Propose Strategies For Improvement Research Articles

Piloting Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation Within the Routine Antenatal Care System in Ethiopia: Insights From Stakeholders.

In low and middle-income countries, addressing maternal and child nutrition needs is crucial. Prenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation (MMS) holds promise in reducing low birthweight and preterm births. Ethiopia is considering a transition from the provision of iron-folate supplementation to the provision of MMS in antenatal care, guided by WHO guidelines. This paper explores stakeholders' early perceptions and experiences in piloting that transition in five Ethiopian regions, informing decision making about future policy and scale-up. We used a qualitative study involving interviews and document reviews to assess the MMS pilot, analyzing themes with Nvivo 12 software. Key informant interviews revealed challenges such as supply chain issues and funding constraints, along with proposed improvement strategies such as closer coordination within existing structures. The importance of engaging with communities to create demand was emphasized, as was the need for capacity-building efforts utilizing existing staff in the health system with a clear plan for ongoing refresher training. Finally, enhancing the monitoring and evaluation framework, including a dedicated regional team for supportive supervision, was vital for accountability. In conclusion, prioritizing supply chain strengthening, community engagement through demand creation, coordination, and continuous capacity building for healthcare workers were thought to be crucial for the MMS program's success. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05708183 Registered 01 February 2023-Retrospectively registered, https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05708183.

Metacognitive problem solving: exploration of students’ perspectives through the lens of multi-dimensional engagement

Solving chemical problems entails content knowledge and mastery of problem-solving processes. However, students sometimes lack metacognitive processes required for problem solving in chemistry. This study investigated how first-year chemistry students engaged with the metacognitive problem-solving scaffold Goldilocks Help. Data was collected from an activity, which involved students reflectively comparing their problem-solving attempts to an expert solution. These comparative reflections (N = 373) were thematically analysed to investigate scaffold engagement in three dimensions: cognitive, emotional, and behavioural. Findings showed that scaffold use, coupled with self-reflection, allowed students to identify flaws in their solutions that were either problem specific or related to their problem-solving skills. Students were able to propose improvement strategies, such as posing prompting questions to themselves and finding multiple alternatives for evaluating an answer. Students, who initially lacked structured problem-solving skills, found that scaffolding helped them to slow down metacognitive processes that would otherwise be rushed through or engaged with on a surface level. Students’ resistance to the scaffold was due to fear of making a mistake or viewing the scaffold as requiring extra time and effort. Within a semester, many students demonstrated an improvement in successful and structured problem solving but some required more practice to internalise the scaffold. Our findings also indicated that students’ reflections on problem solving became more sophisticated as a result of continued exposure to the scaffold and iterative opportunities to compare their work to expert solutions, to self-assess, and to reflect. Further research on reflective writing in chemistry education should focus on the ipsative nature of such assessments, i.e. processes focusing on students’ own progress, growth, and improvement, compared to their previous performance, while recognising the power relations operationalised in course-embedded reflections. From the teaching practice perspective, having an awareness of students’ thoughts, emotions, and actions can help instructors differentiate between levels of student capabilities, mindsets, and needs for extra support, allowing teaching efforts to be directed at promoting metacognitive and structured problem solving.

Using the INRS QECPT method for ergonomic assessment and prevention strategies in an Algerian maternity ward

Introduction: Physical workload is a significant challenge in maternity wards, where healthcare workers face intense demands such as patient handling, prolonged postures, and repetitive efforts. This study, conducted in an Algerian maternity ward, uses the INRS (National Institute for Research and Safety) method to evaluate physical workload, identify biomechanical, organizational, and environmental risks, and propose improvement strategies. Methods: This study followed a structured three-step approach. First, risks were identified and prioritized using ergonomic indicators to highlight critical situations. Second, a detailed evaluation of physical workload was conducted based on five dimensions: physical effort, staffing levels, temporal constraints, organizational factors, and environmental conditions. Risks were stratified into moderate and high levels to focus on key areas for intervention. Finally, preventive strategies were proposed to reduce constraints and improve working conditions for healthcare workers. Results: Out of 31 work situations analyzed, 47.2% exhibited moderate to high-risk levels. The gynecology, high-risk pregnancy, and neonatology units concentrated critical constraints, including prolonged postures and intense physical efforts. Conclusion: The study highlights key priorities such as improving ergonomic equipment and reorganizing workflows to reduce physical strain and preserve healthcare workers’ health while ensuring quality patient care. This provides a foundation for targeted preventive strategies.

