Proposed Processing Method Research Articles

Performance of Damage Identification Based on Directional Wavelet Transforms and Entopic Weights Using Experimental Shearographic Testing Results.

The paper aims to analyze the performance of the damage identification algorithms using the directional wavelet transforms, which reveal higher sensitivity for various orientations of spatial damage together with lower susceptibility to noise. In this study, the algorithms based on the dual-tree, the double-density, and the dual-tree double-density wavelet transforms were considered and compared to the algorithm based on the discrete wavelet transform. The performed analyses are based on shearographic experimental tests of a composite plate with artificially introduced damage at various orientations. It was shown that the directional wavelet transforms are characterized by better performance in damage identification problems than the basic discrete wavelet transform. Moreover, the proposed approach based on entropic weights applicable to the resulting sets of the detail coefficients after decomposition of mode shapes can be effectively used for automatic selection and emphasizing those sets of the detail coefficients, which contain relevant diagnostic information about damage. The proposed processing method allows raw experimental results from shearography to be significantly enhanced. The developed algorithms can be successfully implemented in a shearographic testing for enhancement of a sensitivity to damage during routine inspections in various industrial sectors.

Change of electrical characteristics of rubber in the process of “swelling–deswelling”

Objectives. The main indicator that determines electrical conductivity of rubbers is specific volumetric electrical resistance (ρv ). The purpose of this work is to investigate changes in this indicator during swelling and deswelling of electrically conductive rubbers. When considering the swelling process of rubbers in liquid media at a molecular level, an analogy of this process with mechanical deformation of the material is drawn and common features and differences of these processes are revealed.Methods. For rubber compositions based on paraffinate and alkyl sulfonate nitrile butadiene rubbers, the degree of their swelling and the change in linear dimensions in heptane and in gasoline grades 80, 92, and 95 were determined. The ρ v value was determined by a potentiometric method: the initial value was measured after temperature control of rubbers for 1 h at 120°C, and the second measurement was carried out after these rubbers were swollen in the solvents for 48 h, followed by drying at 20°C to a constant weight and repeated temperature control under the same conditions. Using an IR Fourier spectrometer, spectra of the solvents used were obtained before and after identification of the investigated rubber samples in them.Results. It was shown that the type of rubber and solvent used influence the degree of rubber swelling. Rubber compositions based on natural rubbers with a large amount of attached acrylonitrile, obtained in the presence of an alkyl sulfonate emulsifier, have the highest resistance to swelling. The effect of the used solvent on the change in the degree of swelling is determined by its affinity for rubber and the presence of polar additives that increase the octane number of gasoline. It was established that the linear change of the samples upon swelling in the indicated solvents varies according to the length and thickness of the samples. Results show that depending on the type of rubber used and the degree of its filling, the described rubber processing technology leads to a decrease in the ρ v value by 2 to 20 times. The greatest effect of ρ v reduction is observed in low-filled rubber compositions based on paraffinate nitrile rubbers. The spectra of the frustrated total internal reflection of the solvents after their interaction with the studied rubbers show that particulate extraction of dibutyl phthalate, which was used as a plasticizer in rubber compounding, takes place as a result of rubber swelling.Conclusions. The proposed method of rubber processing reduces the ρ v value by removing dibutyl phthalate from the studied rubbers and forming a more developed carbon–elastomer structure. Furthermore, it solves the problem of the negative effect of the plasticizer on the ρ v value of rubber without excluding it from the rubber composition.

