Proposed Design Model Research Articles

Bayesian optimization design for dose-finding based on toxicity and efficacy outcomes in phase I/II clinical trials.

In phase I trials, the main goal is to identify a maximum tolerated dose under an assumption of monotonicity in dose-response relationships. On the other hand, such monotonicity is no longer applied to biologic agents because a different mode of action from that of cytotoxic agents potentially draws unimodal or flat dose-efficacy curves. Therefore, biologic agents require an optimal dose that provides a sufficient efficacy rate under an acceptable toxicity rate instead of a maximum tolerated dose. Many trials incorporate both toxicity and efficacy data, and drugs with a variety of modes of actions are increasingly being developed; thus, optimal dose estimation designs have been receiving increased attention. Although numerous authors have introduced parametric model-based designs, it is not always appropriate to apply strong assumptions in dose-response relationships. We propose a new design based on a Bayesian optimization framework for identifying optimal doses for biologic agents in phase I/II trials. Our proposed design models dose-response relationships via nonparametric models utilizing a Gaussian process prior, and the uncertainty of estimates is considered in the dose selection process. We compared the operating characteristics of our proposed design against those of three other designs through simulation studies. These include an expansion of Bayesian optimal interval design, the parametric model-based EffTox design, and the isotonic design. In simulations, our proposed design performed well and provided results that were more stable than those from the other designs, in terms of the accuracy of optimal dose estimations and the percentage of correct recommendations.

Design of Pneumatic System for Automatic Door Opening and Closing

There are huge steel doors inside mines which are huge and heavy; techniques that can handle such heavy loads have to be used for automatically operating them. From hydraulic to pneumatic systems, multiple techniques are available for actuating heavy loads, but when we deal with mines and tunnels, solutions need to be leak proof, explosion-free and safe. Pneumatic systems offer provides a better alternative in such working conditions. In terms of cost as well, pneumatic systems are substantially cheaper than most other systems. The work is based on an automatic operating mechanism using Directional Control Valves (DCV’s) to facilitate opening and closing of doors from both sides. The FluidSim simulation software is considered for designing the pneumatic circuit diagram. The hardware connections have been further developed based on the simulation obtained. Further design analysis of the mechanism has been considered for the developed hardware. A proposed model for more intelligent design based on Programmable Logic Controllers, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and ultrasonic sensors have been suggested further.

Lightweight Semantic Segmentation Network for Real-Time Weed Mapping Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

The timely and efficient generation of weed maps is essential for weed control tasks and precise spraying applications. Based on the general concept of site-specific weed management (SSWM), many researchers have used unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing technology to monitor weed distributions, which can provide decision support information for precision spraying. However, image processing is mainly conducted offline, as the time gap between image collection and spraying significantly limits the applications of SSWM. In this study, we conducted real-time image processing onboard a UAV to reduce the time gap between image collection and herbicide treatment. First, we established a hardware environment for real-time image processing that integrates map visualization, flight control, image collection, and real-time image processing onboard a UAV based on secondary development. Second, we exploited the proposed model design to develop a lightweight network architecture for weed mapping tasks. The proposed network architecture was evaluated and compared with mainstream semantic segmentation models. Results demonstrate that the proposed network outperform contemporary networks in terms of efficiency with competitive accuracy. We also conducted optimization during the inference process. Precision calibration was applied to both the desktop and embedded devices and the precision was reduced from FP32 to FP16. Experimental results demonstrate that this precision calibration further improves inference speed while maintaining reasonable accuracy. Our modified network architecture achieved an accuracy of 80.9% on the testing samples and its inference speed was 4.5 fps on a Jetson TX2 module (Nvidia Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA), which demonstrates its potential for practical agricultural monitoring and precise spraying applications.