Research on the Current Situation of High School English Teaching

English is crucial for high school students. In addition to being a crucial subject for college entrance exams, English is also the key to opening the window to the world. As globalization speeds up and the number of cross-border interactions rises, English teaching plays a crucial role in Chinas education system. Moreover, English is also a required course on the college entrance exam, one of the most significant tests that high school students must take. Therefore, this article will study the current status of high school English reading, listening, writing, and grammar teaching and propose improvement strategies. There are still many problems in current English teaching, such as single teaching methods, insufficient student interest in learning, and outdated teaching resources. When facing problems in high school English teaching, teachers, schools, and other parties need to do their best to work together to improve and perfect the current situation of high school English teaching.

Research on the Current Status and Improvement Methods of Electrolytes for Lithium ion Batteries

Owing to their high energy density among other beneficial features, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) enjoy extensive application across sectors including aerospace engineering, civil transportation, and electronic device manufacturing. Nonetheless, the LIBs electrolyte presents certain drawbacks, which contribute to the diminishing performance of these batteries and pose risks to environmental safety. Considering these issues, the paper begins by presenting the operational principles of LIBs and examining the constituents of the electrolyte and discusses the roles of the individual components. Then, the causes of the problems and proposes improvement strategies are summarized. The working stability of LIBs at extreme temperatures can be improved by a series of measures, such as adding flame retardants and optimizing the composition of electrolytes. The aim of the research is to resolve the current problems with LIBs electrolytes and enhance the applicability and stability of LIBs in various practical situations.

2015 개정 및 2022 개정 교육과정에 따른 '즐거운 생활' 교육과정과 교과서의 음악 학습 내용 비교

As the 2022 revised curriculum was implemented, significant changes emerged in the content structure and textbook system of the elementary school integrated curriculum. This study aims to investigate how the "Pleasant Life" curriculum and the music learning content in elementary school textbooks impact music education. To this end, the study first compares the characteristics of the "Joyful Life" curriculum in the 2015 and 2022 revised curriculum. Second, the study analyzes in detail the characteristics of songs and music learning activities included in the integrated textbooks of both periods. Third, it identifies the challenges faced in music education for first and second-grade students within the integrated curriculum system and proposes improvement strategies to address these issues. The findings reveal that while the 2022 revised curriculum emphasizes teacher and student autonomy, it does not adequately support foundational music learning. Specifically, as the difficulty of songs in the textbooks increased and music activities decreased, students lacked sufficient opportunities for meaningful musical experiences. Therefore, to ensure effective music education for lower grades, music instruction should be delivered separately from integrated subjects, with a more systematic and developmentally appropriate approach. Additionally, there is a need to present musical scores in varied formats and include easier songs in textbooks. Improvements should also focus on designing music learning activities that align with the developmental stages of young learners, making musical concepts easier to understand and learn systematically.

A-188 Modal Failure and Effects Analysis, FMEA methodology, as a strategy to increase patient safety

Abstract Background Patient safety during the clinical care process is considered a priority in healthcare. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a proactive and systematic method of process evaluation and is used to identifying where and how each phase of the analytical process could fail allowing the detection of the causes and the effects they produce on the quality of the results that are issued. A regular use of this tool makes possible to identify the most critical steps, propose improvement strategies and evaluate their impact. The aim of the study is to evaluate applicability of the FMEA tool to identify errors in the pre analytical, analytical, and post analytical phase of a clinical laboratory as well as the main causes and effects, to reduce them by proposing improvement strategies Methods For each phase into which the laboratory activity is divided, the frequency and type of errors that are made and their final consequences on the patient are evaluated. A risk index (NPR=OxDxS) is calculated for each error considering the frequency with which it occurs (O), the ease with which it is detected (D) and the severity of the consequences on the patient (S). Values goes from 1 (rarely) to 10 (often). Improvement actions are proposed for all errors with a risk index greater than 100 and this index is re-evaluated after the implementation of that improvement measures. This same analysis is performed for three times over the last 10 years (in 2014, 2019 and 2023). Results In FMEA analysis carried out in 2014, a total of 40 errors were identified in the pre-analytical phase (63.5% of the total), 12 in the analytical phase and 11 in the post-analytical phase. 50% of the total errors detected required improvement strategies because they had an NPR≥100 value. In the 2023 evaluation, a total of 27 errors were identified in the pre-analytical phase, 10 in the analytical phase, and 5 in the post-analytical phase but only 6 required improvement strategies, which represents an 80% reduction in the most critical errors for patient safety. However, the pre-analytical phase continues to be the most critical, as it continues to account for 64% of the total errors identified, including the lack of identification of the patient or sample and the inadequate prior preparation of the patient. In analytical and post-analytical phases, the NPR values obtained in 2023 decrease significantly over analysis carried out in 2014 and its not needed to apply improvement strategies. Automation and the IT tools significantly reduce the number of errors with high NPR values, but it is undoubtedly the involvement of service professionals that makes the difference over the years. Conclusions The use of the FMEA methodological tool allows the design of appropriate indicators to detect and reduce errors in the clinical laboratory. Its application as part of a good quality control allows a continuous improvement in the laboratory process and consequently a guarantee of quality for the patient

