Proposed Description Method Research Articles

О МОДАЛЬНОЙ СЕМАНТИКЕ И СЕМИОТИЧЕСКИХ ИНСТРУМЕНТАХ ПОСТРОЕНИЯ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ ПАМЯТИ

Historical memory represents the past by some semiotic tools: narratives, symbols, monuments, rituals, etc. The semantic criteria of truevalue assessment are not compatible with such representations. However, collective memory narratives pretend to be based on historical facts and represent the historical reality as it was. We suggest considering historical memory and its representation as a multilevel semantic system. The proposed description method is based on modal semantics, where the meaning of the language expression is considered as a system of domains of interpretation (reference) linked by modal relations. As applied to a historical discourse where the direct correspondence of fact and its description is impossible, it is not the reality itself but its representation that constitutes a domain of reference. It demonstrates that such an approach makes it possible to extrapolate on historical discourse the consideration of the semantic system of language as a mechanism intended for a description of possible states of affairs (Wittgenstein), and to identify, on the one hand, the correlation between such heterogeneous characteristics as modality, causality and textuality, and on the other, between theories describing such aspects of historical narratives. In the frame of the semantics of possible worlds, it is possible to reinterpret Aristotle’s well-known statement on the distinction and correlation between historical and poetic narratives. Yu. Lotman’s ideas about both prospective and retrospective views make it possible to demonstrate the interaction of modal and temporal operators in historical discourse.

Safety Assurance Case Description Method for Systems Incorporating Off‐Operational Machine Learning and Safety Device

AbstractTechnology in the field of machine learning (ML) has been advanced in recent years. There have been discussions for applying ML technology especially toward safety critical systems such as automated driving. One of the issues is about the safety assurance of the system utilizing ML. Conventional safety assurance methods are not able to assure the system incorporating ML because “it is difficult to estimate its performance in advance, and it is not possible to grasp the boundaries between what can be done and what cannot be done.”(Ishikawa, 2019) Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assure the safety of systems incorporating ML. This study proposes the safety assurance case description method with seven layers for the system incorporating both off‐operational ML and the safety device. Based on the thought of systems engineering, the seven layers utilize the seven viewpoints decomposed with 1) internal and external system, 2) different states of the system, 3) the factors of the accidents in the system, 4) operating conditions of the system, 5) ML and safety device operation process, 6) output rules of the safety devices, and 7) output restriction method of the safety device. The evaluation method for this proposal indicates whether the subjects could describe using both the proposed description method and an example of the train brake system that incorporates off‐operational ML and safety device. The future study topic is the proposal of the description method for the higher layer of the safety device operation process. Moreover, we plan to work on the proposal of the safety assurance case of a system incorporating on‐operational ML.

Description of grain weight distribution leading to genomic selection for grain-filling characteristics in rice.

Grain-filling ability is one of the factors that controls grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.). We developed a method for describing grain weight distribution, which is the probability density function of single grain weight in a panicle, using 128 Japanese rice varieties. With this method, we quantitively analyzed genotypic differences in grain-filling ability and used the grain weight distribution parameters for genomic prediction subject to genetic improvement in grain yield in rice. The novel description method could represent the observed grain weight distribution with five genotype-specific parameters of a mixture of two gamma distributions. The estimated genotype-specific parameters representing the proportion of filled grains had applicability to explain the grain filling ability of genotypes comparable to that of sink-filling rate and the conventionally measured proportion of filled grains, which suggested the efficiency and flexibility of grain weight distribution parameters to handle several genotypes. We revealed that perfectly filled grains have to be prioritized over partially filled grains for the optimum allocation of the source of yield in a panicle, from the analysis for obtaining an ideal shape of grain weight distribution. We conducted genomic prediction of grain weight distribution considering five genotype-specific parameters of the distribution as phenotypes relating to grain filling ability. The proportion of filled grains, average weight of filled grains, and variance of filled grain weight, which were considered to control grain yield to a certain degree, were predicted with accuracies of 0.30, 0.28, and 0.53, respectively. The proposed description method of grain weight distribution facilitated not only the investigation of the optimum allocation of nutrients in a panicle for realizing high grain-filling ability, but also allowed genomic selection of grain weight distribution.