Development of nanotechnology for processing chickpeas into protein plant supplements and their use to obtain a new generation of confectionery

This paper reports the design of nanotechnology for processing chickpea into protein plant additives in the form of finely-dispersed pastes and nanopowders, based on the use of a deep processing method. A comprehensive effect exerted on the raw materials by the steam-thermal treatment and fine grinding using the modern equipment at restaurant enterprises has proven to be a real innovation. The technology involves the processes of steam- and mechanodestruction of most of the biopolymers in chickpea (proteins, starch, cellulose, pectin) to individual monomers (40...70 %), which are in the nanoscale easily-digestible form. The proposed method of deep processing makes it possible to better utilize the biological potential of raw materials.The resulting protein supplements made from chickpea in combination with fruit and vegetable additives (from carrot, pumpkin, apple, lemon with zest, garlic, celery and ginger roots) were used as formulation components in the development of a new generation of confectionery products that promote the strengthening of immunity. We have devised waffle confectionery products, sponge cakes, dry waffle breakfasts, salted fillings for the confectionery products "PanCake", etc. Confectionery of the new generation differs from the conventional one by the absence or insignificant amount of sugar, low content of fat (to 5 %), high content of complete protein (13...20 %). In addition, 100 g of products can meet the daily need for BAS (β-carotene, phenolic compounds) and 0.5 daily need for vitamin C. The resulting food products are natural and do not contain harmful food impurities

A Novel Multi-Dimensional Composition Method Based on Time Series Similarity for Array Pulse Wave Signals Detecting

Pulse wave signal sensed over the radial artery on the wrist is a crucial physiological indicator in disease diagnosis. The sensor array composed of multiple sensors has the ability to collect abundant pulse wave information. As a result, it has gradually attracted the attention of practitioners. However, few practical methods are used to obtain a one-dimensional pulse wave from the sensor array’s spatial multi-dimensional signals. The current algorithm using pulse wave with the highest amplitude value as the significant data suffers from low consistency because the signal acquired each time differs significantly due to the sensor’s relative position shift to the test area. This paper proposes a processing method based on time series similarity, which can take full advantage of sensor arrays’ spatial multi-dimensional characteristics and effectively avoid the above factors’ influence. A pulse wave acquisition system (PWAS) containing a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) sensor array is continuously extruded using a stable dynamic pressure input source to simulate the pulse wave acquisition process. Experiments are conducted at multiple test locations with multiple data acquisitions to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. The experimental results show that the newly proposed processing method using time series similarity as the criterion has better consistency and stability.

Regularities of oxidized graphite swelling in a reactor in a gravity-falling layer

The final stage of obtaining thermografenite is thermal shock heating of intercalated graphite, which is carried out in a dense moving fluidized layers, in the ascending flow, in the burner flame in the temperature range from 800°С to 1200°С. A fundamentally new approach is the treatment of intercalated graphite in a gravity-falling layer. It makes it possible to carry out the process in a split second. The proposed processing method is based on the principle of independent movement of similar particles. The present paper describes the basic regularities of intercalated graphite thermal expansion in the gravity-falling layer in the furnace temperature field. It has been shown that in the conditions of a gravity-falling layer the intercalated graphite particles almost instantly acquire the temperature of the environment. The research has found out the dependencies of the thermografenite bulk density on the isothermal zone temperature of the furnace have been found in this research. A new technique to study the swelling of oxidized graphite in the gravity-falling layer in the temperature field of the furnace has been proposed. The principle of independent movement of single particles of oxidized graphite has been formulated. It makes it possible to get high heat transfer coefficients (from 1920 to 5760 W/m2∙K) during heating. The main characteristics of the apparatus for producing thermally expanded graphite in the temperature range from 300°C to 1000°C have been proposed and analyzed. Investigation results of the dynamics of the transformation of the intercalated graphite into thermally expanded graphite under different isothermal temperature in a nitrogen atmosphere and the velocity of particles ranging from 0,9 to 0,35 m/s are presented. The obtained results are analyzed in the system of coordinates «bulk density of thermografenite – temperature of the furnace isothermal area». It has been found that the greatest rate of the intercalated graphite expansion is observed in the temperature range from 350 to 600°C anddeeper volumes additional expansion occurs at a higher temperature. Thermografenite with a bulk density from 3 to 5 kg/mhas been obtained in the temperature range from 800 to 1000°C

Synthesis of an optimal algorithm for processing random signals during phase direction finding

A new method of correlation signal processing with symmetric heterodination is presented, which is a development of the two-band processing method. The proposed processing method allows you to use all the advantages of two-band processing when receiving signals of any type, from broadband to monochromatic.

