Proposed Injection System Research Articles

Investigation of unswept ramp system with lobe shape nozzle for fuel mixing of hydrogen jet at a scramjet engine

The role of efficient fuel mixing and a stable flame holder is crucial in enhancing the performance and capabilities of scramjet engines for high-speed flight. The present research paper has tried to disclose the fuel mixing efficiency of 3-lobe annular nozzle on the mixing mechanism of the fuel jet behind the strut. In addition, using internal air jet flow for increasing the circulation strength and fuel mixing behind the strut is also examined in this study. Numerical simulation of the flow and fuel jet behind the strut is done to reveal the main physics related to the mechanism of fuel mixing inside the combustor with the proposed injection system. The results of our simulation show that using annular 3-lobe fuel jet improve the fuel mixing via production of the multiple vortex pairs within the combustor behind the strut. The use of internal air jet also enhances the fuel mixing efficiency up to 90% in combustor of scramjet engine.

EEG Driven Autonomous Injection System For An Epileptic Neuroimaging Application.

Seizure episodes are frequently observed for adults and children suffering from medically refractory epilepsy and the events remain debilitating unless treated with a more comprehensive approach. Ictal perfusion studies with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is one of the non invasive imaging modality that has been extensively used to adequately localize the seizure focus. Current practices include the tracer injection within a short time interval at the onset of seizure to generate desirable SPECT scan quality with accurate information on foci region. However, the onset of a seizure is a highly unpredictable event and also with added subclinical events, the overall procedure makes it difficult to administer the tracer manually within the ideal time frame.Hence a complete autonomous injection of radioactive tracer element without manual intervention is expected to offer a highly accurate epileptical focus region and aids in further management of the patient. Electroencephalogram (EEG) physiological signals in the preictal phase contain sufficient indicators to predict the seizure event. The proposed injection system works on the seizure prediction model from the EEG signals to release the dosage, making the system completely autonomous in action. The accuracy of the prediction model based on the publicly available seizure embedded EEG datasets was designed to achieve 94% accuracy, and the model was deployed on an edge system. The syringe based injection system was characterized to emulate dosage release action with minimum volumetric error, and low injection time, on predicting seizure Ictal event from the EEG signal. The proposed system is a step towards developing an autonomous injection system for epileptic neuroimaging applications in hospital settings.Clinical relevance- Autonomous injection of tracer dosage for obtaining accurate and high quality Ictal SPECT scan results is preferred over the manual operation in clinical and hospital residential settings as a part of pre-surgical evaluations. The EEG signal based early prediction of seizure ensures adequate time for radioactive tracer element to reach the brain cells and eventually helps to accurately localize the onset region of seizure in the brain. The EEG driven automated injection system for the noninvasive Ictal SPECT method is clinically important as a pre-surgical evaluation in MRI negative or discordant cases for further surgical actions.

A Needle-Free Jet Injection System for Controlled Release and Repeated Biopharmaceutical Delivery.

Swift vaccination is necessary as a response to disease outbreaks and pandemics; otherwise, the species under attack is at risk of a high fatality rate or even mass extinction. Statistics suggest that at least 16 billion injections are administered worldwide every year. Such a high rate of needle/syringe injection administration worldwide is alarming due to the risk of needle-stick injuries, disease spread due to cross-contamination and the reuse of needles, and the misuse of needles. In addition, there are production, handling, and disposal costs. Needle phobia is an additional issue faced by many recipients of injections with needles. In addition to a detailed literature review highlighting the need for needle-free injection systems, a compressed air-driven needle-free jet injection system with a hydro-pneumatic mechanism was designed and developed by employing an axiomatic design approach. The proposed injection system has higher flexibility, uninterrupted force generation, and provides the possibility of delivering repeated injections at different tissue depths from the dermis to the muscle (depending on the drug delivery requirements) by controlling the inlet compressed air pressure. The designed needle-free jet injector consists of two primary circuits: the pneumatic and the hydraulic circuit. The pneumatic circuit is responsible for driving, pressurizing, and repeatability. The hydraulic circuit precisely injects and contains the liquid jet, allowing us to control the volume of the liquid jet at elevated pressure by offering flexibility in the dose volume per injection. Finally, in this paper we report on the successful design and working model of an air-driven needle-free jet injector for 0.2–0.5 mL drug delivery by ex vivo experimental validation.

High-Frequency BCI-Like Tests With a Stripline Injection Probe

This paper presents an innovative and compact injection system able to extend the possibility to perform bulk current injection (BCI) tests until 2 GHz (at least). The proposed structure is a Stripline injection cell ensuring the propagation of a progressive transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM). Within the structure, the victim cable is exposed to a tangential electric field of high amplitude corresponding to the TEM wave. In order to illustrate the interest and the performances of the proposed setup, a generic device under test is built. Then, when comparing the performances of the proposed system with a reverberation chamber from an immunity test point of view, it is shown that the proposed setup obtains similar performance until 2 GHz, in particular when comparing the power required to obtain a failure of the device under test. Due to its simple geometry, the proposed injection system is easy to model with a full-wave EM solver and does not present any nonlinear effect, two important advantages in comparison to classical toroidal magnetic probes used in BCI tests.

