understanding carpal anatomy and normal biomechanics. Proprioception, encompassing joint position sensation and neuromuscular control, is pivotal for stability. Biomechanical research informs tailored muscle strengthening for specific carpal issues. Supinator muscles should be strengthened for SL injuries, and ECU-focused strengthening and proprioceptive training are key for dynamic LTq instabilities. Ongoing research should delve into the intricate relationship between carpal ligaments, muscles, and proprioception to enhance wrist stability.

Neuromuscular Training in Football: A Literature Review

Introduction: Neuromuscular training (NT) involves a series of functionally focused exercises that address aspects such as postural stability, sensory perception, and muscle strengthening. These exercises are incorporated as an integral part of a currently used training protocol. Objective: To review the main effects of NT on injury prevention in soccer players and its impact on related physical performance. Methods: Review of the literature describing different studies on NT in soccer. The following databases were used to search and retrieve the scientific articles: PubMed, Scopus, and Ebsco. Combinations of the following keywords were used to perform the search (“neuromuscular training” OR “proprioceptive training” OR “sensorimotor training”) AND (“soccer” OR “football” OR “soccer players” OR “football players”). Results: A positive trend is observed in NT for the prevention of knee and ankle injuries, in addition to improving muscle strength and motor skills such as agility and coordination. Conclusion: This review managed to identify that NT is effective in reducing the risk of injury in soccer players; however, the literature has mainly addressed lower extremity injuries. Therefore, it may be necessary for future investigations to focus on the upper extremity and trunk. Likewise, it was determined that NT has a potential impact on improving physical performance, with the variables of strength, power, speed, agility, and balance being the most studied.

Influence of proprioceptive training on fencing athlete’s performance: a clinical trial

Background: Fencing is an agility sport and is characterized by a combination of short and frequent high intensity movements. Proprioceptive training demonstrates a positive effect on athletes' performance. It is effective in increasing dynamic balance by reducing ankle muscle reaction time that stabilize joint. Objective: The aim of this study was to verify influence of a 12-week proprioceptive training program on ankle instability, jumping performance and ankle muscle’s reaction time during Lunge in fencing athletes. Method: The study was a clinical trial, non-randomized, with 19 fencing athletes from 14-35-year-old, divided in intervention group (n=10) and control group (n=9). The study was performed in four stages: familiarization of jump performance; pre-intervention; intervention and post-intervention. At pre-intervention was evaluated jump performance, ankle muscle reaction time and functional ankle instability. At the intervention, athletes performed 30 minutes of proprioceptive training for 12 weeks, three times a week. At post-intervention, the same pre-intervention tests were performed. Data were presented in mean and standard error, submitted to the Generalized Estimates Equations test with Bonferroni post hoc. The level of significance was 0,05. Results: Jump performance decreased significantly in both groups. Anterior tibial muscle reaction time did not differ neither in any of groups, nor in any of legs. The peroneus longus and lateral gastrocnemius reaction time decreased significantly in both groups. Regarding functional ankle instability, athletes had instability at pre- and post-intervention time. Conclusion: Proprioceptive training program was not able to improve jump performance, nor to decrease ankle muscle reaction time or improve athletes' perception of ankle stability.

Effect of Proprioceptive Training and Strength Training on Agility among Table Tennis Players

Background: Table tennis is a dynamic sport. Proprioception is an important sensory and motor function for all mobility action which also plays an important role in sports and contribute greatlyto the performance of athletes. Strength training involves the performance of physical exercise thatare designed to improve strength. Agility is the ability to move and change the direction and position of the body quickly and effectively under control. Objective: To find out effect of proprioceptive training and strength training on agility among table tennis players. Methodology: The study design was experimental study, conducted in KG college of Physiotherapy with total sample of 20 players were included in the study with 10 players each in the group. Sampling method was convenient sampling. Study duration was 6 months and individual training was 6 weeks. Male table tennis players, aged between 18-25 years who were practicing and playing table tennis for more than one year were included in the study. Players withany soft tissue injuries, recent fractures, recent musculoskeletal surgeries and neurological problems, irregular in training regime have been excluded. Result: The post-test mean values of proprioceptive training group (N=10) was 9.38 whereas the players who are underwent strength training (N=10) was 10.20. Thus, proprioceptive training reflects better agility when compared with the strength training. Conclusion: Agility involves starting, stopping, changing the direction, rotation, reaction and complex movements. Table tennis realize heavily on agility. Thus, proprioceptive training and strength training has to been given for better agility among table tennis players who are underwent proprioceptive training showed significant improvement in agility than strength training.

