Proposed Design Principles Research Articles

Investigating TPCK through music focusing on affect

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address the lack of a theoretical framework for the integration of technology in music teaching and learning, and explores, within the framework of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK or TPACK), the importance of affect in instructional design.Design/methodology/approachThe authors reviewed relevant literature related to the fields of music education, instructional design, and technology integration. Accordingly, they developed guidelines for designing technology-enhanced learning for the activities of music composition and listening.FindingsThe authors propose a set of design principles based on the TPCK framework through the subject matter of music focusing on the affective domain, and identify interrelations among musical content, emotions, and technology. The design guidelines were tested in an empirical investigation and the results showed statistically significant differences between the control and the experimental groups in favor of the experimental group.Research limitations/implicationsFurther investigation is necessary to test the effectiveness of the proposed design principles. Including affect in the design process is a complicated and mostly unchartered area, and, thus, further research toward this direction is fully justified.Practical implicationsThe research has practical significance, addressing a gap in the field of music education, as it provides teachers with explicit guidance about how to design music lessons with technology while incorporating affect.Originality/valueThe study extends the theoretical framework of TPCK to a design framework and proposes instructional design guidelines that address both the cognitive and the affective domains of learning, a focus that is currently missing from the existing TPCK or TPACK literature as well as the music education literature.

Developing and assessing electronic checklists for safety mindfulness, workload, and performance

PurposeThe aim of this study is to propose a set of innovative principles for the effective design of electronic checklists to enhance safety mindfulness (a specific safety mindful mindset that offers the opportunity to operate more preemptively during routine quality assurance tasks) and discuss some of our preliminary results from testing our proposed electronic checklist with dosimetrists and physicists. Methods and materialsA multidisciplinary team designed, developed, and evaluated the utility of the electronic checklist (vs paper-based checklist) to promote safety mindfulness. Subjective workload was measured at the end of each assessment/scenario. Performance was quantified on the basis of discovery of purposefully embedded errors, time to complete the scenario, and additional concerns that were documented by the participants. ResultsUse of the electronic checklist was associated with decreases in time to scenario completion (P < .01) and increases in documentation of additional patient safety and plan quality concerns (P = .04) but had no significant impact on the recognition of purposefully embedded errors or perceptions of workload. ConclusionsOur proposed principles for the design of electronic checklists may improve the efficiency of quality assurance procedures while enhancing users’ safety mindfulness. Future research is needed to better understand the utility of our proposed design principles on patient safety from a long-term use perspective.

Catalytic mechanism and design principles for heteroatom-doped graphene catalysts in dye-sensitized solar cells

Doped carbon nanomaterials are promising candidates to replace expensive Pt counter electrode for catalyzing triiodide reduction reaction (IRR) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), but trial-and-error approaches have been used to develop better catalysts. Here, design principles are developed for p-block heteroatom-doped graphene as efficient IRR catalysts through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The descriptors based on the intrinsic properties of dopant elements are identified to establish a quantitative relationship that correlates the doped structures to catalytic activities. Moreover, a quantitative relationship is also established between the catalytic performance and the extrinsic factors such as the number of exposed active sites for a particular mass loading. It is predicted that most p-block element doped graphene catalysts have better performance than Pt, and that doping at graphene edges enhances catalytic activities. These predictions are consistent with experimental results. The proposed design principles enable us to rationally design and search for highly active catalysts based on earth-abundant, cost-effective materials.

Engineering Persistent Luminescence Nanoparticles for Biological Applications: From Biosensing/Bioimaging to Theranostics.

Persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) are unique optical materials emitting long-lasting luminescence after ceasing excitation. Such a unique optical feature allows luminescence detection without constant external illumination to avoid the interferences of autofluorescence and scattering light from biological fluids and tissues. Besides, near-infrared (NIR) PLNPs have advantages of deep penetration and the reactivation of the persistent luminescence (PL) by red or NIR light. These features make the application of NIR-emitting PLNPs in long-term bioimaging no longer limited by the lifetime of PL. To take full advantage of PLNPs for biological applications, the versatile strategies for bridging PLNPs and biological system become increasingly significant for the design of PLNPs-based nanoprobes. In this Account, we summarize our systematic achievements in the biological applications of PLNPs from biosensing/bioimaging to theranostics with emphasizing the engineering strategies for fabricating specific PLNPs-based nanoprobes. We take surface engineering and manipulating energy transfer as the major principles to design various PLNPs-based nanoprobes based on the nature of interactions between nanoprobes and targets. We have developed target-induced formation or interruption of fluorescence resonance energy transfer systems for autofluorescence-free biosensing and imaging of cancer biomarkers. We have decorated single or dual targeting ligands on PLNPs for tumor-targeted imaging, and integrated other modal imaging agents into PLNPs for multimodal imaging. We have also employed specific functionalization for various biomedical applications including chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, stem cells tracking and PL imaging-guided gene therapy. Besides, we have modified PLNPs with multiple functional units to achieve challenging metastatic tumor theranostics. The proposed design principle and comprehensive strategies show great potential in guiding the design of PLNPs nanoprobes and promoting further development of PLNPs in the fields of biological science and medicine. We conclude this Account by outlining the future directions to further promote the practical application of PLNPs. The novel protocols for the synthesis of small-size, monodisperse, and water-soluble PLNPs with high NIR PL intensity and superlong afterglow are the vibrant directions for the biomedical applications of PLNPs. In-depth theories and evidence on luminescence mechanism of PLNPs are highly desired for further improvement of their luminescence performance. Furthermore, other irradiations without tissue penetrating depth limit, such as X-ray, are encouraged for use in energy storage and re-excitation of PLNPs, enabling imaging in deep tissue in vivo and integrating other X-ray sensitized theranostic techniques such as computed tomography imaging and radiotherapy. Last but not least, PLNPs-based nanoprobes and the brand new hybrids of PLNPs with other nanomaterials show a bright prospect for accurate diagnosis and efficient treatment of diseases besides tumors.

Disordered epitopes as peptide vaccines.

The development of clinically useful peptide‐based vaccines remains a long‐standing goal. This review highlights that intrinsically disordered protein antigens, which lack an ordered three‐dimensional structure, represent excellent starting points for the development of such vaccines. Disordered proteins represent an important class of antigen in a wide range of human pathogens, and, contrary to widespread belief, they are frequently targets of protective antibody responses. Importantly, disordered epitopes appear invariably to be linear epitopes, rendering them ideally suited to incorporation into a peptide vaccine. Nonetheless, the conformational properties of disordered antigens, and hence their recognition by antibodies, frequently depend on the interactions they make and the context in which they are presented to the immune system. These effects must be considered in the design of an effective vaccine. Here we discuss these issues and propose design principles that may facilitate the development of peptide vaccines targeting disordered antigens.

Role of Transition Metal Identity in Suppression of Interlayer Migration in Layered Cathode Materials

As Li-ion batteries continue to dominate in the portable electronics and electric car industries we look to increase capacity by cycling the batteries at higher voltages. Alloying transition metals and dopants to cathode materials can aid in pushing the voltage limit beyond current capabilities. However, at higher voltages, problems like interlayer dopant migration become a serious detriment that result in phase transformations and material break down. Using first-principles methods, we have unraveled the electronic structure that depresses interlayer atom migration. Surprisingly, this electronic structure is largely a contribution of the local environment around the dopant and not simply a function of the dopant’s identity. Using this understanding, we propose design principles for managing interlayer atom migration in cathode materials, with specific implications for NCA, NMC, and Li-excess cathodes. Figure 1

Hole-Collection Mechanism in Passivating Metal-Oxide Contacts on Si Solar Cells: Insights From Numerical Simulations