Spatial Magnetic-Field Description Method Aimed at 2 × 25 kV Auto-Transformer Power Supply System in High-Speed Railway

Complete and accurate spatial magnetic field description is the premise of effectively assessing the power supply capability of a high-speed railway (HSR). Its evaluation indicators are the current distributions and the integrated impedance of traction network. This paper proposes a spatial magnetic-field description method for the auto-transformer (AT) power supply system. Due to the limitations of previous approaches, all the real loop circuits of the AT system are considered for structuring a loop circuit matrix. At first, different description processes are divided, respectively, into those for the right side and the left side of the load. Then, considering that two types of return conductors exist in an AT system, a certain current ratio deduced in existing studies is introduced. As the introduced current ratio of the left side of the load is approximate, an iterative scheme is adopted. By constantly adjusting current ratio to satisfy a constraint condition of circuit voltages, accurate traction network impedance is obtained. Last, in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed description method, two real-life experiments in a Chinese HSR line are performed, which indicate that the proposed method can not only directly reflect complete and accurate current distribution, but also deduce the exact traction network integrated impedance.

Depth-Projection-Map-Based Bag of Contour Fragments for Robust Hand Gesture Recognition

This paper presents a novel and robust descriptor, depth-projection-map-based bag of contour fragments, which is applied to extraction of hand shape and structure information from depth maps. Our method projects depth maps onto three orthogonal planes to generate the depth projection maps. Then, the bag of contour fragment descriptors are extracted from the three depth projection maps and concatenated as a final shape representation of the original depth data. A support vector machine with a linear kernel is used as a shape classifier. The proposed description method is evaluated on three public datasets, as well as a new and more challenging dataset for hand gesture recognition. Results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms the previous methods on all tested datasets for both static digit recognition and letter gesture recognition. For the challenging HUST-ASL dataset, in particular, the proposed method improves on the previous state-of-the-art methods from 40.1% to 64.6%.

Universal approach to the description of working medium chambers for simulating hydraulic and pneumatic systems

The article is concerned with the consideration of methods of mathematical formulation of processes in interthrottle chambers and working medium reservoirs used to simulate the operation of hydraulic and pneumatic systems.
 Consideration has been given to a general approach to the development of mathematical models of hydraulic and pneumatic systems; the stages of constructing models are also presented.
 A generalized mathematical model of a heat-insulated chamber with variable volume is presented. The derivation of standard mathematical modules of the above chamber on the basis of the generalized model is given. The assumptions taken into consideration with the existing methods of describing the processes taking place in chambers and reservoirs of hydraulic and pneumatic systems are analyzed. The shortcomings of the existing methods are shown.
 An approach to forming a mathematical formulation is proposed, which is universal in its nature and reflects the processes under consideration in full measure. The proposed description method is based on the laws of conservation of thermodynamics of a variable-mass body. A special record of thermal and caloric equations of the state model makes it universal and independent of the working medium type. When compiling the digital models of chambers, both equations of working medium state and tabulated reference data can be used.
 Design diagrams and mathematical models of heat-insulated chambers with variable and constant volumes are presented as an example. A digital model is presented and the results of modeling the operation of hydraulic and pneumatic actuators performed with the use of the proposed method are given. The digital model is implemented in the training version of the Russian software package Simulation in technical devices.

Introduction to editable visual object and its description schema for mobile applications

With the spread of portable smart devices, social networking services are gaining popularity. At the same time, emoticons which can be used a primary tool to deliver the enriched personal feelings are also gaining popularity in the social networking services. Now, emoticon markets are much bigger than before since the territory of emoticons broadens the culture and social issues. However, provided emoticons from the service providers are difficult to express the exact personalized feeling. Thus, users cannot edit what they want to express. In this study, we propose a new concept of emoticons, an editable visual object, to resolve above problems. User can edit the components inside the proposed editable visual object and send it to express exact intention. Further, we propose an efficient editable visual object description schema to represent and transmit the editable visual object. To prove the performance and efficiency of proposed technique, we implement and test the prototype system for the mobile device. As shown in the test results, the proposed description method is at most 100 times superior to the compared screen capturing method in the view of transmission bandwidth. The proposed editable visual object can be exploited not only mobile applications, but also various fields such as education and medical field.