Evidence for exercise therapy in patients with hand and wrist tendinopathy is limited: A systematic review

BackgroundSeveral studies reported the efficacy of exercise therapy in hand and wrist tendinopathy. However, no systematic review synthesized the effect of exercise therapy on these patients. PurposeThis study aimed to perform a systematic review to summarize evidence if exercise therapy may be considered an effective treatment in conservative management for patients with hand and wrist tendinopathy. Study DesignThis was a systematic review. MethodsA literature search in MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, PEDro, and Embase was conducted from their inception until April 10, 2022. Two independent reviewers included the studies administering exercise therapy in patients with hand and/or wrist tendinopathy in the review and extrapolated the data. Methodological quality was assessed using the framework developed by Murad et al for case reports and case series and the PEDro score for clinical trials. ResultsSeven case reports, 3 case series, and 2 randomized controlled studies were included and methodologically evaluated, obtaining a low score for all the analyzed studies. The total number of included patients in the analyzed studies was 106, of which 54 were female, 13 were male, and 39 were not specified. The type of exercise was widespread and often not really well described: it varies from eccentric forearm training to mobilization with movement, passing through strengthening exercises, grip proprioception training, and self-management exercises according to the McKenzie method. The dosage was often not precise, making it difficult to reproduce the therapeutic proposals. Exercise therapy was always administered together with different treatments; therefore, its efficacy alone is difficult to distinguish, although in some cases, the patients improved pain and functionality. ConclusionsEvidence on the efficacy of exercise therapy in patients with hand and wrist tendinopathies is limited. Future research is strongly recommended to determine the appropriate dosage of the exercise therapy to determine clinical changes in these patients.

Exercise-based intervention as a nonsurgical treatment for patients with carpal instability: A case series

BackgroundAlthough the important roles of proprioception and neuromuscular control in carpal instabilities under laboratory conditions have been recognized, only a few studies have translated this knowledge into a routine clinical practice. PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the results of a personalized rehabilitation in patients with carpal instability on functionality and pain intensity. Study designThis was a case series study. MethodsThis case series included 39 adults (mean age: 38.2 ± 14.0 years; 16/23 females/males) diagnosed with carpal instability (radial or ulnar) with indication for orthopedic treatment. The disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand questionnaire was used to assess upper limb functionality. Pain perception was assessed using a visual analog scale. Exercise-based physiotherapy interventions were performed according to the clinical needs of the patients for at least 6 weeks (2-3 sessions per week). For the treatment of radial instability (n = 13), strengthening exercises of the abductor pollicis longus, extensor carpi radialis longus, flexor carpi radialis, and pronator quadratus muscles were prescribed. For the treatment of ulnar instability (n = 24), extensor carpi ulnaris and pronator quadratus were trained. All patients underwent proprioceptive training in open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain, as well as strengthening of the unaffected hand. Changes before and after treatment were compared using the nonparametric Wilcoxon signed rank test. ResultsA significant improvement with a large effect size in disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (P < .001; d = 2.9) and visual analog scale (P < .001; d = 3.2) scores were obtained after treatment. Moreover, the changes were greater than the minimal clinically important difference of 10.8 and 1.4, respectively. Similar results were found when patients with radial instability and ulnar instability were analyzed separately. ConclusionsPersonalized training with specific proprioception and strengthening exercises produces improvements in functionality and pain perception in our cohort of people with carpal instability. These results highlight the importance of multicomponent exercise in the treatment of wrist instability. Future randomized clinical trials should further investigate the effectiveness of this protocol.

Effectiveness of Proprioception Training for Patients with Forward Head Posture (FHP) - A Literature Review

Background: Forward head posture (FHP) is a condition marked by the anterior placement of the head, often leading to musculoskeletal issues. Proprioception training, which improves body awareness and movement, has been proposed as a potential intervention for FHP. Methods: A detailed search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Sci-Hub, focusing on studies published since 2013. The selection process involved reviewing titles, abstracts, and full texts. A total of six relevant studies were analysed, including randomized controlled trials, experimental studies, comparative studies, systematic reviews, and case-control studies. Result: A total of 6 articles were selected. The review of six studies underscores the potential of body awareness exercises in alleviating discomfort and enhancing balance for individuals with Forward Head Posture (FHP). Customizing these training methods to individual needs is crucial for maximizing their effectiveness. Conclusion: In conclusion, the effectiveness of proprioception training in addressing Forward Head Posture (FHP) becomes evident through these studies. The exercises, such as head relocation and eye-head coordination, offer a promising approach to alleviating discomfort, improving neck mobility, and enhancing overall body awareness. Embracing proprioception training emerges as a valuable strategy for managing FHP and enhancing overall posture and well-being.