METHOD OF PROCESSING THE RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS OF MEDICAL INDICATORS

The paper proposes an approach to assessing the state of the human body on the basis of medical indicators with the maximum completeness of obtaining information about the parameters of a given object by measuring physical quantities correlated with this parameter. Significant commonality in the informational relation of the processes of measurement and diagnostics opens up the possibility of their joint research and obtaining ratios that are valid both in diagnostics and control. In both cases, the operation of comparing the results with a given norm is mandatory. In addition, in complex objects there is a statistical relationship between the values of different controlled (measured) quantities, that is, the state of the object. At the same time, control over individual indicators without taking into account possible statistical relationships can lead to erroneous conclusions about the state of the system. To eliminate this drawback, the use of multi-parameter criteria for assessing and diagnosing the stability of complex objects is proposed, in particular, the use of Hotelling T2 statistics for diagnosing the state of complex objects. Possibilities of assessing the stability of multiparametric objects when correlating their indicators using the Hotelling criterion are given. The possibilities of the Hotelling criterion to assess the stability of an object both in stages and in a complex are presented, and to determine indicators and their combinations that significantly affect the stability of the functioning process. The human body was chosen as the object of research by the example of the Antarctic expedition winterers. The use of the proposed processing method increases the reliability of decision-making about the state of the object in comparison with the traditional processing method, which is based on comparison with reference values. Such an increase in reliability is explained by the fact that when carrying out calculations, the comparison of actual values is carried out not with the values of the generally accepted norm, but with the unique norm of each individual subject. Such an approach based on taking into account the individual boundaries of the norm makes it possible to take into account the peculiarities of the individual reaction of each individual organism to the influence of environmental factors. Also, this approach makes it possible to take into account the early (initial) stages of distabilization. The human body was selected as the object of study using the example of wintering workers of the Antarctic expedition. The use of multi-parameter criteria for determining the degradation of a biological object allows not only to conclude that homeostasis is impaired, but also allows researchers to determine exactly which indicators have a significant effect on the degradation of the body system and to take measures to return it to a stable state.

АЛГОРИТМ ЯРКОСТНО-КОНТРАСТНОЙ ЛУПЫ И ВОЗМОЖНЫЕ ПУТИ ЕГО СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ

The paper considers the algorithmic basis of the developed application, which allows the user to select image fragments for viewing not only in enlarged form, but also with increased detail distinctness through brightness-contrast transformations. There has been proposed an algorithm of upsizing and processing the selected image fragment according to the required parameters of average brightness and contrast. The advantages of the proposed method of image processing in comparison with global methods for processing the entire image are investigated. The considered approach develops the advantages when marking low-contrast fragments that are close to monotone in images with fragments of different brightness. The experiments on processing various fragments of images were carried out using a specially developed program. The examples of results have been presented. The behavior of two types of fragments on simplified models of pixel brightness distribution has been analyzed, and for this reason there was made a conclusion about further improving the approach.

Інформаційна технологія оцінки кольорових зображень метахромазії волютинових гранул дріжджів Saccharomyces cerevisiae УКМ Y-517