기회형 창업자와 생계형 창업자의 인식을 반영한 창업생태계 활성화 방안: IPA 및 추세 분석

This study aims to explore activation strategies for the Korean entrepreneurial ecosystem by reflecting the perceptions of both opportunity-driven and necessity-driven entrepreneurs. Using Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) and trend analysis, we evaluate key components of the entrepreneurial ecosystem and analyze the perception differences between the two types of entrepreneurs. The results indicate significant differences in how opportunity-driven and necessity-driven entrepreneurs perceive the importance and performance of startup support policies, providing valuable policy implications. Specifically, opportunity-driven entrepreneurs highly evaluated the performance of funding and government support programs, whereas necessity-driven entrepreneurs emphasized the importance of social safety nets and tax policies. Based on these perception differences, this study proposes improvement strategies for the entrepreneurial ecosystem, aiming to enhance the survival rate of startups and promote sustainable growth. The findings offer critical policy insights to better support the diverse needs of entrepreneurs.

Dual improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on multivalent bifunctional nanobody and polymerized horseradish peroxide for the ultrasensitive detection of Ochratoxin A in coffee samples

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is favored for its high throughput, low cost, and simplicity, but the limited sensitivity of the traditional colorimetric ELISA restricts its wider application. Therefore, developing improvement strategies to enhance its sensitivity is a current research hotspot. In this work, we developed a multivalent bifunctional nanobody (Nb28-C4-SBP) by fusing a nanobody gene (Nb28) against ochratoxin A (OTA) with a self-assembling peptide (C4) and a streptavidin-conjugated peptide (SBP), which can introduce streptavidin-conjugated polymerized horseradish peroxidase (SA-PolyHRP) as a probe into the detection system. Subsequently, a dual improved ELISA (DI-ELISA) was developed using the higher affinity multivalent bifunctional nanobody (Nb28-C4-SBP) and the more enzyme-loaded probe (SA-PolyHRP) for the ultrasensitive detection of OTA in coffee samples. The DI-ELISA demonstrated a detection limit of 1 pg/mL, which was about 20-fold lower than that of the Nb28-C4-SBP and SA-HRP based ELISA and 266-fold lower than that of the Nb28-SBP and SA-PolyHRP based ELISA, respectively. In summary, we developed an ultrasensitive, rapid, and simple immunoassay for detecting OTA in coffee samples. Additionally, the proposed improvement strategy based on multivalent nanobody and polymerized horseradish peroxide is straightforward to operate and holds great potential for enhancing the sensitivity in various immunoassays.

Perceptual Attributes Identification and Importance–Performance Alignment Assessment of Urban Underground Complex: A Case Study in Chengdu Tianfu Square

Background and objectives: The urban underground complex integrates comprehensive architecture and subterranean space, presenting physical and psychological complexities. To mitigate the negative experiences associated with this complexity, we need to explore, in depth, how the built environmental elements of underground complexes affect user perception to design a comfortable, healthy, and biophilic underground space. Methods: We selected Tianfu Square, a typical underground complex in Chengdu, China, as the empirical case. We identified 26 key environmental indicators affecting user perception and designed Kano and satisfaction questionnaires based on these indicators. A total of 476 questionnaires were distributed to collect data on users’ attitudes towards changes in element quality and their satisfaction levels. By integrating the Kano model and IPA method, we defined the perceptual attributes of elements based on their impact on user experiences and assessed the alignment between element attributes and satisfaction. Results: We categorized the elements into five perceptual types: attractive, one-dimensional, indifferent, must-be, and reverse attributes, and assigned corresponding importance levels. We then compared the importance and performance scores of these elements, evaluated their satisfaction alignment, identified elements needing optimization, and proposed improvement strategies. Implications: This research provides valuable guidance for designers on how various built environment elements in underground spaces influence user perceptions, with practical implications for urban underground complex planning and design.