To Compare the Effect of Instrument Assisted Proprioceptive Training versus Conventional Proprioceptive Training on Peripheral Neuropathy and Balance in Colorectal Cancer Subjects Following Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy - A Comparative Study

To Compare the Effect of Instrument Assisted Proprioceptive Training versus Conventional Proprioceptive Training on Peripheral Neuropathy and Balance in Colorectal Cancer Subjects Following Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy - A Comparative Study

Biomechanics of the Ankle: Exploring Structure, Function, and Injury Mechanisms

This paper provides an overview of the biomechanical considerations related to ankle injury prediction, prevention, and rehabilitation. Firstly, we discuss the biomechanical factors that contribute to ankle fractures, including loading patterns and bone density. We then explore various biomechanical assessment techniques, such as motion analysis, force measurements, and imaging modalities, which can be used to predict injury risk, guide treatment decisions, and monitor rehabilitation progress. Additionally, we examine biomechanical interventions, including bracing, taping, muscle strengthening, and proprioceptive training, which have proven effective in improving ankle stability and preventing injuries. Furthermore, we highlight the emerging technologies of wearable sensors and computational modeling, which offer new avenues for assessing ankle biomechanics and personalizing interventions. Ultimately, this paper emphasizes the integration of biomechanics with personalized medicine as a promising approach for optimizing ankle injury prevention and rehabilitation outcomes. However, further research is needed to address unanswered questions and explore future directions in ankle biomechanics.

Influence of proprioception and balance training program on ankle instability among young athletes

Influence of proprioception and balance training program on ankle instability among young athletes

Case Report: Standard rehabilitation protocol for complex tibial plateau fracture associated with fibular head fracture managed with plate osteosynthesis

Schatzker fracture belongs to the tibial plateau fracture. This fracture is frequently characterized by excessive trauma, such as a fall from a terrific height or an automobile collision. They are identified by a vertical break in the tibial plateau, which disturbs the joint surface and surrounding tissues. A schatzker type six fracture is a complex fracture that is difficult to manage conservatively and typically requires surgery to reestablish articular realignment and integrity. The purpose of this study is to examine the rehabilitation method and actual outcomes of a 41-year-old male patient who had a tibial plateau fracture as well as a fibular head fracture. This case study shows the need for a comprehensive rehabilitation program in assisting individuals with this specific fracture pattern to achieve their maximum functional potential. The patient undertook a rehabilitation program that comprised several therapy interventions such as range-of-motion training, enhancing power, balance and proprioceptive training, gait re-training, and pain control measures. To assess the patient's progress, objective measurements such as goniometry, muscular strength by manual muscle testing, functional outcome ratings, and patient-reported outcomes were employed. As demonstrated by the case study, a comprehensive treatment approach is required to properly treat tibial plateau fractures in conjunction with fibular head fractures. The patient achieved a considerable and favorable affiliation with the therapy techniques and the outcome measures rating.

Retracted: Influence of Embedded Microprocessor Wireless Communication in the Ankle Joint Proprioception Training on the Prevention of Football Sports Injuries

Retracted: Influence of Embedded Microprocessor Wireless Communication in the Ankle Joint Proprioception Training on the Prevention of Football Sports Injuries

A structured non-operative treatment program for traumatic triangular fibrocartilage complex tear: A quasi-experimental study

ObjectivesTriangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injury is a common cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain. However, treatment protocols vary across clinical settings and a standardized treatment protocol is needed to improve quality of care.We devised a rehabilitation regime which comprised both orthoses and exercises. We hypothesized that the program can effectively reduce pain and improve functional performance. Materials and methodsThirty-two subjects participated in the 5-phase rehabilitation program. Progress was monitored every 3 weeks. Outcome measures comprised numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), activities of daily living (ADL) pain score, wrist range of motion (ROM), ADL performance score, patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE), power grip and distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability grade. ResultsNPRS decreased from 5.3/10 to 0.5/10 while the ADL pain score improved from 10/20 to 19.1/20. ROM in flexion/extension and supination/pronation improved by 35%. Functional performance on ADL performance score and PRWE improved from 21/40 to 38/40 and 49.5/100 to 14.6/100, respectively. Power grip increased by 59.5%, and DRUJ stability improved. DiscussionThe combination of orthoses and progressive strengthening and proprioception training was effective in re-establishing DRUJ stability, and improving wrist strength and functional performance. ConclusionsThis study provided insight for the development of a rehabilitation protocol for patients with TFCC injury.

