Proposed Integration Method Research Articles

Integrated Analysis of EEG and fMRI Using Sparsity of Spatial Maps.

Integration of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an open problem, which has motivated many researches. The most important challenge in EEG-fMRI integration is the unknown relationship between these two modalities. In this paper, we extract the same features (spatial map of neural activity) from both modality. Therefore, the proposed integration method does not need any assumption about the relationship of EEG and fMRI. We present a source localization method from scalp EEG signal using jointly fMRI analysis results as prior spatial information and source separation for providing temporal courses of sources of interest. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated quantitatively along with multiple sparse priors method and sparse Bayesian learning with the fMRI results as prior information. Localization bias and source distribution index are used to measure the performance of different localization approaches with or without a variety of fMRI-EEG mismatches on simulated realistic data. The method is also applied to experimental data of face perception of 16 subjects. Simulation results show that the proposed method is significantly stable against the noise with low localization bias. Although the existence of an extra region in the fMRI data enlarges localization bias, the proposed method outperforms the other methods. Conversely, a missed region in the fMRI data does not affect the localization bias of the common sources in the EEG-fMRI data. Results on experimental data are congruent with previous studies and produce clusters in the fusiform and occipital face areas (FFA and OFA, respectively). Moreover, it shows high stability in source localization against variations in different subjects.

Automatic Container Code Recognition From Multiple Views

Automatic container code recognition from a captured image is used for tracking and monitoring containers, but often fails when the code is not captured clearly. In this paper, we increase the accuracy of container code recognition using multiple views. A character-level integration method combines recognized codes from different single views to generate a new code. A decision-level integration selects the most probable results from the codes from single views and the new integrated code. The experiment confirmed that the proposed integration works successfully. The recognition from single views achieved an accuracy of around 70% for the test images collected on a working pier, whereas the proposed integration method showed an accuracy of 96%.

Novel integration method of measured acceleration to velocity and displacement based on zero initial condition

The displacement and velocity of a structure is very important in scientific research and practical engineering in the field of earthquake engineering, structural vibration control and structural health monitoring. Because of the limitation of technical specification and working conditions, most measured signals from experiments is acceleration, and it is necessary to integrate acceleration to get velocity and displacement. However, the absence of initial conditions often makes the integration process affected by significant “drift” errors. To solve this problem, a novel integration method is proposed, in which the zero points of velocity and displacement during steady state vibration are sought for and determined utilizing basic rules of vibration, and are regarded as the initial values of integration. Moreover, the “drift” caused by the error of sampling spacing and stochastic vibration is further removed by detrending the integrated displacement. Responses of a single degree of freedom structure and a multiple degree of freedom structure are simulated under harmonic and earthquake excitation. The maximum relative error between the calculated value and the accurate ones are compared. In the end, the proposed method is applied to five typical seismic motion records. The integrated velocity and displacement are compared with given ones, and it shows that the maximum relative error at extremes is less than 3%, which powerfully demonstrates that the proposed integration method is accurate and practical.

A New Method for the Estimation of Broadband Apparent Albedo Using Hyperspectral Airborne Hemispherical Directional Reflectance Factor Values

The broadband albedo values retrieved from satellite sensors are usually compared directly to ground measurements. Some authors have noted the necessity of high spatial resolution albedo estimates to fill the gap between ground measurements and satellite retrievals. In this respect, hyperspectral airborne data with high spatial resolution is a powerful tool. Here, a new operational method for the calculation of airborne broadband apparent albedo over the spectral range of 350–2500 nm is presented. This new method uses the Hemispherical Directional Reflectance Factor (HDRF) as a proxy for the narrowband albedo, assuming a Lambertian approximation. The broadband apparent albedo obtained is compared to that estimated using theapparent albedo equation devised for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Airborne data were collected using the Airborne Hyperspectral Scanner (AHS). Field data were acquired at three sites: a camelina field, a green grass field, and a vineyard. The HDRF can be used to approximate the narrowband albedo for all View Zenith Angle (VZA) values for flights parallel to the solar principal plane (SPP); for flights orthogonal to the SPP, discrepancies are observed when the VZA approaches −45°. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values in the range 0.009–0.018 were obtained using the new method, improving upon previous results over the same area (RMSEs of 0.01–0.03). The relative error in the albedo estimation using the new method is 12% for −36.2° < VZA < 40.8° in the case of flights parallel to the SPP and less than 15% for −13° < VZA < 45° and 45% for VZA = −45° for flights orthogonal to the SPP. The good performance of the new method lies in the use of the at-surface solar irradiance and the proposed integration method.

