Proportion Of Linoleic Acid Research Articles

Brassinolide Maximized the Fruit and Oil Yield, Induced the Secondary Metabolites, and Stimulated Linoleic Acid Synthesis of Opuntia ficus-indica Oil

Prickly pear plant is widely cultivated in arid and semi-arid climates. Its fruits are rich in polyphenols, proteins, vitamin C, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acids. The oil extracted from the seeds also has a significant proportion of linoleic acid (ω6) and might be employed as a therapeutic raw material. The potential of enhancing fruit yield, increasing bioactive compounds of the fruit pulp, and improving the unsaturated fatty acid content of prickly pear oilseed by using the foliar application of brassinolide as a plant growth regulator was the main goal of this study. Prickly pear plants were foliar sprayed with a brassinolide solution at concentrations of 0, 1, 3, and 5 mg L−1. The plant performance was significantly improved following brassinolide applications, as compared with untreated plants. The plants subjected to 5 mg L−1 application exhibited 183 and 188% stimulation in the fruit yield, and 167 and 172% in the seed yield for the first and second seasons, respectively. The highest concentration of phenolic, flavonoid, protein, vitamin C, and maximum antioxidant activity in the fruit pulp was observed following 5 mg L−1 brassinolide treatment. The oil yield has been increased by 366 and 353% following brassinolide at a 5 mg L−1 level over control plants. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids are the major components in prickly pear seed oil. Brassinolide foliar spraying induced an alternation in the fatty acid profile, as linoleic and oleic acids exhibited 5 and 4% higher following 5 mg L−1 application as compared with untreated plants. In conclusion, the treatment of 5 mg L−1 brassinolide improved the growth and quality of prickly pear plants by boosting fruit and seed yields, increasing active component content in the fruit pulp, improving mineral content, and increasing oil production and linoleic acid proportion.

The Use of Moldavian Dragonhead Bagasse in Shaping the Thermophysical and Physicochemical Properties of Ice Cream

The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of bagasse from Moldavian dragonhead (D. moldavica L.) seeds as a source of valuable nutrients on the physicochemical properties of rice milk ice cream. The basic composition of the ice cream was modified with a varied proportion of Moldavian dragonhead bagasse (MDB) (1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, and 3.0%). The analysis of fatty acids showed a high proportion of linolenic acid (n-3) in the tested ice cream, especially with 3.0% share of bagasse. The addition of MDB increased dry matter, fat, and protein contents in the ice cream. The increasing share of this additive affected the physical properties of ice cream, increasing hardness, adhesiveness and viscosity, and reducing their melting rate. The study showed a negligible effect of the increasing share of MDB on the thermophysical properties of ice cream. Due to the high nutritional value of the bagasse (with the appropriate refinement of the recipe), it is possible to obtain rice milk ice cream with potential health-promoting properties.

THE SIMVASTATIN EFFECT ON ACETYL COA CARBOXYLASE1 AND FATTY ACID SYNTHASE GENE EXPRESSION IN RAT FED WITH HIGH FAT DIETS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH FATTY ACID PROPORTION AND CONCENTRATION

The aim of study was to determine the effect of different dosages of simvastatin on gene expression of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase 1 (ACC1) and Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) in Wister rat hepatic tissues fed with high fat diets (HFD) and its association with serum fatty acid proportion and concentration. Four groups of rats (G1 to G4) were included. ACC1 and FAS expressions were analyzed by Real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Fatty acid concentration was measured by gas chromatography. There were significant differences when G4 versus G3, G4 and G3 versus G1 and G4 and G3 versus G2 was compared for total fatty acid concentration. The proportion of oleic acid to stearic acid showed significant decrease when G4 versus G3, G4 versus G2 and G4 versus G1 groups were compared, but the proportion of stearic acid to palmitic acid, linoleic acid to oleic acid (G3 versus G4) and oleic acid to palmitic acid in G4 increased when compared to G1, G2 and G3 groups. Treatment with simvastatin significantly increases or decreases some fatty acid ratio, serum fatty acid and total fatty acid concentrations. We also found that HFD led to no significant differences in ACC1 and FAS mRNA expression. Simvastatin increases proportion of linoleic acid to oleic acid, oleic acid to palmitic acid and oleic acid to stearic acid. Thus, statin therapy may be considered in prevention of cardiovascular and myocardial risk.