The research is devoted to the development of color imaging information technology, which is relevant for evaluating the results of cytochemical research in both biology and medicine. The aim of this work was to study the validity of software algorithms and integrated information technology for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of metachromasia reaction of volutin granules of Saccharomyces cerevisiae UCM Y-517 yeast. Methods. The object of this study was Saccharomyces cerevisiae UCM Y-517 yeast from the Ukrainian collection of microorganisms. The yeast was cultivated for 24 hours at 28oC. The metachromatic reaction of volutin granules was detected microscopically by the preparation of yeast cells stained with methylene blue. Digital images of cells were transferred to a specialized web resource for computer processing. Results. The algorithm of computer analysis of images included 3 steps: (1) recognition of single volutin granules, (2) assessment of the magnitude of metachromasia for each granule, and (3) integral estimation of the magnitude of metachromasia for the whole image. Information technology was developed and tested to support the daily monitoring of the metachromasia phenomenon, including obtaining the digital images, their transfer to a remote server, and automatic processing. Information technology is integrated into the web portal of the large-scale biophysical experiment “Heliomed”. Conclusions. The proposed method of computer image processing gave a quantitative and qualitative assessment in the automatic mode of metachromatic staining of volutin granules and confirmed the previously proposed classification of this phenomenon on the basis of visual examination.

Utilization of Wood Railway Sleepers Using a Supercritical Fluid Extraction Process

In this work, we propose an alternative method for the utilization of sleepers, based on the use of a supercritical fluid extraction process. The preference for the implementation of a supercritical fluid extraction process for “extractable-extractant” systems exhibiting I–II types of phase behavior is given. On the example of supercritical fluid extraction of the impregnation material of spent wood railway sleepers, the efficiency of replacing the carbon dioxide participating as an extractant with a propane/butane mixture, which provide the desired change in the type of phase behavior in relation to such components of the impregnation material as phenol, anthracene and naphthalene is shown. The phase equilibria of thermodynamic systems involving carbon dioxide and a propane/butane mixture on the one hand and coal oil components such as phenol, anthracene, and naphthalene on the other are studied. The proposed method of processing spent railway sleepers allows you to select from it up to 97 % of the mass impregnation source material.

Advances in Food Processing based on Sustainable Bioeconomy

Bio economics can use a range of raw materials and use various processes to transform these raw materials into a wide range of different products. Examples of a wide range of commodities, products and processes are given. The present study focuses on developed countries to propose some marketing actions that could help in reducing food waste. The main contribution of this study is the proposal of marketing actions that help in tacking food waste, as one of the main perspective approaches in bioeconomy. The benefits of vegetable and fruit processing in the context of bio economics are generalized. Based on the analysis, a model of waste-free technologies was developed. Considering the advantages of applying the principle of non-waste production, the author's technology of integrated processing of vegetables was developed, taking into account the improvement of existing methods. The main advantages of the proposed method of non-waste processing of vegetables directed to the sustainable consumption identified in the areas: social, economic and natural.

A Novel Approach to Further Enhancing SNR in Digital Beamforming SAR Utilizing Hybrid Strip-Map/Spotlight Mode

Digital beamforming (DBF) is an effective method for improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. However, further enhancing the SNR in DBF-SAR is limited by the antenna size and the expensive system cost. To address this problem, in this letter we implement a hybrid strip-map/spotlight mode for DBF. By utilizing the proposed processing method, DBF is adapted for hybrid strip-map/spotlight mode data. Furthermore, the additional synthetic aperture acquired from the hybrid strip-map/spotlight mode is employed to implement multilook processing for further enhancing the SNR of DBF-SAR images. The proposed processing method was verified by an airborne X-band 16-channel DBF-SAR system. The results confirmed that a remarkable additional SNR improvement in DBF-SAR images can be obtained using the proposed method without increasing system complexity.

Method of complex interpretation of results well logging (TABC Gintel) for the terrigenous rocks sections Tersko-Sunzhensky petroleum region

A brief overview of the proposed method of processing and interpretation of well logging data in Terrigenous deposits. And also presents results of data well survery with its application using the example terrigenous deposits Tersko-Sunzhensky petroleum region. The findings suggest that the interpretation of the results of the GIS, as described TABC gives accurate information to determine geological characteristics and hydrocarbon saturation Lower Cretaceous terrigenous deposits of the Tersko-Sunzhensky petroleum region.