Silicon heterojunction solar cells enable high conversion efficiencies, thanks to their passivating contacts which consist of layered stacks of intrinsic and doped amorphous silicon. However, such contacts may reduce the photo current, when present on the illuminated side of the cell. This motivates the search for wider bandgap contacting materials, such as metal oxides. In this paper, we elucidate the precise impact of the material parameters of MoO x on device characteristics, based on numerical simulations. The simulation results allow us to propose design principles for hole-collecting induced junctions. We find that if MoOx has a sufficiently high electron affinity ( $\geq \text{{5.7 eV}}$ ), direct band-to-band tunneling is the dominant transport mechanism; whereas if it has a lower electron affinity ( $ ), trap-assisted tunneling dominates, which might introduce additional series resistance. At even lower electron affinity, S-shaped J–V curves may appear for these solar cells, which are found to be due to an insufficient trap state density in the MoOx film in contrast to the expectation of better performance at low trap density. These traps may assist carrier transport when present near the conduction band edge of the MoOx film. Our simulations predict that performance optimization for the MoOx film has to target either 1) a high electron affinity and a moderate doping density film or, 2) if the electron affinity is lower than the optimum value, a high defect density not exceeding the doping density inside the film.

SPRinT: A Mixed Approach to a Hand-Held Robot Interface for Telepresence

In this paper, we present SPRinT, a control interface design for a telepresence robot that uses only a smart phone without any external sensors. In addition to basic controllability, we focus on providing a reasonable level of spatial understanding as well as a feeling of telepresence through the interaction. The central idea of SPRinT is to have the operator control and interact with the system by “posing” as the robot in the remote area in order to elicit a sense of telepresence, promote spatial task performance, and improve the overall interactive experience. We have applied the proposed interaction design principle to remote robot control, and compared it to a nominal touch-button based interface in terms of the controllability, the level of user-felt telepresence, and spatial understanding. Our experiments showed that the proprioceptive and spatial nature of the motion-based rotational control was critical in eliciting the sense of telepresence and spatial understanding, and this in turn was also important to ensure effective exploration and awareness of remote spaces. On the other hand, the traditional touch-button interface was more appropriate for translation for which a proper proprioceptive metaphoric command could not be designed. Overall, the mixed approach (body/motion based for rotation and touch based for translation) proved to offer a good middle ground since the interaction method was familiar and easy to use with a reasonable level of telepresence.

A Simple Planar Dual-Band Bandpass Filter With Multiple Transmission Poles and Zeros

A simple and planar design structure for dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) with multiple transmission poles and zeros is proposed in this brief. According to frequency response transformation, two passbands are realized on both sides of the operation frequency. Sharp selectivity and high isolation level with eight transmission poles and seven transmission zeros are achieved just by employing three-section coupled lines and three short-circuit stubs. Besides, the analytical (closed-form) extraction process for the transmission poles and zeros of the proposed dual-band BPF is presented based on the rigorous scattering-parameters theory and the even- and odd-mode analysis method. A prototype for the dual-band BPF with 3-dB fractional bandwidth of 41.1% and 19.0% is designed and fabricated. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement to verify the validity of the proposed design principle.

(Keynote) Artificial Photosynthesis from First Principles

Someday the world’s liquid fuels needed for ships and airplanes will come from sustainable sources and low-energy processing. We are far from that day. While that fact is unfortunate, it opens up exciting opportunities for researchers from many different fields to work together to realize that vision. I will report on some of my research group’s contributions toward this goal, as we develop and apply quantum mechanics based simulation methods to unravel mechanisms associated with (photo)electrochemical water oxidation and carbon dioxide reduction at semiconductor electrodes. As an example, we believe we have finally identified – after six years of work - the crucial aromatic-amine-derived catalytic intermediate involved in CO2 reduction to methanol at illuminated compound-semiconductor electrodes. Knowledge of this intermediate lends itself to proposed design principles to enhance the efficiency of this promising photoelectroreduction process.

Design of a prismatic pressure vessel: An engineering solution for non-stiffened-type vessels

This paper proposes design principles of a new concept prismatic pressure vessel that is primarily constructed of plane surfaces. These principles were compared with those of conventional pressure vessel which is primarily constructed of revolutionary surfaces. Considering structural characteristics of prismatic pressure vessel, membrane force and bending moment were calculated individually. Formulas including maximum bending moment and membrane force effects were illustrated by applying Levy's method and superposition method. For total stress at the plate of the pressure vessel, membrane force effects obtained from the shear loads of adjacent plates were included to enable to get more accurate solutions. The proposed simplified formulas for prismatic pressure vessel were suggested so that they can be applied for all dimensions and thicknesses. Case studies were conducted to verify the formulas by comparing with FEM results. By providing an overview of the stress relations of a non-stiffened type prismatic pressure vessel, the design principle of a prismatic pressure vessel shows distinctive concept to the conventional cylindrical pressure vessel. The membrane force effect studied in this research will be useful in the design of larger pressure vessels that require stiffeners.