Analytical validation of novel consequent pole E‐core stator permanent magnet flux switching machine

Flux switching machines (FSMs) encompass unique features of conventional direct current machine, permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machine and switch reluctance machine. Permanent magnet FSM (PMFSM) is capable of high torque density and applicable for high-speed application, however conventional PMFSM exhibits demerits of high PM volume, high torque ripples and significant stator flux leakage. In this paper, a novel consequent pole E-core stator PMFSM is proposed and compared with conventional topology utilising 2D finite-element analysis (2D-FEA). Finite-element analysis revealed that proposed design enhanced flux modulation effects by introducing flux bridges and flux barriers as a result reduced cogging torque by reducing 46.53% of the total PM volume, reduce torque ripples by reducing PM slot effects and reduce flux leakage utilising flux bridges in the stator. Furthermore, analytical model for flux linkages, cogging torque, mechanical torque, no load and on-load magnetic flux density (MFD) is developed for initial design of conventional and proposed model. 2D analytical methodologies resolve equivalent magnetic circuits for open-circuit flux linkages, Fourier analysis for cogging torque, Laplace equations for MFD and Maxwell stress tensor for mechanical torque. Finally, results obtained from 2D-FEA and analytical methodologies are validated and compared.

Feasibility analysis of additive manufacturing method for graphene based super solar body mounted patch antenna for satellite applications

In this project, a Nano material based printed patch antenna structure has been integrated with a solar panel without affecting the optical efficiency of the solar panel. The proposed prototype is having the property of both antenna and solar module functionality. A graphene based CPW fed E-Shaped micro strip patch antenna which has a return loss of − 48.43 dB at resonant frequency of 2.1 GHz which is best suitable for UMTS-2100 Band (2.15–2.18 GHz), GSM (2.15–2.18 GHz) applications is printed on the solar panel using screen printing technique. In this project, conventional copper-based antennas are replaced with graphene-based antennas due to various advantages. In this experiment, the feasibility of material based body mounting antenna structure printing method is analysed. This proposed design model is best suitable for satellites where antennas occupy one-third of the satellite’s size. By mounting the small printed antennas on the solar panel, the space complexity of the satellite system gets reduced by one-third of its initial dimensions.

Compressive performance of all-grade engineered cementitious composites: Experiment and theoretical model

Compressive property of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) is essential when ECC is utilized as a structural material in the compression zone. More attention is deserved to clarify the compressive parameters and the constitutive model of ECC for a better practical application. In the present research, the compressive behavior of ECC with strengths ranging from 43 to 115 MPa was investigated and a constitutive model was developed. Uniaxial compressive tests were conducted on ECC under five water/binder ratios and the complete stress–strain curves were measured directly. According to the experimental results, the compressive parameters including strength, elastic modulus, toughness index, Poisson’s ratio and average strain corresponding to the peak stress were calculated. The nonlinear compressive model was proposed according to the experimental stress–strain curves. In addition, a proper and simple stress–strain design model was established to describe the pre- and post-peak properties of ECC in uniaxial compression by using a quadratic function and a bilinear curve, respectively. The good agreement of the nonlinear model with the experimental results verified the credibility of the proposed model for the nonlinear analysis of ECC structural members under uniaxial compression. Additionally, the comparison between the stress–strain curves calculated by using the proposed design model and those obtained from previous researches of other kinds of strain-hardening cementitious composites demonstrates its wide applicability.

UEWDM NAVIGATIONAL DESIGN: A CASE STUDY OF APU WEB ATTENDANCE

The process of designing web application has become a challenge for many individuals, specifically web developers due to interaction processes involvement in the design process. The designs should incorporate conceptual aspect, interaction processes, navigation structures and abstract presentation design. Unfortunately, many practitioners believe that most of the web applications have been developed in an ad hoc manner and less focus on the interaction processes. As a solution, UEWDM has been proposed in order to deal with the issues mentioned above. Thus, in this paper, APU web attendance is presented as a case study of UEWDM in order to verify that the proposed design model is applicable to any web application design with interaction processes. Research’s contribution relies on the expressive web design model of navigational design, which utilizes UML stereotypes for the interaction processes modeling. In other words, UEWDM could act as a guideline and assist web designers in designing web applications that consist of interaction processes.