3D photodetecting structure with adjustable sensitivity ratio in UV–VIS range

A 3D-photodetecting structure with adjustable sensitivity ratio in the ultra violet (UV) to visible (VIS) range is presented. The device is aimed for spectroscopic sensor applications. It consists of two photodiodes, silicon (Si), and silicon carbide (SiC), and an electronic circuit with switchable gains. The SiC photodiode is mounted in the centre of the Si photodiode. The SiC photodiode electronic channel can be used to adjust the sensitivity in the UV range, while the Si photodiode channel can be used for near UV and VIS sensitivity adjustment. Optical properties of the 3D-photodetecting structure are characterized using a deuterium broadband source and a halogen source and light emitted diodes at selected wavelengths. The proposed construction is similar to a matrix of independent UV and VIS detectors mounted on a common base, but the proposed integration method reduces the number of photodiodes and accompanying electronic circuits to minimum, which is an advantage especially when fibre optic applications are considered.

湍流流场中激光传输的积分法研究

The integration method for the solution of the Maxwell equations with the Born approximation was less utilized in the aero-optic numerical simulation because of its difficulty in the discrete calculation. Combined with the generalized convolution-FFT (GCV-FFT) algorithm, the more accurate results were obtained from the numerical computation of the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction in the free space. With some modifications to the Green function and the sampling coefficients, the integration method can be used in the numerical simulation of aero-optics. The laser beam propagation through a supersonic boundary layer shows that the effects of aero-optics (beam break, beam shift, etc.) can be well simulated with the integration method combined with the generalized GCV-FFT algorithm. The numerical simulation results gotten with the proposed integration method would be closer to the problems’ physical essence due to its independence from the paraxial approximation.

A state space-based explicit integration method for real-time hybrid simulation

Real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) combines experimental testing with numerical simulation. It provides an alternative method to evaluate the performance of structures subjected to dynamic loading such as earthquake or wind. During RTHS, a numerical integration algorithm is employed to directly solve the equation of motion and generate command displacements for the experimental test structure online. This paper presents an improved explicit numerical integration method for RTHS based on discrete state space formulation. The improved integration method utilizes an extrapolation-based prediction procedure for command displacement by applying a zero-order hold. The predicted command displacement is then used to compute the final command displacement by applying a first-order hold. Both the stability and the accuracy of the proposed integration method are investigated using control theory and numerical and experimental simulations. The proposed method demonstrates improved performance compared with other integration methods. The robustness and feasibility of the proposed method were verified through experimental RTHS on two different computational platforms including a National Instruments system and a dSPACE embedded controller. The proposed method may also be implemented on other platforms containing an xPC target and MATLAB environment. By placing the algorithm on the dSPACE system, any dynamically rated actuator with a controller that can receive analog signal may be used for RTHS. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Joints Position Estimation of a Redundant Scara Robot by Means of the Unscented Kalman Filter and Inertial Sensors

AbstractA method is presented for estimating the position of rotational and prismatic joints of a novel SCARA‐type fault‐tolerant redundant manipulator using inertial sensors (accelerometers and gyroscopes). The estimation is based on the integration of the different sensors by means of the modified AUKF algorithm. The results of the evaluation of this integration scheme are compared with the CMRGD and DCMR methods, which are used for the estimation of the positions of rotational joints based on inertial sensors, showing a clear advantage of the proposed integration method over existing methods for estimating the joint angles, in addition to allowing the calculation of the position of prismatic joints.

Integration of fuzzy AHP and interval type-2 fuzzy DEMATEL: An application to human resource management

The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP) and fuzzy decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (fuzzy DEMATEL) have been used to obtain weights for criteria and relationships among dimensions and criteria respectively. The two methods could be integrated since it serves different purposes. Previous research suggested that the weights of criteria and the relationships among dimensions and criteria were obtained with the utilization of triangular type-1 fuzzy sets. This study proposes the integration of fuzzy AHP and interval type-2 fuzzy DEMATEL (IT2 fuzzy DEMATEL) where the interval type-2 trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are used predominantly. This new integration model includes linguistic variables in interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2 FS) and expected value for normalizing upper and lower memberships of IT2 FS. The integration was made when the weights obtained from fuzzy AHP were multiplied with expected values of IT2 fuzzy DEMATEL. The proposed integration method was tested to a case of human resources management (HRM). The results show that the criterion of education is more critical than the other criteria since it is a cause and directly influence HRM. The case study results verify the feasibility of the proposed method that suggested the criteria of education as the most influential criteria in managing human resources.