EFFECT OF ZEOLITE (CLINOPTILOLITE) ON CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF RABBIT MEAT

This work is aimed to evaluate the effect of natural zeolite on selected parameters of the rabbit's meat chemical composition. The rabbits of the Castorex breed (n=12) were divided into two groups: Control group C (n=6) without the addition of zeolite in feed and the experimental group Z (n=6) in which animals received zeolite daily in a peroral form in concentration 0.2 g/kg of body weight. Determination of the nutritional composition of rabbit meat and analysis of individual amino acids and fatty acids was performed by the Nicolet 6700 using FT-IR method (fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) in the musculus Longissimus dorsi (MLD) and the musculus Vastus lateralis (MVL). The content of water in meat in group Z (73.630 ± 0.270 g * 100g-1) was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) compared to group C (72.480 ± 0.530 g * 100g-1). Cysteine content in MLD in group Z (0.289 ± 0.007 g*100 g-1) was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than in group C (0.277 ± 0.011 g*100 g-1). Another noticeable difference in the statistical level p ≤ 0.05 in favor of zeolite was found in linoleic acid content in MLD with mean values in group Z (0.324 ± 0.016 g*100g-1 FAME) against the group C (0.293 ± 0.009 g* 100 g-1 FAME). Therefore, the addition of zeolite to the rabbit feeding diet possibly increases the proportion of essential linoleic fatty acid and thereby may improve the nutritional value of the meat. Increased cysteine value can lead to a better degradation of heavy metals in meat.

Camels and cattle respond differently in milk phenol excretion and milk fatty acid profile to free ranging conditions in East-African rangelands

Camels are getting increasingly important for pastoral livestock systems in arid and semi-arid rangelands of East Africa that are adversely affected by climate change. Cattle are more susceptible to drought than camels and rely on grass, while camels are primarily browsers. Diet selection can influence the quality of the milk, especially of the milk fat. Little is known about differences in milk fatty acid profile of camels compared to cattle, especially under free-grazing conditions. Camels and two cattle types were compared on Kenyan rangelands in a rainy season and a transition period. Seventy-two lactating animals (12 per animal type per season each) were used. Half of each group received a urea-molasses supplement at night. Intakes of nutrients and phenols were estimated through scan sampling. Milk was collected at the end of each season and analyzed for phenols and fatty acids. Phenol intakes varied between seasons in cattle but not in camels. Different from animal type, season had an effect on milk phenol concentration. Phenol excretion with the milk of cattle correlated with phenol intake. Proportions of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in camel milk than cattle milk. Cattle milk contained more conjugated linoleic acids than camel milk in the rainy season. Proportions of oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acid were higher, whereas n-6-to-n-3 fatty acid ratio was lower in camel milk than cattle milk. Camels may have developed control mechanisms limiting adverse effects and transfer of phenols to milk in response to their higher intake of phenol-rich browse. In conclusion, camel milk seems to be more beneficial for human health and nutrition than cattle milk by its characteristic fatty acid profile. This can be another motivation for switching from cattle to camels in arid/semi-arid areas affected by climate change.

Synovial Fluid Fatty Acid Profiles Are Differently Altered by Inflammatory Joint Pathologies in the Shoulder and Knee Joints.