A multi-optimization model for the design of hydrogen supply chains

This paper presents a multi-objective optimization models which operating as time processes (2025-2035) for the design of hydrogen supply chain. The feasibility of the models are illustrated through a detail case study of Dalian, China. Furthermore, the case is evaluated with the total daily costs and CO2 emissions reduction constraints. The results show that with the increase of hydrogen demand, considering the environmental factors, SMR are mostly applied in hydrogen production link. Shahekou and Pulandian grids are suitable for the constructions of hydrogen production units. Tank trucks are the main modes of hydrogen transportation. The proposed design models can provide policy-makers with the selection of infrastructures pathways for strategic dynamic hydrogen development planning.

Sub-Sonic Linear Synchronous Motors Using Superconducting Magnets for the Hyperloop

Sub-sonic linear synchronous motors (LSMs) with high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets, which aim to accelerate to a velocity of 1200 km/h in the near-vacuum tubes of 0.001 atm for the Hyperloop, are newly introduced in this paper. By the virtue of the combination of LSMs and electrodynamic suspensions (EDSs) with HTS magnets, a large air-gap of 24 cm, low magnetic resistance forces of below 2 kN, and the efficient as well as practical design of propulsion power supply systems of around 10 MVA could be guaranteed at a sub-sonic velocity. The characteristics of the proposed LSMs with HTS magnets, in addition, are widely analyzed with theories and simulation results. Optimal design methods for LSMs and inverters, which account for more than half of the total construction cost, are introduced with design guidelines and examples for the commercialization version of the Hyperloop. At the end of the paper, in order to verify the proposed design models of the sub-sonic LSMs, two different test-beds—i.e., 6 m long static and 20 m long dynamic propulsion test-beds—are fabricated, and it is found that the experimental results are well matched with proposed design models as well as simulation results; therefore, the design methods constitute guidelines for the design of sub-sonic LSMs for the Hyperloop.

Regional management paradigm of the integrated effort of development elements of recreation and tourism cluster

The purpose of the research. It was noted that management of integrated effort of clusters elements based on a targeted approach. This approach has the following features: it orients production activities, to the needs of target consumers; it's characterized by structural flexibility of dynamic states of the external environment; it provides a strong orientation of integrative development of cluster actors for the future (through the system description model that defines development goals and translates them across a cluster network). These processes integrate changes in the components of the production and management systems of the cluster actors. The purpose of the research lies in systematic description of the management model of integrated efforts of tourism and recreation cluster, adopted in the scientific space. Methodology. By the study process the following general scientific and concrete methods have been used: comparative, structural (used for determining the factors that determine the competitive advantage of the cluster) and secondary data analysis (used for methodical algorithms of strategic evaluation of "Human capital training» determining; used for methodical algorithms of strategic evaluation of possibilities for the preservation of the best personnel determining; used for methodical algorithms of liquidity position of cluster actors determining), sifting and interpreting, the data and reaching logic techniques (used for matrix of market segmentation of cluster actors formation). Results. The proposed design model of the management cycle is based on the balanced scorecard introduction. With the formation of a target management cycle of integrated efforts for cluster elements this design is implemented in parallel. Thus, it is proposed to use balanced scorecard as the basis for the formation of a corporate strategy of integrative development of clusters and a strategy for the development of its cluster in all levels of their decomposition. In fact, the strategy of development of actors, according to the project, should contain rank strategies. Rank strategies are linked to the cluster strategy of integrated development and from the main provisions of the strategy of development of such cluster actors. Practical meaning. It had been shown that regional management paradigm of integrated effort of development elements of a recreation and tourism cluster contains: 1) generalized analysis and diagnostic cluster portrait; 2) Mission and Vision for the future of cluster integrative development; 3) analysis of competitive advantages (macro- and micro-) and future limitations for integrated development of the external and internal environment of clusters; 4) strategic directions of action or set of strategic objectives and predicted actions for achievement of objectives are outlined. In accordance with existing specificity of cluster strategy decomposition, the strategy of integrating development fits in the highest level of its hierarchy. Prospects for further research. The prospects of further research are the development of the concept of management of clusters in the Ukraine regions.