Cavitation-based soft abrasive flow processing method

To improve the processing efficiency and surface quality of soft abrasive flow (SAF) processing, we proposed a cavitation-based soft abrasive flow (CSAF) processing method and designed a CSAF processing tool, which uses the Venturi tube structure to create a cavitation effect. The microjet produced by cavitation accelerates the impact of abrasive particles on the workpiece and improves the processing efficiency of abrasive flow. Based on that, we designed the flow field profiles of the processing tool. We built a two-phase fluid dynamic model for CSAF to reveal the cavitation mechanism and evolution regularities based on the Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model and the mixture calculation method. The numerical results validated the feasibility of the proposed processing method, helped choosing the optimal structure sizes of flow passage. A particle image velocimetry (PIV)–based observation platform is established, the cavitation images with different flow parameters are obtained, and the validity of the simulation results is validated. The maximum flow velocity on the processing area in the SAF tool is 22.8 m/s, and the maximum flow velocity of the CSAF tool is increased to 46.2 m/s. With a developed CSAF processing experiment platform, the comparative experiment results with SAF showed that the proposed CSAF processing method achieves better surface quality and increases the material removal rate by 52%.

BerryIP embedded: An embedded vision system for strawberry crop

The aim of this work is to present an embedded vision system for the strawberry crop named “berryIP Embedded”. We developed a complete solution, considering hardware with sensors, camera and wi-fi in an embedded platform, sending information to software to collect weather data and to determine the leaf area by image manipulation techniques. This software also presents crop weather and image results in a graphical user interface, allowing the system operation for distance and generating statistical data for crop analysis. We used a indoor greenhouse at the University of Passo Fundo to validate the equipment. Results suggested our cost-effective system that could be used in practice by researchers, allowing an effective monitoring of the crop. Data collections were performed during the 21 days, and the data obtained were statistically analyzed. A comparison was executed between the manual method of estimating leaf area of Albion culture, through prediction equations, and the proposed method of image processing, showing that data measured by the platform does not exceed 10% variation. Pearson’s coefficient showed a strong correlation (ρ=0.96) between leaf area and accumulated temperature during the period.

Embedded screen-printed transducers in bulk polymer microfluidic devices

We present a low-cost method to fabricate microfluidic devices with embedded transducers suitable for rapid prototyping on a lab scale and potentially also for mass production. To achieve this goal, a method for fabricating passive microfluidic devices using a solvent bonding technique for sealing is introduced. To avoid clogging, liquid metal (gallium) is utilized as a sacrificial layer during this bonding process. A sensor fabrication method compatible with the rapid prototyping ambitions is screen printing. Sensors based on thermal, capacitive and mechanical effects are fabricated by screen printing and are embedded into channels. The proposed processing methods can be easily adapted to achieve specific requirements associated with different tasks in lab-on-a-chip devices.

Decoupling the Doppler Ambiguity Interval From the Maximum Operational Range and Range-Resolution in FMCW Radars

Classical saw-tooth Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radars experience a coupling between the maximum unambiguous Doppler-velocity interval, maximum operational range, range-resolution and processing gain. Operationally, a trade-off is often necessarily made between these parameters. In this paper, we propose a waveform and a processing method that decouples the aforementioned parameter dependencies at the price of using multiple receiver channels within the radar. The proposed method exploits the fact that beat-frequency signals have the same baseband frequency, even if the transmitted and received chirps occupy different radio frequency bands, and have different center-frequencies. We concatenate those baseband signals in the time-frequency domain to restore the range-resolution and processing gain. An overview of FMCW parameters trade-off for related waveforms and a feasibility and limitations analysis of implementing the proposed processing method are presented. The method is verified by simulations and experiments with an FMCW radar for stable, moving and extended-moving targets. We additionally have highlighted its non-idealities in the simulations and experiments. We found that the proposed method indeed alleviates the trade-off between FMCW operational parameters and allows the extension of the Doppler ambiguity interval without compromising on those parameters.