Advanced heterogeneous diesel combustion with ultra-low engine emissions and low fuel consumption levels

Increasingly stringent emissions regulations, limited reserves of fossil fuels and CO2-related climate effects have led to the demand for new and diversified engine and vehicle technologies. Compression ignition combustion processes currently offer the highest thermal efficiencies and therefore low specific fuel consumption. Nevertheless, conventional diesel engines face challenges in decreasing NO x and particulate emissions if they are to meet ever more stringent emission regulations. An overview of advanced Diesel technologies and possible ways to address these challenges will be presented in this paper. A recently developed combustion process will be highlighted in detail to demonstrate the emission reduction potential of heterogeneous diesel combustion while maintaining a high thermal efficiency. This combustion process is based on the spatial separation of the different part injections performed during one cycle and offers major advantages in terms of oxygen use, increased exhaust gas recirculation tolerance and significantly lower levels of pollutant formation. This injection strategy is realized by integrating a second injector into the cylinder head of a single cylinder research engine. This second injector is used for the pilot injection and the centrally placed standard injector is used for the main injection. This configuration allows the pilot and main fuels to be injected into different areas of the cylinder. Additionally, the flexible configuration of the proposed injection system allows easy implementation of alternative combustion processes such as homogeneous or partially premixed combustion.

New ceramic injection systems for hot chamber die casting of aluminium alloys

The quality of hot chamber die cast aluminium alloys can vary, due to differences of casting conditions, in particular the casting pressure. This is caused by the plunger tip galling during the casting process. To solve this problem, a new injection system is proposed using a flexible movable plunger tip and an insert type shot sleeve. With this system, the plunger tip can be turned around and slid into the piston holder, which facilitates smooth insertion of the plunger into the shot sleeve. The proposed insert type sleeve can be made with a strong structure. Moreover, even if the sleeve is partially fractured, it can easily be replaced. With the proposed injection system, high quality hot chamber die cast components can be created. In addition, the maintenance cost of the injection system is dramatically reduced.

Numerical analysis of an electrokinetic double‐focusing injection technique for microchip CE

The injection techniques in electrophoresis microchips play an important role in the sample-handling process, whose characteristics determine the separation performance achieved, and the shape of a sample plug delivered into the separation channel has a great impact on the high-quality separation performance as well. This paper describes a numerical investigation of different electrokinetic injection techniques to deliver a sample plug within electrophoresis microchips. A novel double-focusing injection system is designed and fabricated, which involves four accessory arm channels in which symmetrical focusing potentials are loaded to form a unique parallel electric field distribution in the intersection of injection channel and separation channel. The parallel electric field effectuates virtual walls to confine the spreading of a sample plug at the intersection and prevents sample leakage into separation channel during the dispensing step. The key features of this technique over other injection techniques are the abilities to generate regular and nondistorted shape of sample plugs and deliver the variable-volume sample plugs by electrokinetic focusing. The detection peak in the proposed injection system is uniform regardless of the position of the detection probe in the separation channel, and the peak resolution is greatly enhanced. Finally, the double-focusing injection technique shows the flexibility in detection position and ensures improved signal sensitivity with good peak resolution due to the delivered high-quality sample plug.

An automated injection system for sub-micron sized channels used in shear-driven-chromatography

This paper describes a method to automatically and reproducibly inject sharply delimited sample plugs in the shallow (i.e., sub-micron) channels typically used in shear driven chromatography. The formation of asymmetric plugs, which typically occurs during loading of the sample in wide channels, is circumvented by etching a slit in the middle of the channel that is connected to a micro-well and a vacuum system with syringes for the supply of both the analyte and the mobile phase. The design of the injection slit was supported by a series of CFD simulations to optimize its shape and that of the corresponding injection well. The system was intensively tested experimentally and showed good reproducibility, both for the width and the area of the injected peaks (relative standard deviations are max. 4 and 6%, respectively). The concentration of the injected plug was found to be approximately 80% of the original sample concentration. It was also observed that with the current setup the lower limit of the peak width was about 120 microm. This is a consequence of the fact that the peak width originating from the convection filling step becomes negligible to the contribution of diffusion during the filling and flushing time. Being fully automated and perfectly closed, the presently proposed injection system also paves the way to integrate other functionalities in shear driven chromatography, i.e. gradient elution and parallelization.