Analysis on an improved resistance tuning type multi-frequency piezoelectric spherical transducer

The existing piezoelectric spherical transducers with fixed prescribed dynamic characteristics limit their application in scenarios with multi-frequency or frequency variation requirement. To address this issue, this work proposes an improved design of piezoelectric spherical transducers using the resistance tuning method. Two piezoceramic shells are the functional elements with one for actuation and the other for tuning through the variation of load resistance. The theoretical model of the proposed design is given based on our previous work. The effects of the resistance, the middle surface radius and the thickness of the epoxy adhesive layer on the dynamic characteristics of the transducer are explored by numerical analysis. The numerical results show that the multi-frequency characteristics of the transducer can be obtained by tuning the resistance, and its electromechanical coupling coefficient can be optimized by a matching resistance. The proposed design and derived theoretical solution are validated by comparing with the literature given special examples as well as an experimental study. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of using the proposed design to realize the multi-frequency characteristics, which is helpful to improve the performance of piezoelectric spherical transducers used in underwater acoustic detection, hydrophones, and the spherical smart aggregate (SSA) used in civil structural health monitoring, enhancing their operation at the multiple working frequencies to meet different application requirements.

Design of protected circuit models for nonlinear dielectric conductivity measurement system under high-energy impulse breakdown conditions

During high voltage tests for nonlinear dielectric samples, accidental breakdown may occur due to the influence of some objective factors (such as material defectiveness, ambient temperature, air humidity, etc.). Under the high voltage conditions, a high energy impulse causes breakdown discharge resulting in test equipment failure. In this article, several unique types of LC and RC filtering circuit models are proposed to protect the nonlinear dielectric conductivity measurement system. Simulation of the proposed design models are carried out using “MATLAB Simulink”. The simulation results revealed that all LC and RC filtering circuit models have a protective function for the test equipment, and can buffer the voltage-raising amplitude. By comparison, it is observed that the LC filtering circuit model has a better buffer-function than RC filtering circuit model. The LC filtering circuit can make the voltage-output curve more lenitive, and significantly increase the safety of measurement system. In addition, the comparison of single LC/RC and π LC/RC filtering circuit models show that the π LC/RC filtering circuit model has a better buffer function. Furthermore, in the high electric-field breakdown the π LC/RC model can make a less steeper voltage-output curve. The filtering principles of these kinds of filtering circuit models were discussed, and the correctness of simulation results were validated by experiments.

Design for Gusset Plate Buckling with Variable Stress Trajectories

Gusset plates are used in steel buildings and bridges to connect diagonal members to other framing members in the structural system. Gusset plates subjected to compression loads are currently modeled as rectangular columns with an effective cross section defined by a 30° stress trajectory known as the Whitmore Section. The buckling strength is calculated using the AISC column curve with empirical effective length factors. Previous research has shown local yielding allows the stresses to redistribute, increasing the effective width. Because the inelastic capacity decreases with gusset slenderness, a variable stress trajectory has been established which is dependent on the flexural buckling slenderness parameter. This paper describes a design method for the buckling strength of gusset plates using variable stress trajectory angles. The proposed effective length factors for the equivalent column were evaluated using data from existing research. The design model is valid for single- and double-plane corner gusset plates, including extended corner gusset plates commonly used for seismic design. Compared to the results of 162 specimens from 12 previously-published research projects, the proposed design model is shown to be more accurate than the methods that are currently available.

Mobile Apps Business Design and Development for Integrated Waste Management

The conditions in Indonesia are specifically described in the research results of Jenna R Jambeck and friends [1] stated that Indonesia was in second place contributing plastic waste to the sea after China, followed by the Philippines, Vietnam and Sri Lanka. Waste Bank is local wisdom initiative from Indonesia for the waste management. Waste banks are established in a special environment for around 1,000 residents and are usually managed by people and targeted to people who want to increase their income. Bank customers bring all non-organic waste to banks that are treated as deposits. Transactions are recorded preferably in the bank book that the customer keeps or alternates in the list stored by the bank. Many banks also accept organic waste while the rest support composting at home. Waste banks sell materials stored to agents or ultimately to waste bank central developed by government and supplied to company for reuse or recycling. So, waste deposits are converted into money that can be withdrawn when needed after a contribution of around 10% to 15% is reduced for bank operational costs. Community empowerment through the concept of a waste bank still needs the support of infrastructure and information technology facilities and profitable partnerships. The empowerment program for the citizens were conducted through counseling, education, training with as well as dialogue with the citizens in the targeted community. The community waste bank will not have the potential to grow without the involvement and support from the stakeholders. It becomes important to develop model and implement the partnerships, networking and institutional cooperation mechanism between the community, waste bank management, institution, business and government. The integrated partnership on waste management with system information support can generate creativity and innovation as well as to improve the welfare of the community. This paper discuss about designing mobile apps business development for integrated waste management system. It’s a proposed design model for apps and business model for waste management in Indonesia and other developing country.