Effects of a proprioceptive focal stimulation (Equistasi®) on reducing the biomechanical risk factors associated with ACL injury in female footballers.

Football presents a high rate of lower limb injuries and high incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) rupture, especially in women. Due to this there is the need to optimize current prevention programs. This study aims to verify the possibility to reduce the biomechanical risk factors associated with ACL injury, through the application of proprioceptive stimulation by means of the Equistasi® device. Ten elite female footballers were enrolled and received the device for 4 weeks (5 days/week, 1h/day). Athletes were assessed directly on-field at four time points: T0 and T1 (evaluation without and with the device), T2 (after 2 weeks), T4 (after 4 weeks) while performing two different tasks: Romberg Test, and four sidestep cutting maneuvers bilaterally. Seven video cameras synchronized with a plantar pressure system were used, thirty double colored tapes were applied on anatomical landmarks, and three dimensional coordinates reconstructed. Vertical ground reaction forces and center of pressure data were extracted from the plantar pressure insoles. Hip, knee, and ankle flexion-extension angles and moments were computed as well as abd-adduction joint torques. From the Romberg Test both center of pressure descriptive variables and frequency analysis parameters were extracted. Each variable was compared among the different time frames, T1, T2 and T4, through Friedman Test for non-parametric repeated measures (p<0.05); Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used for comparing variables between T0 and T1 (p<0.05) and across the different time frames as follows: T1-T2, T2-T4 and T1-T4. Statistically significant differences in both posturographic and biomechanical variables between the assessment at T0 and T1 were detected. Reduced hip and knee abduction torques were revealed in association with reduced both ground reaction forces and ankle dorsiflexion torque from T1 up to T4. The proprioceptive stimuli showed to have the potential to improve cutting biomechanics mainly with respect to the ligament and quadriceps dominance theories. Results of the present study, even if preliminary and on a small sample size, could be considered promising towards the inclusion of proprioceptive training in injury prevention programs.

Effects of proprioceptive training using BOSU® balance trainer on core strength and static balance in young competitive rhythmic gymnasts

Purpose: The study aimed to examine the effects of eight weeks of proprioceptive training using a BOSU® balance trainer on core strength and static balance in young rhythmic gymnasts. Methods: Twenty-three young competitive female rhythmic gymnasts, (age: 9.7 ± 1.9 yrs; weight; 26.1 ± 6.5 kg; height: 131.2 ± 10.9 cm; years of experience in RG: 3.5 ± 1.7) were assigned into an experimental group (EG, n = 12) and a control group (CG, n = 11). Both groups underwent a series of tests included the side bridge test, the stork stand balance test, and the rhythmic gymnastics balance test before and after the experimental intervention. All participants engaged in regular rhythmic gymnastics training throughout the intervention period with EG supplemented with BOSU® balance trainer proprioceptive training. The intervention programme consisted of six sets of exercises that focused on improving core strength and static balance. Training volume was kept consistent throughout the experiment, with each exercise performed for 30 s followed by a 45-s rest in 2 sets, 3 times a week. Results: Results showed that EG improved core strength significantly for right (P &lt; 0.001) and left (P = 0.038) sides. However, there was no significant difference found in static balance (Stork Stand Balance Test and Rhythmic Gymnastics Balance Test) between EG and CG. Conclusion: The study concluded that proprioceptive training using BOSU® balance trainer implemented for 8 weeks on young competitive rhythmic gymnasts improved core strength but not in static balance

The Influence of Combined Kinsiotaping and Proprioceptive Training in Knee Osteoarthritis

The Influence of Combined Kinsiotaping and Proprioceptive Training in Knee Osteoarthritis

Poster 382: A Multi-Center Epidemiologic Analysis of the Injuries Affecting Female and Male Collegiate Basketball Players