Applying Social Interaction Theory to Negotiation Modeling: Design of E-negotiation System

Modeling negotiations in a generic form is a persistent challenge in the design of electronic negotiation systems (ENS). ENS need to be sufficiently flexible to accommodate various types of mechanisms, as well as different roles of the participants. The current work applies social interaction theory to modeling negotiation. The purpose is to propose design principles and a model for ENS implementation. The model is presented using a representational framework for information system meta-artifacts in the spirit of design science research. System features and functions derived from the principles and model are exemplified in a system named PROSPER (a Platform Relying On Social Participation for E-market Realization).

RESTORATION THROUGH AGROFORESTRY: OPTIONS FOR RECONCILING LIVELIHOODS WITH CONSERVATION IN THE CERRADO AND CAATINGA BIOMES IN BRAZIL

SUMMARYThe new Brazilian Forest Code obliges farmers to restore degraded lands on conservation set-asides required on all rural properties, known as Permanent Preservation Areas and Legal Reserves. While farmers can do so through agroforestry systems (AFS) to improve their livelihoods and offset the costs of restoration, these areas must also maintain basic ecological functions. How this can be done in practice, however, stills need to be regulated at the state level, but there are few scientific studies in Brazil on the costs and benefits of restoration through AFS. These knowledge and policy gaps have left ample room for interpretation and thus discouraged technicians from recommending — and policymakers from regulating — AFS for restoration. Aiming to bridge these gaps, this study draws from a comprehensive literature review, expert knowledge, stakeholder participation and analyses of agroforestry-based restoration efforts in the field. First, we discuss the social and ecological benefits of AFS as well as key constraints to upscaling agroforestry-based restoration. Focusing on different biophysical and social contexts within the Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga biomes, we conclude that AFS can provide win–win solutions for reconciling livelihoods needs with conservation goals and propose practical options to do so, which vary according to farmer objectives, resource constraints and opportunities. In order to guide implementation of these agroforestry options, we propose design principles and criteria as well as key species and management practices most suited to different contexts and farmer objectives.

The iCAL4LA: Proposing Design Principles of Navigational and Object Interaction for Low Achieving Children

Low achieving children require a helpful and fun learning assistance. As a response to that, this paper discusses an on-going study in proposing an interactive computer assisted learning for low achieving children, which specifically focuses on extracting and proposing design principles. The design principles of navigational design and object interaction design are part of components of the conceptual design model proposed for low achieving children.This study extracted the design principles from the previous studies in the literature, and was justified in user-centered design seminar.As the result, three elements of object interaction design and four elements of navigational design have been proposed. Having proposed the elements, this study presents the principles of each element that specifically caters to fun and helpful learning experience of low achieving children.

Boundary interaction: Towards developing a mobile technology‐enabled science curriculum to integrate learning in the informal spaces

AbstractThis paper explores the crossover between formal learning and learning in informal spaces supported by mobile technology, and proposes design principles for educators to carry out a science curriculum, namely Boundary Activity‐based Science Curriculum (BAbSC). The conceptualization of the boundary object, and the principles of boundary activity as the key elements to fuse the merits of learning in informal spaces with formal learning, are discussed and elaborated. The key elements of BAbSC are further articulated to provide the framework for curriculum design and development from a holistic perspective. The proposed principles and framework will reinforce the theoretical underpinnings of mobile technology‐enabled curriculum design and development, and can be used to guide teachers to implement curriculum in a more principle‐based and structured manner.