Simple SummaryAnomalies of fatty acid metabolism characterize osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in the knee joint. No previous study has investigated the synovial fluid fatty acid manifestations in these aging-related inflammatory diseases in the shoulder. The present experiment compared the fatty acid alterations between the shoulder and knee joints in trauma controls and in patients with end-stage osteoarthritis or end-stage rheumatoid arthritis. The fatty acid signatures in the synovial fluid of trauma controls were mostly uniform in both anatomical locations. Shoulders with rheumatoid arthritis were characterized by elevated percentages of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and with reduced proportions of oleic acid. The fatty acid profiles of knees with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis were relatively uniform and displayed lower proportions of linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The results indicate location- and disease-dependent differences in the synovial fluid fatty acid composition. These alterations may affect joint lubrication, synovial inflammation and pannus formation as well as cartilage and bone degradation and contribute to the pathogeneses of inflammatory joint diseases.Anomalies of fatty acid (FA) metabolism characterize osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the knee joint. No previous study has investigated the synovial fluid (SF) FA manifestations in these aging-related inflammatory diseases in the shoulder. The present experiment compared the FA alterations between the shoulder and knee joints in patients with end-stage OA or end-stage RA. SF samples were collected during glenohumeral or knee joint surgery from trauma controls and from OA and RA patients (n = 42). The FA composition of SF total lipids was analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection and compared across cohorts. The FA signatures of trauma controls were mostly uniform in both anatomical locations. RA shoulders were characterized by elevated percentages of 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 and with reduced proportions of 18:1n-9. The FA profiles of OA and RA knees were relatively uniform and displayed lower proportions of 18:2n-6, 22:6n-3 and total n-6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs). The results indicate location- and disease-dependent differences in the SF FA composition. These alterations in FA profiles and their potential implications for the production of PUFA-derived lipid mediators may affect joint lubrication, synovial inflammation and pannus formation as well as cartilage and bone degradation and contribute to the pathogeneses of inflammatory joint diseases.

Does Consumption of Baker's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae Affect Their Fatty Acid Composition?

Fatty acids are important compounds for insects, but the requirements for essential fatty acids may differ between insect species. Most of the fatty acids are acquired through the insect’s diet; therefore, supplementing the diet with baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen), which produces unsaturated fatty acids, was predicted to affect the fatty acid composition of the insect. The tested insect was the black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens L.), that is used as a source of protein and fat in feed. Therefore, there is importance for BSF larvae (BSFL) nutritional composition, especially the unsaturated fatty acids content, which is one of the nutritional limitations for mammalian diets. The dominant fatty acids of the tested BSFL were the saturated fatty acids: lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids, as found in other BSF studies. Oleic acid (c18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) were the abundant unsaturated fatty acids in the BSFL. The proportion of linoleic acid was higher in the substrate with the supplemental yeast; however, this did not affect its proportion in the larvae. The higher proportion of linoleic acid may have been exploited as a source for production of saturated lauric acid. Therefore, providing unsaturated fatty acids to the substrate through supplemental baker’s yeast is not the most efficient way to increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the larvae.

Dietary linoleic acid, antioxidants, and flight training influence the activity of oxidative enzymes in European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris).

Multiple studies have demonstrated that diet (e.g., fatty acid composition, antioxidants) and exercise training affect the metabolic performance of songbirds during aerobic activity, although the physiological mechanisms that cause such an effect remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that elevated proportions of dietary linoleic acid (18:2n6) and amounts of dietary anthocyanins (a hydrophilic antioxidant class) influence the activity and protein expression of oxidative enzymes in flight and leg muscle of European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris N = 96), a subset of which were flown over 15days in a wind tunnel. Carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) and citrate synthase (CS) activity displayed 18:2n6-dependent relationships with soluble protein concentration. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was similarly related to protein concentration although also dependent on both dietary anthocyanins and flight training. 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenase (HOAD) activity increased throughout the experiment in flight muscle, whereas this relationship was dependent on dietary anthocyanins in the leg muscle. Soluble protein concentration also increased throughout the experiment in the flight muscle, but was unrelated to date in the leg muscle, instead being influenced by both dietary anthocyanins and flight training. Training also produced additive increases in CPT and leg muscle HOAD activity. FAT/CD36 expression was related to both dietary 18:2n6 and training and changed over the course of the experiment. These results demonstrate a notable influence of our diet manipulations and flight training on the activity of these key oxidative enzymes, and particularly CPT and CS. Such influence suggests a plausible mechanism linking diet quality and metabolic performance in songbirds.