Research on enhancing the efficiency of food safety sampling inspections in China based on Pareto's law.

Food safety is pivotal for public welfare and directly impacts consumer health. Food safety sampling inspections (FSSIs) are essential in detecting unqualified food products and non-compliant manufacturers, which form an integral part of government regulatory frameworks. However, given the constraints on budgetary resources, improving the efficiency of food safety sampling inspections (EFSSIs) remains a considerable challenge in China's food quality and safety supervision. This study aims to apply Pareto's law, starting from the examination of food sample testing items and major hazard types, to theoretically analyze methods for improving the EFSSIs. Following the theoretical analysis, the research employs provincial food sampling data from China in 2022 to empirically validate the proposed improvement strategies. The research findings indicate that applying Pareto's law significantly reduces the number of items that should be tested for each food subcategory, effectively lowering testing costs for each batch of food samples. Theoretically, employing Pareto's law in sampling inspections can increase the EFSSIs to 2.78 times the current observed level. Furthermore, empirical validation using food sampling data confirms that EFSSIs can be improved to 2.12 times the existing level, consistent with theoretical predictions. Implementing Pareto's law in FSSIs facilitates the detection of more unqualified food products and non-compliant manufacturers without additional financial burden, significantly enhancing the EFSSIs. This approach provides an innovative strategy for government to bolster their food safety management efforts. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

LUD-YOLO: A novel lightweight object detection network for unmanned aerial vehicle

Autonomous execution of tasks by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) relies heavily on object detection. However, object detection in most images presents challenges such as complex backgrounds, small targets, and obstructions. Additionally, the limited computing speed and memory of the UAV processor affects the accuracy of conventional object detection algorithms. This paper proposes LUD-You Only Look Once (YOLO), a small and lightweight object detection algorithm for UAVs based on YOLOv8. The proposed algorithm introduces a new multiscale feature fusion mode that solves the degradation in feature propagation and interaction through the introduction of upsampling in the feature pyramid network and the progressive feature pyramid network. The application of the dynamic sparse attention mechanism in the Cf2 module achieves flexible computing allocation and content awareness. Furthermore, the proposed model is optimized to be sparse and lightweight, making it possible to deploy on UAV edge devices. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of LUD-YOLO were verified on the VisDrone2019 and UAVDT datasets. The results of ablation and comparison experiments show that compared with the original algorithm, LUDY-N and LUDY-S have shown excellent performance in various evaluation indexes, indicating that the proposed improvement strategies make the model have better robustness and generalization. Moreover, compared with multiple other popular competitors, the proposed improvement strategies enable LUD-YOLO to have the best overall performance, providing an effective solution for UAVs object detection while balancing model size and detection accuracy.

Differences in Language Communication Between Chinese and American Cultures

With globalization advancing, intercultural communication has become frequent, making language crucial for cultural exchange. As influential countries, China and the United States exhibit significant cultural differences in their communication styles. Chinese culture values politeness and subtlety, often favoring indirect expression, while American culture emphasizes direct and clear communication. These differences extend to non-verbal communication as well. Understanding and respecting these differences is essential for enhancing cooperation in politics, economy, and education. This paper explores the main differences in language communication between Chinese and American cultures, analyzes the misunderstandings and conflicts these differences cause, and proposes improvement strategies. The goal is to provide insights for intercultural communication, education, and training to cultivate global talents and foster a harmonious international environment. The paper is divided into five parts: the first introduces the relationship between language and culture and the cultural backgrounds of China and the United States; the second analyzes cultural differences in language communication; the third explores misunderstandings and conflicts; the fourth proposes strategies for improving intercultural communication; and the fifth summarizes the findings and suggests future research directions.