A Multievidence Approach for Crop Discrimination Using Multitemporal WorldView-2 Imagery

Despite using multiple input datasets for effective crop classification, it is important to select an appropriate method that efficiently integrates these multiple datasets to produce accurate classification results. In this paper, we present an endorsement theory-based crop classification approach that considers the qualitative information, in terms of prediction probabilities, from different input datasets and integrates them efficiently to produce final classification results. Three different input datasets are used in this study: 1) spectral; 2) texture; and 3) indices from multitemporal (spring, early summer) WorldView-2 multispectral imagery. A multilayer perceptron classifier is trained with the multitemporal datasets separately using a backpropagation learning algorithm, and prediction probabilities are produced for each pixel as evidence against each crop class. An integration rule based on endorsement theory is applied to these multiple evidence by considering their individual contribution, and the most probable class of a pixel is identified. Integration of the three multidate datasets by the proposed method is found to produce higher overall classification accuracy (91.2%) when compared to conventional winner-takes-all approach (89%). In order to determine which individual dataset is more useful for crop discrimination, the dataset's performance is compared using evidence and contributions produced in the proposed integration method for four selected crops, for both single- and multidate. The results of this analyses showed that seasonal textures information outperformed both spectral and indices. To verify this finding, results of individual dataset classification are examined. The highest overall classification accuracy of 88.8% is achieved by the use of multidate texture, where multidate spectral and indices resulted in 86.3% and 84.4%, respectively.

Stabilized and variationally consistent nodal integration for meshfree modeling of impact problems

Galerkin meshfree methods can suffer from instability and suboptimal convergence if the issue of quadrature is not properly addressed. The instability due to quadrature is further magnified in high strain rate events when nodal integration is used. In this paper, several stable and convergent nodal integration methods are presented and applied to transient and large deformation impact problems, and an eigenvalue analysis of the methods is also provided. Optimal convergence is attained using variationally consistent integration, and stability is achieved by employing strain smoothing and strain energy stabilization. The proposed integration methods show superior performance over standard nodal integration in the wave propagation and Taylor bar impact problems tested.

Integration Method and Test of IEC 61850 Client in Integrated Supervision and Control System of Substation

Currently, the information exchange between various systems in substation is difficult, and the scheme of integrated supervision and control system of substation can effectively promote the smooth flow of information in the substation. In this paper, by analyzing the Communication architecture of integrated supervision and control system, the devices that communicate following the IEC61850 standard in station layer are given, which all need to integrate IEC61850 client. Then an integration method of IEC61850 client is proposed, providing unified IEC61850 client for different devices in integrated supervision and control system of substation to reduce the risk of interoperability failure because of using different IEC61850 clients. While a communication test is conducted using IED simulator and communication gateway simulator to verify the feasibility of the proposed integration method.

A Numerical Solver Design for Extended-Term Time-Domain Simulation

Numerical methods play an important role in improving efficiency for power system time-domain simulation. Motivated by the need to perform high-speed extended-term time-domain simulation (HSET-TDS) for online purposes, this paper presents design principles for numerical solvers of differential algebraic systems associated with power system time-domain simulation, focusing on DAE construction strategies, integration methods, nonlinear solvers, and linear solvers. We have implemented a design appropriate for HSET-TDS, and we have compared the proposed integration method, Hammer-Hollingsworth 4 (HH4), with Trapezoidal rule in terms of computational efficiency and accuracy, using the New England 39-bus system, an expanded 8775-bus system, and PJM 13 029-bus system.

Integrated blue-sensitive polarization-dependent photodetector

Multioriented bilayer nanowire polarizers are integrated with photodetectors using only one-time nanoimprint lithography and metal deposition process. In order to keep the position of peak external quantum efficiency of the photodetector unchanged, the bilayer nanowire polarizer is designed to have the highest transmission at 440 nm. The photodetector is integrated with the polarizer after surface treatment. The performance of the fabricated device is then tested, and three characteristics are realized: light-intensity sensitive, polarization sensitive, and blue-light sensitive. The proposed integration method simplified the fabrication process, and the fabricated device avoids the alignment error which would be produced by using discrete elements. The results demonstrate that the proposed integration process is a promising method for fabricating photodetectors with polarization function.

An Integrated Neural Network Model for Domain Action Determination in Goal-Oriented Dialogues

Abstract —A speaker’s intentions can be represented by domain actions (domain-independent speech act and domain-dependent concept sequence pairs). Therefore, it is essential that domain actions be determined when implementing dialogue systems because a dialogue system should determine users’ intentions from their utterances and should create counterpart intentions to the users’ intentions. In this paper, a neural network model is proposed for classifying a user’s domain actions and planning a system’s domain actions. An integrated neural network model is proposed for simultaneously determining user and system domain actions using the same framework. The proposed model performed better than previous non-integrated models in an experiment using a goal-oriented dialogue corpus. This result shows that the proposed integration method contributes to improving domain action determination performance. Keywords —Domain Action, Speech Act, Concept Sequence, Neural Network