Gurum Seeds: A Potential Source of Edible Oil

AbstractCucurbitaceae family seeds are mostly discarded as agro‐industrial wastes. Gurum (Citrullus lanatus var. colocynthoide) is an underutilized wild cucurbit plant, closely related to desert watermelon, which is grown abundantly in some African countries. Gurum seeds can play a significant role in health and nutrition due to their high oil content. This review describes the nutritional composition of gurum seeds and their oil profile. Gurum seeds are a good source of oil (27–35.5%), fiber (26–31%), crude protein (15–18%), and carbohydrates (14–17%). Gurum seeds oil is extracted by supercritical CO2 (SFE), screw press, and solvent extraction techniques. The gurum seeds oil is composed of unsaturated fatty acids with a high proportion of linoleic acid (C18:2) and oleic acid (C18:1). Gurum seeds oil contains various bioactive compounds, such as tocopherols, phytosterols, and polyphenols. It is reported that solvent extraction gives a higher yield than the screw press and SFE, but the SFE is preferred due to safety issues. More studies are required for producing better quality gurum seeds oil by using novel extraction techniques that can increase oil yield.

Genetic variability and selection criteria of some sesame genotypes for their agronomic traits and seed quality

The identification of genetic variation, mean performance, and selection criteria for twelve sesame genotypes is required for the genetic enhancement of agronomic traits and seed quality. Thus, using a randomized complete block design with three replications, these genotypes were evaluated in a field trial at the Kafr-El-Hamam Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, and laboratory experiments at the Seed Technology Research Department, ARC, Giza, Egypt, during the two consecutive seasons of 2018 and 2019. For earliness in flowering, N.A.130 and Shandweel3 were the most promising sesame genotypes, while N.A.114 and RH1F3 had the heaviest weight of seed plant-1 and one or more yield-related traits, and NA114, Shandweel3, and Zahar12 had the best seed quality traits. Furthermore, Shandweel3 and M1A12 had the highest proportion of seed oil, Shandweel3 and Zahar12 had the largest amount of oleic acid, N.A.114 and RH1F3 had the highest content of linoleic acid, and Zahar12 and N.A.114 had the highest proportion of linolenic acid. Seed weight plant-1 can be improved through selecting genotypes having the lengthiest fruiting zone, more branches and capsules, and the high electrical values of seed conductivity, accelerated aging germination as demonstrated by selection criteria. Moreover, the oleic acid proportion had the greatest direct and indirect effect on seed oil content, demonstrating its relevance as sesame oil quality selection criteria.

Quantification of Fatty Acid, Tocopherol and Sterol Contents in Capparis spp. Seed Oils

The oil yields of caperberry seeds vary from 29.20% (C. spinosa var. herbaceae) to 35.02% (C. spinosa var. inermis). The proportion of linoleic acid in the seed oil of C. ovata var. palastina was higher (43.8%) than that in the seed oil of other capers. Oleic acid contents of caper seed oil varied between 18.5% (C. spinosa var. herbaceae) and 20.9% (C. spinosa var. aegyptia). The major tocopherol was γ‑tocopherol in all the varieties of caper seed oil, which was higher in C. spinosa var. inermis (161.3 mg/100 g) than in C. spinosa var. herbaceae (85.8 mg/Kg) (p < 0.05). The major sterol was beta-stosterin in all the varieties of caperberry seed oils, and were found between 3241.4 mg/kg (C. spinosa var. inermis) and 5298.1 mg/kg (C. spinosa var. herbaceae), but there was significant difference (p < 0.05). The contents of stigmasterin in seed oil changed between 675.7 mg/kg (C. spinosa var. inermis) and 749.0 mg/kg (C. spinosa var. herbacea).