바이오 셀 조작용 지능 로봇 시스템

최근 바이오 관련산업의 발전과 함께 바이오 장비 및 장치들에 대한 연구 및 개발이 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 특히 바이오 세포 조작관련 연구들이 많이 진행되어 오고 있다. 일반적으로 바이오 세포들에 대해 기계적인 엔드 이펙터들이 조작을 위해 접촉될 때 과도한 힘이 발생될 경우가 발생하며 이런 힘들에 의해 세포막이나 조직들이 피해를 입을 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 상기 문제들을 극복하기 위해 바이오 세포 조작을 위한 새로운 시스템을 제안하였다. 제안된 시스템은 내장된 힘 센서를 이용하여 바이오 세포와 엔드 이펙터간의 발생 힘을 측정할 수 있다. 또한, 비전기술을 이용하여 엔드 이펙터의 피펫 팀을 바이오 세포막까지 정확하게 가이드 할 수 있다. 결과적으로 제안된 시스템은 바이오 세포에 피해를 주지 않고 안전하게 조작이 가능하다. 제안된 기술을 이용하여 실제 시작품을 제작하여 다양한 실험을 수행한 결과 향후 DNA 조작과 같은 바이오 세포 조작용 정밀 인젝션 시스템으로의 사용 가능성을 보여 주었다. Recently, instruments and systems related on biological technology have been enormously developed. Particularly, many researches for biological cell injection have been carried out. Usually, excessive contact force occurring when the end-effector and a biological cell contact might make a damage on the cell. Unfortunately, the excessive force could easily destroy the membrane and tissue of the cell. In order to overcome the problem, we proposed a new injection system for biological cell manipulation. The proposed injection system can measure the contact force between a pipette and a cell by using a force sensor. Also, we used vision technology to correctly guide the tip of the pipette to the cell. Consequently, the proposed injection system could safely manipulate the biological cells without any damage. This paper presents the introduction of our new injection system and design concepts of the new micro end-effector. Through a series of experiments the proposed injection system shows the possibility of application for precision biological cell manipulation such as DNA operation.

Numerical simulation of electrokinetic focusing in microfluidic chips

In this paper, we adopt the Nernst–Planck equation and the full Navier–Stokes equation in the modeling of electro-osmotic flow in microfluidic chips. A voltage control model is proposed, which achieves electrokinetic focusing in a pre-focused cross injection system and which allows the volume of the sample to be controlled. In addition to the traditional cross system, we also present a design for a novel pre-focused 1 × 3 (i.e. one sample inlet port and three outlet ports) injection system, which is capable of continuous sample switching and injection for bio-analytical applications. Using the proposed injection system, the sample may be electrokinetically pre-focused and then guided into the required outlet port by suitable manipulations of the applied voltage. The unique microfluidic chip presented within this paper has an exciting potential for use in high-throughput chemical analysis, fast sample mixing and many other applications in the field of micro-total-analysis systems.

A proposed injection system for HLS

Hefei synchrotron radiation Light Source (HLS) presently has three kickers for electron injection. It is a lattice-dependent system, and different lattices will form different shapes of bump orbits. In the upgrading of HLS, a compact, lattice-independent injection system will be adopted. This paper looks into the possibilities of using quadrupole-magnet trim coils to produce assistant DC injection bumps and then to decrease the required amplitude of kicker bump. Some calculation results of injection schemes are discussed.

Repetitive liquid injection system for inverse gas chromatography

A hybrid injection system composed of a closed-loop vaporization chamber with a gas sampling valve is described. The system allows liquid injection into the vaporization loop with subsequent multiple injections of the vaporized solute(s) via the gas sampling valve (GSV). Very small amounts of probe solutes can be injected without a dilution solvent, and the vaporization loop acts as a “retention gap” for capillary columns. The use of a pneumatically controlled valve injector provides very accurate and reproducible injection volumes at precise time intervals. Combination of precisely timed injections with temperature programming of the column oven produces continuous chromatograms and retention data at controlled temperature increments. The proposed injection system eliminates the need for split injectors; it is cleaner than normal in-line injectors because nonvolatile samples cannot reach the column; and the instrumentation is easily automated. The major disadvantages are the restriction that the samples must be volatile at temperatures lower than the upper temperature limit of the valve rotor; the GSV is susceptible to both contamination and mechanical failure; the sample can be exposed to metal components of the valve; and initial distribution of the sample throughout the closed-loop vaporization chamber may be slow.

An Experimental Study on the Performance of a Multifuel Engine : (Part 2. Effect of Pilot Injection of Fuel)

The idea that the ignition lag of the main spray can be reduced by a preceding injection of pilot spray has been investigated several times. This means was found effective to realize multifuel operation of a conventional diesel engine. In order to realize pilot injection, many ideas have been conceived, but in this study two independent injection pumps and one common nozzle were employed. First, an investigation was made to determine whether injection characteristics of the proposed injection system were suitable for practical engine operation or not, and desirable results could be obtained. Secondly, we attempted at the operation of a pre-chamber diesel engine on low cetane fuel, and excellent results could be obtained with pilot injection if automotive gasoline was used. And the reduction in the ignition lag of the main fuel was caused mainly by the pre-reaction of the pilot fuel.