Characterization and description of beekeeping agroecosystems in Hopelchén, Campeche, Mexico

Objective: to characterize honey bee (Apis mellifera) production systems in the municipality of Hopelchén, Campeche, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: the sample was made up by 10% of the beekeepers in Holpechén, identified through the snowball method. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed with 94 questions grouped into five sections (general information, structure of the systems, product trade, technologies used, and decision making). The questionnaire was applied through the technique of interviewing those responsible for the 118 beekeeping production systems. The information obtained with the questionnaires was analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: beekeeping is an important productive activity in the region of Los Chenes and La Montaña in Hopelchén, which are undergoing the process of generational replacement and are currently maintained by young adult producers who are younger than 45 years old. They own 55 hives on average per producer, which are located at a distance of 7.7 km from their households. The main technology is the use of sugar for feed, by 50% of producers, followed by the diagnosis of Varroa infestation and determination of moisture with 35 and 21.5% of beekeepers. Limitations on study/implications: the limited access to regions with beekeeping potential, as well as the lack of monitoring by outside staff, does not ease open-mindedness of beekeepers toward researchers. Findings/conclusions: the characterization of beekeeping production systems with high potential allows proposing improvement strategies to promote the development of small-scale producers.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SIX SIGMA AND KAIZEN TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF HEALTH PLASTER PRODUCTS IN THE COATING PROCESS

General Background: Product quality control is essential to ensure consistent quality from the beginning to the end of the production process. Specific Background: PT. FGH faces significant quality challenges, specifically during the health plaster coating stage, which has resulted in numerous product defects. Knowledge Gap: Although previous research has applied Six Sigma for quality improvement, detailed studies on health plaster manufacturing using combined Six Sigma and 5S Kaizen methodologies remain limited. Aims: This study aims to assess the product defect rate at PT. FGH using the Six Sigma methodology, measure defect levels via the sigma level through Defect Per Million Opportunities (DPMO) conversion, and propose improvement strategies through 5S Kaizen. Results: Findings reveal a DPMO of 7,039.4959, with a sigma level of 3.96, indicating that while the process capability values for Cp and Cpk are 1.00, suggesting production aligns with specification limits, tighter monitoring is required. Notably, product defects are predominantly folding, perforated edges, and asymmetry, comprising 80% of defects and leading to financial losses of IDR 340,524,744 over a one-year period. Novelty: This study uniquely combines Six Sigma and 5S Kaizen in addressing specific defect types and sources, including mechanical and human factors, within the health plaster industry. Implications: By implementing targeted process improvements, this research contributes a practical framework for defect reduction and cost mitigation in production, supporting broader quality control efforts in similar manufacturing sectors.

소방 지휘훈련체계 개선방안에 대한 연구 - 영국 소방의 현장지휘기술(THINCS) 시스템 분석을 중심으로

This study aims to propose improvement strategies for the incident command(IC) training system. To achieve the objective, a comparative analysis of IC training systems in the UK and Korea was conducted and the discussion-based interviews were carried out with the subject matter experts consisting of 10 current and former instructors, facilitators, raters, and firefighters with evaluation experience. For improvements in the IC training system, it is essential to first develop non-technical skills for domestic ICs that enable them to organically respond to on-site situations and to introduce terminology for discussing these capabilities. Additionally, moving away from uniform assessments, the evaluation system should be reformed to focus on capabilities observed during training sessions, and the current segmented command training should be integrated to strengthen core competencies in a phased enhancement of the system. Furthermore, through pre-education of raters, consistency and uniformity in evaluations should be ensured, while also establishing a system that reduces reliance on VR and enables team-or department-level continuous training.

Research on the Professional Development for Senior High School English Teachers Under the Background of New Curriculum Standards

The professional development of teachers is essential for adapting to evolving educational standards and improving teaching effectiveness. This study investigates the professional development needs of senior high school English teachers under the background of New Curriculum Standards in China. It examines current practices, identifies key components of effective professional development, and proposes improvement strategies. The New Curriculum Standards emphasizes student-centered learning, competency-based education, and technology integration. Key findings highlight the importance of sustained learning, relevance, active engagement, collaboration, and reflective practice. Customized training programs, supported by mentorship and flexible learning options, are essential. Technology integration in professional development is crucial for providing access to online resources and fostering continuous learning. Despite these strengths, the study identifies areas for improvement, including personalized training, follow-up support, and time management. Future research should focus on the long-term effects of professional development programs and their impact on teaching effectiveness and student outcomes.