Objectives: Basketball is a high-intensity sport associated with acute and overuse injuries in both females and males. With the growing popularity of basketball at all levels domestically and globally, there has been an increased emphasis in understanding the injury patterns of these athletes. A large proportion of the current literature on basketball injuries utilize publicly available websites to obtain medical data. Thus, there is a need for prospectively collected data from healthcare professionals as it pertains to basketball injuries. By utilizing a conference-specific injury database, this study sought to characterize the types of injuries affecting elite intercollegiate female and male basketball players. Upon establishing commonly recognized injury patterns as well as associated return to sport data, this study can potentially help guide prevention and treatment protocols. Methods: A blinded conference-specific injury database was utilized to perform a retrospective review of injuries for male and female Division I collegiate basketball players from 2017 to 2021. Analysis included musculoskeletal injuries stratified by anatomic location, gender, time missed and injury diagnosis. Time missed was categorized as no time away from sport, less than three weeks away from sport and more than three weeks away from sport. “Estimated athlete risk per year” was used as a surrogate for risk per athlete-year since observation periods were not known for each individual athlete due to the data being blinded. On average, athletes were followed for 2.3 years, which assumes an equal number of freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors per year and no athletes transferring/quitting. To estimate athlete exposure hours (AEH), total season length in weeks was multiplied by 20 hours per week as this is the maximum duration of sport-related activity according to the National Collegiate Athletic Association bylaws. Team rosters as well as season start and end dates were obtained from publicly available schedules on the Pac-12 website. Injury rate (IR) per 1000 AEHs was calculated by the following formula: IR per 1000 AEH= [(Number of total in-season injuries) / (Season length in weeks * 20 hrs / week * number of athletes on the team)] * 1000. Relative risk (RR) was used to compare estimated athlete risk per year between genders with statistical significance being defined by a 95% confidence interval (CI) not including one (p &lt; 0.05). Results: A total of 663 college basketball players out of 853 (77.7%) suffered 4532 total injuries. Significantly more females suffered an injury (314 out of 360, 87.2%) when compared to males (349 of 493, 70.8%; RR: 1.23 [95% CI: 1.15 - 1.32]). The most common injuries across genders were ankle and hindfoot injuries accounting for 1007 out of 4532 (22.2%), knee injuries accounting for 750 injuries (16.5%), head/face injuries accounting for 532 injuries (11.7%), forefoot injuries accounting for 446 injuries (9.8%) and hand/wrist/forearm injuries accounting for 359 injuries (7.9%). Women were significantly more likely to suffer a knee injury (RR: 1.49 [95% CI: 1.27-1.75]), a head/face injury (RR: 1.32 [95% CI: 1.09-1.60]) or a midfoot/forefoot injury (RR: 1.42 [95% CI: 1.14-1.76]) (Table 1). Although ankle sprains were the most common injury, 259 ankle sprains out of 660 (39.2%) did not result in any time away from sport and 306 ankle sprains (46.4%) resulted in time away from sport but less than three weeks. One hundred and ninety-one concussions affected 146 out of 853 athletes (17.1%). Eighty-two out of 360 female athletes (22.8%) suffered a concussion as compared to 64 out of 493 male athletes (13.0%; RR: 1.23, [95% CI: 1.15-1.32]). Return to sport data was not specified for 22 out of 191 concussions. Of the remaining 169 concussions, 17 (10.1%) resulted in more than three weeks away from sport (Table 2). Conclusions: Lower extremity injuries were expectedly the most common injuries seen in both male and female basketball players, however these injuries did not result in substantial periods of missed playing time. Most current injury prevention strategies and proprioceptive training exercises focus on the lower extremity, with the ankles in particular. The current study, however, demonstrates that basketball players suffer from a variety of injuries suggesting that injury prevention techniques should be expanded to include all areas of the body. Females suffered significantly more injuries than males. Specifically, females suffered more knee injuries, head/face injuries, midfoot/forefoot injuries and concussions. Variations in anatomy, muscle strength and proprioceptive patterns are all possible rationales for this increased injury rate in females, however the definitive rationale is not completely understood. One additional possible rationale is that psychosocial factors have been shown to cause males to underreport symptoms. Understanding the injury patterns and the prognoses of such injuries can help physicians guide the expectations of these athletes, optimize the patient-athlete relationship and ultimately keep our collegiate basketball players safe. [Table: see text][Table: see text]