An Image Region Description Method Based on Step Sector Statistics and its Application in Image Copy-Rotate/Flip-Move Forgery Detection

A robust method for local image region feature description based on step sector statistics is proposed in this paper. The means and the standard deviations along the radial direction of the circle image region are extracted through the sector masks, and the rearrangement of these statistics makes this image region description method rotation-robust. The proposed description method is applied in the detection of copy-rotate-move forgery, and it can detect the exact rotation angle between the duplicate regions. With minor extension, the proposed description method can also be applied in the detection of copy-flip-move forgery. The experimental results show that the proposed description method can work well for the detection of copy-rotate/flip-move forgery.

Service specification description method for advanced intelligent network

AbstractThe communication service software (SLP) which realizes the communication service in advanced IN is usually generated automatically through a description of the service specification in a diagram format in the service generation environment (SCE). This paper considers such a description of the service specification in diagram format for SLP generation, and proposes a method of service specification description which allows easier description, is easier to understand, and has greater descriptive capability than the conventional description method. A widely used conventional description is the method proposed in ITU‐T, in which the descriptive elements (having the role of icons) correspond one‐to‐one to the service‐independent building blocks (SIBs). It sometimes happens, however, that the SIB as a functional unit is too large, degrading the reusability and understandability of the service specification. In contrast, the proposed description method is based on the information sequence diagram previously proposed by the authors, and extends the descriptive capability by adding descriptive elements so that the service specification of advanced IN can be described. The proposed description method was evaluated by nonexpert examinees, and it was verified that the description is easy and understandable. The proposed description method is also applied to SLP description of many commercial services, and it is verified that the necessary descriptive capability is provided. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(2): 17–27, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10162

Operational machine specification in a functional programming language

AbstractThis paper advocates the use functional programming languages for the formal specification of (abstract) machines. The presented description method describes machines by a two‐level model. At the bottom layer machine components and the micro instructions to handle them are described by using an abstract data type. The top layer describes the machine instructions in terms of these micro instructions.Using a functional language as specification language has several advantages. The abstraction mechanisms offered by a functional programming language are that good that one can abstract from irrelevant details as is required for a specification language. Functional languages have a well‐defined semantics such that the meaning of the specification is clear as well. Moreover, they offer the advantages of a programming language: the compiler can check the specification for partial correctness, eliminating for example type errors and unbound identifiers (errors which occur in many published descriptions). Furthermore, the specification can be executed such that one obtains a prototype implementation almost for free. Such an executable formal specification can, for instance, be used to investigate the dynamic behaviour of the described machine.For a simple machine, the proposed description method is compared with several other description methods: a traditional style, a denotational semantics and a formal specification in the language Z. To show that the proposed method is indeed useful to describe large and complicated machines, the method is applied for the specification of an abstract imperative graph rewrite machine (the ABC‐machine) which has been used in the construction of the compiler for the functional language Concurrent Clean.

A method of describing fingerprint structure and identification algorithm using geometric characteristics

AbstractThis paper proposes a method of describing the structure of fingerprint images. The proposed description method considers reconstruction of the topological feature of fingerprints, and describes a fingerprint image as locations of ridges in a connected component. The topological structure of a fingerprint image is described by three features: the local relation between connected components; the local relation of ridges in a connected component; and the feature of the ridge shape.By using ridge‐shape characteristics which are independent of locational coordinates, numbers are given to ridges and minutiae, and graph features of the connected relation and adjacency relation are described by numbered ridges and minutiae. Therefore, even if fingerprints are rotated or parallel transferred, the same descriptive information of the structure can be obtained. Also, the proposed matching process is based on paired ridge lengths and therefore, unlike traditional methods, locational matching using the reference of registered/inputted fingerprints becomes unnecessary. The effectiveness of the two proposed algorithms is confirmed by simulation.