PSXII-7 Supplementing beef cattle finishing diets with ruminal protected live yeast affected fatty acid profiles in meat

Abstract Fatty acid (FA) composition in beef is related to beef quality and human health. It was recently reported that feeding active dried yeast (ADY) in finishing bull altered some FA of longissimus muscle. The objective was to evaluate the effects of adding ruminally protected versus non-protected ADY on FA profiles of the pars costalis diaphragmatis (PCD) muscle of beef cattle. Seventy-five Angus steers (initial BW 448 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete block design with five treatments: control (no additives), antibiotics (ANT, 330 mg monensin + 110 mg tylosin/d), ADY (1.5 g/d), encapsulated ADY (EDY, 3 g/d) and combination of ADY and EDY (MDY). The encapsulated ADY consisted of 1.5 g ADY and 2 g capsule. Antibiotics, ADY and EDY were top-dressed to a diet containing 10% barley silage and 90% barley concentrate (DM basis). The PCD samples were collected from cattle at slaughter. Intakes (g/d) of total FA (144), saturated FA (SFA; 41), monounsaturated FA (MUFA, 16) and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA, 87) were not different among treatments. Proportion of SFA (49.0%) and MUFA (48.2%) in PCD did not differ among treatments, whereas the proportion of PUFA was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with EDY (3.0%) and MDY (3.0%) than control (2.4%). The proportion of n-3 FA also tended (P &amp;lt; 0.06) to be greater with EDY (0.49%) and MDY (0.50%) than control (0.41%) and ADY (0.41%). Steers fed EDY and MDY enhanced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the proportion of linoleic acid (LA n-6) and decosapentaenoic acid (DPA n-3) compared with control. These results indicated that feeding EDY and MDY increased amounts of PUFA, FA n-3, LA n-6 and DPA n-3. Inclusion of encapsulated yeasts to diet might increase the amount of bioactive yeasts reached intestines and result in better utilization of PUFA from the digesta and increase the accumulation in the intramuscular fat.

Genetic structure and diversity of Iranian Cannabis populations based on phytochemical, agro-morphological and molecular markers

Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is an herbaceous, annual, and dioecious plant belongs to the Cannabaceae family and grows in some parts of Iran. In the present study, the genetic diversity between and within the populations of 10 local cultivated landraces from Iran was evaluated, using multiple datasets (agro-morphological and biochemical traits, seed oil fatty acid compositions, and ISSR (Inter simple sequence repeats) markers. The analysis of variance based on the morpho-biochemical traits and oil compositions indicated significant differences among studied hemp populations (P < 0.01). Of the identified fatty acids, linoleic acid (53.02 %), α-linolenic acid (18.98 %), oleic acid (15.20 %), palmitic acid (6.61 %), and stearic acid (2.96 %) composed 77.79 % of total seed oil content. The content of major fatty acids varied greatly among the populations. Kermanshah had the highest proportion of linoleic acid (54.03 %), Hamedan; α-linolenic acid (21.47 %), Alborz; oleic acid (16.75 %), Kohkylouih-and-Boyerahmad; palmitic acid (6.82 %), and Khuzestan; stearic acid (3.23 %). In this study, 14 ISSR primers, produced 231 high-resolution bands, of which 198 (85 %) were polymorphic. Population structure inference showed that the hemp single plants in populations were distributed into six genetic clusters that were matched with UPGMA clusters. The results showed that the highest genetic distance was observed between Kerman and Markazi populations. The findings of this study can be used in future programs for the breeding of Iranian hemp landraces.

Optimization of adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi) bran oil extraction: Variability in fatty acids profile and fatty acid synthase inhibitory activities

Adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) bran has recently attracted much attention because it is rich in neutral oil, which promises its potential usage as a health-promotion product. This study was firstly designed to select and optimize an optimum method to extract adlay bran oil (ABO). Secondly, differences of fatty acids profile and fatty acid synthase inhibitory activities between ABO and Kanglaite® injection (commercial adlay seeds oil) were determined to explore the potential application of ABO as an antitumor product. The optimized extraction conditions of ABO were ethanol-water extraction at AB particle size of 30.5 μm, pH of 7.0, ethanol volume of 30%, solid to liquid ratio of 1:5 (w/v), the temperature of 50 °C and reaction time of 2 h. After refining, the refined ABO had better properties than crude ABO except for the content of vitamin E. In addition, both crude and refined ABO extracted by ethanol-water had higher proportions of palmitic acid (C16:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) to oleic acid (C18:1) than Kanglaite®. The fatty acid synthase inhibitory activities of crude ABO were higher than refined ABO and Kanglaite® injection at a dose of 10 μL/mL inhibition for 2 h under 25 °C. The results proved that crude ABO extracted by the ethanol-water method probably had a potential higher anticancer function than Kanglaite® injection. The results will provide a theoretical foundation in studying the mechanism of the anti-cancer effects of ABO. It can also reduce production and increase the economic value of adlay processing industry.

Effects of dietary microalgae (Schizochytrium spp.) supplement on milk performance, blood parameters, and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dietary inclusion of microalgae (Schizochytrium spp.) on milk yield, milk composition, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) transfer efficiency in dairy cows. Thirty-six lactating Chinese-Holstein dairy cows were randomly allocated to three treatment groups (n = 12; 0, 170, and 255 g microalgae supplement per day) in a 60-day experimental period. No significant treatment effect was observed on DMI and milk performance. Similarly, there was no significant microalgae supplement effect on blood haematological and biochemical parameters, except for platelets (P &amp;lt; 0.01) and thrombocytosis (P &amp;lt; 0.01), suggesting that the inclusion of microalgae in dairy cow diets would not affect production performance and animal health. Compared to the control group, adding 170 and 255 g microalgae to diets significantly increased the proportion of linoleic acid, DHA, n-3 and n-3/n-6 ratio in the blood (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Consequently, DHA concentration and n-3/n-6 ratio were increased in milk, indicating that the milk fatty acid composition could be affected by nutritional manipulation. The overall DHA transfer efficiency was 10.1% and 11.3% for 170 and 255 g microalgae supplement, suggesting that the addition of microalgae to dairy cow diets is a feasible strategy to produce DHA enriched milk in practice.

Impact of a high-fat diet on the fatty acid composition of the retina

Structure and function of the retina mainly rely on its fatty acid (FA) composition. Evidence from epidemiological studies and from animal experiments indicates that FA composition of the retina is influenced by the diet. Mice under chronic high-fat diet (HFD) develop metabolic syndrome, a risk factor for diabetes that is associated with structural and functional alterations of the retina. Here, we studied the impact of chronic exposure of mice to HFD on retinal FA composition.C57BL/6 J male mice were fed either a chow diet or a HFD for 11 weeks. As expected, HFD induced weight gain, adiposity, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. The retinal FA composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection. No significant change in the relative abundance of total saturated FAs (SFAs), total monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) or total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) was observed. However, retinas of HFD-fed mice displayed decreased amounts of C24:0 (p = 0.0231), C16:1n-7 (p < 0.0001), C18:1n-7 (p < 0.0001), C20:3n-9 (p = 0.0425) and C20:3n-6 (p = 0.0008), and an increased amount of C20:2n-6 (p < 0.0001). In addition, the ratio of linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) to alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) was increased in the retinas of HFD-fed mice (15.0 ± 0.8 versus 11.8 ± 0.6 in HFD and CD, respectively, p = 0.0045). No modification in the contents of arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6, AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, DHA) were observed. Analysis of dimethylacetals (DMA), which are residues of plasmalogens (Pls), revealed that the amount of Pls containing octadecanal-aldehydes (DMA C18:0) was significantly increased in HFD-fed mice (p = 0.0447). This increase was, at least in part, balanced by a decrease in Pls containing 7-octadecanal-aldehydes (DMA C18:1n-7) (p = 0.0007).In conclusion, HFD had an impact on the relative proportion of essential dietary fatty acids linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid that are incorporated in the retina. However, this imbalance in PUFA precursors did not alter the content of the two major retinal long-chain PUFAs, AA and DHA. HFD consumption also led to alterations in the retinal SFAs, MUFAs and Pls profiles.