Regulatory Compliance of Cosmetic Products in Kenya: A Narrative Review on Quality and Safety

This study reviews the regulatory compliance of cosmetic products in Kenya, with a focus on consumer risks and potential public health impact. A narrative review study design was employed and a literature search was conducted using government reports, publications, academic databases, and other relevant sources. Keywords such as cosmetic industry challenges and cosmetic regulation in Kenya were employed to search the literature for papers. Data focusing on regulatory frameworks, enforcement mechanisms, adverse reactions, and industry challenges was then extracted and discussed in the form of a narration. The growth of the cosmetic industry, fueled by urbanization, a rising middle class, and increased grooming awareness, has attracted both local and international investors, presenting challenges in maintaining product quality and safety standards. Seven cases of adverse reactions related to cosmetics were reported by Pharmacy and Poisons Board between 2018-2023. The current study identifies noteworthy challenges by examining Kenya’s regulatory framework, led by the Pharmacy and Poisons Board and the Kenya Bureau of Standards. Enforcement disparities within international standards, variance in regulations on prohibited ingredients, inconsistent labeling requirements, industry dynamics, and counterfeiting, compounded with the complex nature of safety assessments raise concerns for cosmetic regulators, distributors, and manufacturers. The study highlights existing gaps in regulatory oversight emphasizing the necessity of robust enforcement mechanisms. Compliance assessments by KEBS and PPB encompass the evaluation of ingredients, formulations, microbial contamination, packaging, and labeling. Factors contributing to regulatory noncompliance include poor product quality aggravated by supply chain complexities in the vast and diverse sector. The cosmetic cottage industry inadvertently presents a quality risk to consumers due to limited process and testing capacity. Reported adverse reactions, particularly to mercury-containing skin-lightening products, raise concerns about public health implications. This study advocates for continuous product monitoring and heightened vigilance. The review proposes improvement strategies, emphasizing a dynamic regulatory approach, periodic ingredient reviews, a centralized product approval system, and alignment with global manufacturing standards. Targeted consumer education initiatives focusing on product quality attributes, adverse reaction reporting, label reading, and counterfeit awareness are recommended.

Internal control system in commercial companies of Cuenca – Ecuador

This study focuses on evaluating the internal control system in commercial companies in Cuenca and proposing improvement strategies based on the results. The methodology adopted combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, using an instrument based on the COSO methodology. This questionnaire consists of 63 closed questions, to collect information about the 5 components of internal control, the sample was made up of 14 companies. The evaluation was divided into four phases: I. Planning, II. Execution, III. Results and IV. Improvement plan. The results are positive for trust, in the system and for its components with ranges between 76% and 85%. While trust in supervision or monitoring was evaluated as moderate. Finally, the identified weaknesses were addressed by drawing up an improvement plan in some companies belonging to the studied population.

A thorough assessment of various forest management planning initiatives and development of improvement strategies towards an ecosystem-based planning

Management planning for forests in Turkey has undergone gradual evolution over the last century. Developing and implementing a comprehensive management planning framework present significant challenges. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of various forest management planning approaches implemented across the country over different time periods, with overarching planning principles. It formulates a robust planning framework and proposes improvements grounded in scientific advancements and international standards. The assessment indicated that the management plans were developed using reputable scientific methods and principles aimed at ensuring the sustainable management of forest resources with certain strengths and opportunities presented by SWOT analysis. All management plans shared a common planning concept primarily focused on maximizing wood production through the area-control harvest scheduling method (except for continuous cover forest, which employed the single tree selection method). Each management plan established its unique vision, targets, policies, objectives, and planning guidelines. Forest inventory data were gathered through a combination of ground surveys and remotely sensed data to characterize and stratify the landscape. A robust in-house management authority and governance system with appropriate technical capacity and guidelines were developed and implemented, fostering a sound common working culture and tools. However, some notable drawbacks were identified, including political pressure, biomass/carbon accounting, growth-yield modelling, economic analysis, limited characterization of the full range of ecosystem services, risk and uncertainty analysis, food security and, particularly, long-term sustainability and scenario analysis with the appropriate decision-making tools and methods. Despite a few strengths, these limitations may raise concerns about the far-sighted design and application, potentially jeopardizing the sustainable management of forest ecosystems. Proposed improvement strategies for an efficient forest ecosystem management planning system include characterization of ecosystem services, modelling their productivity, scenario analysis with a decision support system, stakeholder involvement, balancing utilization and conservation targets, conducting risk and uncertainty analysis and economic analysis of management actions.