Finite Element Modeling and Analysis of High Power, Low-loss Flux-Pipe Resonant Coils for Static Bidirectional Wireless Power Transfer

This paper presents the optimal modeling and finite element analysis of strong-coupled, high-power and low-loss flux-pipe resonant coils for bidirectional wireless power transfer (WPT), applicable to electric vehicles (EVs) using series-series compensation topology. The initial design involves the modeling of strong-coupled flux-pipe coils with a fixed number of wire-turns. The ohmic and core loss reduction for the optimized coil model was implemented by creating two separate coils that are electrically parallel but magnetically coupled in order to achieve maximum flux linkage between the secondary and primary coils. Reduction in the magnitude of eddy current losses was realized by design modification of the ferrite core geometry and optimized selection of shielding material. The ferrite core geometry was modified to create a C-shape that enabled the boosting and linkage of useful magnetic flux. In addition, an alternative copper shielding methodology was selected with the advantage of having fewer eddy current power losses per unit mass when compared with aluminum of the same physical dimension. From the simulation results obtained, the proposed flux-pipe model offers higher coil-to-coil efficiency and a significant increase in power level when compared with equivalent circular, rectangular and traditional flux-pipe models over a range of load resistance. The proposed model design is capable of transferring over 11 kW of power across an airgap of 200 mm with a coil-to-coil efficiency of over 99% at a load resistance of 60 Ω.

Performance and evaluation of calcined limestone as catalyst in biodiesel production from high viscous nonedible oil

AbstractBiodiesel production by transesterification of rubber seed oil (RSO) using calcium oxide (CaO) derived from calcined limestone as a heterogeneous catalyst is presented in this study. Optimization of process parameters affecting the conversion of RSO to biodiesel is done by design of experiments (DOE) and an effective comparison of two different optimization methods, namely, response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) is presented. A high conversion of 95.2% was obtained at 12:1 methanol: Oil molar ratio, 4 (wt%) catalyst and 5 hr of reaction time. The proposed design model of RSM is found to fit well with the predicted conversion and with molar ratio and reaction time as the significant process parameters affecting the conversion. Best validation performance of 8.8991 occurred at epoch 4 with a mean square error (MSE) of 1.55 in ANN model trained with Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. By comparing the predicted coefficient of determination, R2, values of 0.8452 obtained by using RSM, and 0.9939 obtained by using ANN for biodiesel conversion, it is concluded that ANN model is the best model for predicting the percentage conversion of RSO to biodiesel with minimum error between experimental and predicted values.

Bir Taş Ocağı için Ön Patlatma Tasarımı Geliştirilmesi ve Çevresel Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

The most commonly used excavation method in the mining, quarry and construction sectors is the drilling and blasting method. This method has many advantages as well as disadvantages in terms of environmental impacts. The most important adverse environmental effects caused by blasting can be said as vibration, air shock and dust emission. In order to minimize these environmental impacts, a proper blasting design plays an active role by taking the principles of controlled blasting into account. In this study, an appropriate pre-blasting design was performed to meet the production capacity increase in a quarry, and the environmental impacts of this design on the settlements and olive groves, which were determined as a critical structure near the quarry, were estimated. The risk of damage to critical structures is found to be low with assessment of the estimated peak particle velocity (PPV) values for the amount of charge per delay in the proposed blasting design model due to the fact that these values are well below the permissible threshold damage limits in the regulation. According to air shock and dust emission value analysis, the estimated values were found to be below the limit values given in the related regulations. As a result, it was determined that the proposed design model for the quarry is a suitable model in terms of its environmental impacts, but the design should be tested with the test shots in the field. 