Seismic performance of a four-story two-bay high-performance concrete frame under low reversed cyclic loading

The purpose of this work is to investigate the seismic performance of a four-story two-bay high-performance concrete (HPC) frame. Low reversed cyclic loading was conducted on a 1/5-scaled HPC frame. Seismic performance of the frame specimen was evaluated in terms of failure pattern, failure mechanism, deformation restoring capacity, displacement ductility and energy dissipation capacity. Test results showed that the specimen failed in the designed failure mechanism, and behaved in a ductile manner and larger energy dissipation capacity. The roof lateral displacement ductility coefficient was 5.69, and the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th inter-story lateral displacement ductility coefficients were 7.95, 7.32, 5.06 and 4.69, respectively. An alternative design principle of frame structures is proposed in this paper to ensure that the beam sidesway mechanism occurs. Parametric analysis of ten frames with different developmental sequence of plastic hinges is conducted by a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software framework OpenSees. The analytical results showed that the ductility supply of the frame designed according to the proposed design principle was maximized.

Pulse Detecting Genetic Circuit - A New Design Approach.

A robust cellular counter could enable synthetic biologists to design complex circuits with diverse behaviors. The existing synthetic-biological counters, responsive to the beginning of the pulse, are sensitive to the pulse duration. Here we present a pulse detecting circuit that responds only at the falling edge of a pulse–analogous to negative edge triggered electric circuits. As biological events do not follow precise timing, use of such a pulse detector would enable the design of robust asynchronous counters which can count the completion of events. This transcription-based pulse detecting circuit depends on the interaction of two co-expressed lambdoid phage-derived proteins: the first is unstable and inhibits the regulatory activity of the second, stable protein. At the end of the pulse the unstable inhibitor protein disappears from the cell and the second protein triggers the recording of the event completion. Using stochastic simulation we showed that the proposed design can detect the completion of the pulse irrespective to the pulse duration. In our simulation we also showed that fusing the pulse detector with a phage lambda memory element we can construct a counter which can be extended to count larger numbers. The proposed design principle is a new control mechanism for synthetic biology which can be integrated in different circuits for identifying the completion of an event.

Towards Building a Uniform Cloud Database Representation for Data Interchange

Abstract The paper proposes design principles for data representation and simplification in order to design cloud services for data exchange between various information systems. We use equivalence algorithms and canonical representation in the cloud database. The solution we describe brings important advantages in organizational / entity communication and cooperation, with important societal benefits and can be provided within cloud architectures. The generic design principles we apply bring important advantages in the design of the interchange services.

Principles of Optimal Control in the Synthesis of Composite Materials

It is proposed to use an algorithm for synthesis of composite products with the help of classical optimal control theory, it includes: technical formulation of the problem; development the criteria for optimization; construction mathematical model of the object as a set of partial models. Optimization method is determined after a complete formalization of the problem of synthesizing. It is provided for the possibility of adjusting and simplifying of mathematical problem and its individual elements. Clarification of the formulated technical problem is realized after solving mathematical problem, and iterative process can be repeated until the specified accuracy. It is shown that the synthesis of the material is to convert the object from an initial to a final state under the assumed admissible controls and accepted quality criteria. The approach is illustrated by development of composite materials for radiation protection as multi-purpose complex systems with adjustable characteristics (confirmed the efficiency of the proposed design principles).

Exploratory querying of SPARQL endpoints in space and time

The linked data Web provides a simple and flexible way of accessing information resources in a self-descriptive format. This offers a realistic chance of perforating existing data silos. However, in order to do so, space, time and other semantic concepts need to function as dimensions for effectively exploring, querying and filtering contents. While triple stores, SPARQL endpoints, and RDF were designed for machine access, large burdens are still placed on a user to simultaneously explore and query the contents of a given endpoint according to these dimensions. First, one has to know the semantic concepts and the type of knowledge contained in an endpoint a-priori in order to query content effectively. Second, one has to be able to write and understand SPARQL and RDF. And third, one has to understand complex data type literals for space and time. In this article, we propose a way to deal with these challenges by interactive visual query construction, i.e., by letting query results feedback into both (space-time) exploration and filtering, and thus enabling exploratory querying. We propose design principles for SPEX (Spatio-temporal content explorer), a tool which helps people unfamiliar with the content of SPARQL endpoints or their syntax to explore the latter in space and time. In a preliminary user study on a repository of historical maps, we found that our feedback principles were effective, however, that successful question answering still requires improvements regarding space-time filtering, vocabulary explanation and the linking of space-time windows with other displays.