Dynamic integration between building energy simulation (BES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation for building exterior surface

Different site conditions create a site specific microclimate which has great influence on building energy consumption. However, current energy simulation lacks a response to microclimate and buildings are treated with outdoor conditions based on weather data from nearest metrological site. This paper describes the coupling methodology between building energy simulation (BES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in order to analyze the impact of microclimate to building performance. A BES and a CFD exchange parameters in a dynamic time step base manner. The external surface of the building is the interface through which parameters are exchanged between BES and CFD. BES provides surface temperatures as the boundary conditions for CFD, while CFD calculates the heat transfer coefficients as the input to BES in each time step through a controller. This paper reviews the recent development in integration between BES and CFD methodologies. After an overview of coupling, the paper develops an approach of outdoor integration between BES and CFD. The proposed integration method is tested for case building and the result will be discussed.

Low-Cost PCB-Integrated 10-Gb/s Optical Transceiver Built With a Novel Integration Method

A novel integration method for the production of cost-effective optoelectronic printed circuit boards (OE PCBs) is presented. The proposed integration method allows fabrication of OE PCBs with manufacturing processes common to the electronics industry while enabling direct attachment of electronic components onto the board with solder reflow processes as well as board assembly with automated pick-and-place tools. The OE PCB design is based on the use of polymer multimode waveguides, end-fired optical coupling schemes, and simple electro-optic connectors, eliminating the need for additional optical components in the optical layer, such as micro-mirrors and micro-lenses. A proof-of-concept low-cost optical transceiver produced with the proposed integration method is presented. This transceiver is fabricated on a low-cost FR4 substrate, comprises a polymer Y-splitter together with the electronic circuitry of the transmitter and receiver modules and achieves error-free 10-Gb/s bidirectional data transmission. Theoretical studies on the optical coupling efficiencies and alignment tolerances achieved with the employed end-fired coupling schemes are presented while experimental results on the optical transmission characteristics, frequency response, and data transmission performance of the integrated optical links are reported. The demonstrated optoelectronic unit can be used as a front-end optical network unit in short-reach datacommunication links.

Heterogeneously integrated optical system for lab-on-a-chip applications

This paper presents a heterogeneously integrated optical system for lab-on-a-chip applications. The system consists of microfluidic devices, optical waveguides, and a thin-film GaAs photodetector (PD) integrated onto a silicon dioxide (SiO2) coated silicon (Si) substrate. Thin-film format of III-V semiconductor based optical devices is used for efficient integration with other functional devices. An integrated thin-film PD with optical waveguides is successfully implemented to measure dynamical movements of micro droplets created in a microfluidic device. The proposed integration method provides an alternative approach to combine various functional devices in a single platform to create fully integrated lab-on-a-chip systems.

0701 渦法における時間積分法の改良(OS7-1 渦流れのダイナミクス,OS7 渦流れのダイナミクス)

In recent years, vortex methods have been used for numerical simulations of various flows. Vortex methods can directly simulate the time evolutions of vorticity field through Lagrangian calculation of the behavior of vortex elements discretizing vorticity fields. In order to extend the applicability of vortex methods, we propose a higher-order time integration method known as Hermite integration method in the field of non-colliding many-body systems called the gravitational N-body problem in Astrophysics. The key ideas of this method are based on derivation of the time derivatives of the Biot-Savart law and base on expanding the solution in the Taylor series. The proposed integration method is applied to simulate three and five vortex systems. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed integration method has substantially forth-order accuracy and is able to capture the motion of an eye of the Hurricane Isabel.

Cell controller design for RFID based flexible manufacturing systems

A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a complex system with high synchronicity. The cell controller is the central nervous system to control the entire FMS. It is no simple task to construct a good cell controller, able to effectively display synchronicity, solve conflicting events and analyse an entire system; thus, this study adopts the colour Petri net (CPN) method to construct and analyse the model, and utilises a multi-level distributed control framework to analyse the entire FMS, thus, solving all levels of control and coordination problems. This study also employs a modular design to develop an FMS cell controller based on radio frequency identification (RFID). Data values carried by CPN colour tokens, which represent real-time information, may be written to the RFID Tag. This article takes a virtual FMS in the MIBI Laboratory of the National Taipei University of Technology (NTUT) as the test object, and aims to write a program for a cell controller, which is connected with the virtual machines, and to validate the feasibility of the proposed integration method. Using a failure model analysis/repair line (FMA/R Line) of the Thin Film Transistor/Liquid Crystal Display (TFT-LCD) plant as an object for validation, this article discusses the feasibility of applying this method to a real production line. It is intended that the proposed method of developing a cell controller could serve as a reference template for tracking and control, facilitating the rapid introduction and application of RFID technology into industrial FMS in the future.