Mixed mode I/II fatigue crack arrest in steel members using prestressed CFRP reinforcement

In the present study, a strengthening design approach is proposed for the mixed mode I/II fatigue crack arrest in existing structural steel members using prestressed unbonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. Through the analytical formulation of mode I and II stress intensity factor ranges, a design model is proposed to determine the strengthening solution, including the required prestressing level and/or the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement, which would ensure the complete arrest of an existing mixed mode I/II fatigue crack in a steel member. In parallel, sets of stepwise high-cycle fatigue tests were carried out on reference unstrengthened and prestressed CFRP-strengthened precracked steel plates of grade S355J2+N under various mode mixities. The experimental results revealed that the maximum tangential stress (MTS) criterion fairly predicts the state of the mixed mode I/II fatigue cracks (i.e., crack arrest or growth) in unstrengthened specimens, while the proposed design model provides a conservative estimation of the mixed mode I/II fatigue threshold in prestressed CFRP-strengthened specimens. Furthermore, the crack propagation characteristics of grade S355J2+N steel, i.e., Paris’ law parameters (C and m) and the crack closure parameter (U), were determined and demonstrated to be independent of the material rolling direction. Based on the analytical and experimental results of the current study, it can be concluded that the proposed model can be used for the safe design of strengthening solutions, which is an increasing need to extend the service life of existing fatigue-damaged steel structures; certain recommendations are provided in this regard for practical strengthening applications.

DC-side harmonic analysis and DC filter design in hybrid HVDC transmission systems

Hybrid high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission is a new transmission structure that uses line commutated converter (LCC) at the rectifier side and voltage source converter (VSC) at the inverter side. This study proposes a method to calculate DC side harmonic currents of hybrid HVDC transmission systems and design filters to mitigate DC-side low-frequency voltage pulsations. First, an equivalent harmonic analysis model of modular multilevel converter (MMC) is deduced according to the relationship among different harmonic components. The harmonic voltage expressions at DC side of 12-pulse LCC are deduced by combining the three-pulse harmonic voltage source model and FFT decomposition. On this basis, the expressions for harmonic currents are derived by multiplying the harmonic voltage transfer function and transfer admittance equation of DC network and are solved for the inverse Laplace transform. Two different types of DC filters are designed according to the requirements of DC filter on decaying specific order harmonic currents. The influence of partial element decay on the transfer characteristic of filter is analyzed, and appropriate partial component dissipation parameters are applied. The decay pole near the harmonic resonance frequency is configured to achieve reasonable DC-filtering results. Simulation results of a hybrid HVDC transmission system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed analysis model and filter design method.

A compact planar diplexer based on via-free CRLH TL for WiMAX and WLAN applications

AbstractIn this paper, design and development of a via-free composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH TL)-based diplexer for WiMAX and WLAN bands is reported. The diplexer is having two channels, where each channel consists of a separate bandpass filter (BPF). The BPF of both channels are designed on via-free CRLH TLs based on a newly proposed right-angled corner-modified split ring resonator (RAC-MSRR) structure. The RAC-MSRR incorporates meander paths because of which working scope of frequencies is focused for measured center frequencies (f1) 3.5 GHz with −3 dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 21.21% (BPF1 channel) and (f2) 5.6 GHz with −3 dB FBW of 13.29% (BPF2 channel). For diplexer design, T-section is used for joining two BPFs which results in very good isolation of more than 32.5 dB over the frequency band of 2.5–8.0 GHz. The designed diplexer has passband insertion loss of −0.87 dB at f1 and −1.25 dB at f2. Overall size of the fabricated diplexer including 50 Ω feed line is 18 × 15 mm2. Equivalent lumped circuit model parameters of the diplexer are obtained from the pseudo-inverse matrix technique. Measured results show good concurrence with simulated results and subsequently approve the proposed model design.