Cooperative localization for multiple AUVs based on the rough estimation of the measurements

The accuracy of cooperative localization for multiple autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) equipped with low precise proprioceptive localization sensors can be improved by using relative location information between individuals and Bayesian filtering. However, when the relative location measurement errors are high, its accuracy will be reduced. Two measurement for rough estimation algorithms under the constraint environment of the cooperative structure are developed in this paper: the first algorithm is based on the underwater acoustic isotropic transmission. And the second algorithm is based on the common observation environment. In the first algorithm, it builds under the assumption that the distance errors calculated from the simultaneous omnidirectional response signals from the same transmitting source have correlated. Similarly, in the second algorithm, the assumption that “common observation environment” is correlated is made. First, the correlation between the errors is used roughly to estimate the measurement of information. Then, a suitable filter is applied to fuse the rough estimation measurement with dead-reckoning estimation that improves the location estimation accuracy. The final simulation, by changing the AUV formation navigation paths and the sensor observation noises, shows the proposed processing methods have effectiveness and consistency compared to the traditional algorithm.

A processing method of generating S(α, β, T) tables considering resonance elastic scattering kernel for the Monte Carlo codes

It has been proved that resonance elastic scattering kernel (RESK) has significant impact on the energy and angle distributions of the secondary neutrons, and consequently affects the eigenvalues and fuel temperature coefficients. Therefore, it is necessary for the nuclear data processing codes to generate the accurate data considering RESK for the neutronics analysis. In this paper, a processing method is proposed to generate the S(α, β, T) tables efficiently for Monte Carlo codes to account for the RESK. A multi-point linearization method is developed to generate the incident energy grids of S(α, β, T) tables, which can minimize the data size of S(α, β, T) tables without losing accuracy. The equally probable cosines in S(α, β, T) tables are obtained by solving the sets of nonlinear equations which are established by Legendre polynomials and the differential moments of RESK. The generation procedure of the S(α, β, T) tables is more practical by using the proposed calculation method of equally probable cosines. Based on the proposed processing method, a new module is developed in the nuclear data processing code called NECP-Atlas. The ACE-format libraries with the S(α, β, T) tables are generated by NECP-Atlas and supplied to the OpenMC code to perform the verifications. The numerical results show that the impact on eigenvalues caused by the RESK can be reflected correctly by the Monte Carlo calculations using the S(α, β, T) tables. Meanwhile, the results based on the S(α, β, T) tables match well with those based on the Doppler broadening rejection correction approach.

The study of infiltration and microabrasion effects on the tooth surface structure on chemical model of focal enamel demineralization

Objective: to create in vitro model of local enamel demineralization (LED) and to compare the morphological changes in the enamel microstructure after infiltration and microabrasion treatment. Materials and methods. A solution of hydrochloric acid in decreasing concentrations was used to create LED model: 0.3% HCl for 48 hours, 0.15% HCl for 120 hours, 0.1% HCl for 48 hours and 0.05% HCl for 96 hours at room temperature. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we studied a microstructure of the surface and sagittal sections of intact teeth, as well as teeth with artificial LED before and after treatment by infiltration and microabrasion. Results. The tooth surface in the artificial LED zone is characterized by areas with partially and completely demineralized interprismatic substrate. In the partially demineralized zone, channels are formed after dissolution of the enamel prisms structure. In zones with complete demineralization of the crystalline structure, the organic matrices looks like a smooth surface. After microabrasion, the tooth surface represents an even prism layer with prism sheaths forming arcuate excavations. Infiltration of the LED region modifies the tooth surface into a flat field without pores and microcracks, completely covering the lesion with an infiltrant. Conclusion. The proposed method of enamel processing with hydrochloric acid solutions of a decreasing concentration allows LED formation within enamel layer for teeth with various caries resistance. According to SEM data, LED treatment by microabrasion and infiltration effectively smoothes the tooth surface and eliminates defects. After microabrasion, excavations in the area of enamel prism sheaths are preserved on the surface.