Effect of long-term strenuous training on the plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition in handball players

Background/Aim. Consensus on the exercise effect on the fatty acid metabolism has not been reached, and probably depends on the type of sports (aerobic, anaerobic or mixed). The aim of this study was to investigate effect of long-term handball training on the body composition, lipid profile and the plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition in female and male younger players. Methods. Seventeen female and 15 male active handball players, aged 16?20 years, who competed at the national/international level, were enrolled in the study. A control group was established from healthy, sedentary individuals (13 females and 19 males, aged 17?21 years), comparable to the athletes in terms of age, sex and body mass index. Results. In both groups of handball players a higher percentage of palmitoleic acid and alpha linolenic acid (18:3, n-3), were found and lower percentage of oleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n-3), when compared with corresponding control group. On the other hand, the lower level of stearic acid and estimated activity of plasma elongase was detected in female players than in sedentary women. Furthermore, higher proportion of linoleic acid (18:2, n-6), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and total PUFA was found only in female players in comparison to the control group. Conclusion. The observed differences between handball players and sedentary individuals showed that handball training influenced lipid and fatty acid metabolism. Follow-up of these changes could indicate potential need for supplementation or nutritional intervention in young handball players.

An overview on the use of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in animal nutrition

The aim of the paper was to research the possibility of using hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in animal nutrition. In animal nutrition, hemp seeds can be used, as well as hempseed cake, and hemp oil as supplement in feed mixtures. Hemp seeds are rich in crude protein and crude fat with adequate proportions of linoleic (LA, C18:2 n-6) and linolenic (ALA, C18:3 n-3) acid. The addition of hemp oil in diets of dairy goats increased milk fat with increasing conjugated fatty acid (CLA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) proportions. When feeding ewes with addition of hemp seeds (180 g/day) or hempseed cake (480 g/day), higher milk fat content was observed with higher proportions of LA, CLA and ALA. Addition of hempseed cake (143 g/ kg DM) in diets of cows increased milk yield, compared to the control group and the group with higher levels of hempseed cake (233 or 318 g/kg DM). Nutrition of laying hens with hemp seeds in diet (10 and 20%) provided enrichment of yolk fat with ALA, and did not negatively influence laying performance. The aforementioned indicated possibility of using hemp in diets of animals without major changes in production, and with possible increase of desirable fatty acids in animal products.

390 Effects of dietary-induced pH changes on feed digestion, nitrogen metabolism, fermentation, and biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in dual-flow continuous culture fermenters

Abstract Ruminal pH decreases as greater concentrations of grain are consumed, and as a result, reduces biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty-acids. Our objective was to investigate effects of diet on pH and biohydrogenation activity in vitro. Eight dual-flow, continuous culture fermenters were blocked by side of the room and randomly assigned, within block, to 1 of 4 treatments. Treatments consisted of 100:0 roughage-to-concentrate (Grass), 50:50 roughage-to-concentrate plus flax oil supplement (Mix+F), 10:90 roughage-to-concentrate plus corn oil supplement (Con+C), or 10:90 roughage-to-concentrate plus flax oil supplement (Con+F). Fermenter pH, area under the curve, and maximum pH were lowest for Con+C and Con+F (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Apparent and true DM, OM, and NDF digestibility were greater with grain inclusion (P &amp;lt; 0.05) while ADF digestibility was not affected by treatment (P &amp;gt; 0.10). Protein degradation was lowered as grain inclusion increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Total VFA concentrations were lowest for Grass, highest for Con+C and Con+F, and intermediate for Mix+F (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Acetate-to-propionate was lowest for Con treatments (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Biohydrogenation of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 fatty-acids were reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.01) with inclusion of concentrate regardless of roughage-to-concentrate ratio. Concentrations of stearic acid recovered from effluent were greatest for Grass, intermediate for Mix+F, and lowest for both Con+C and Con+F (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Linoleic acid proportions in effluent were greatest for Con+C and Con+F and intermediate for Mix+F (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and inclusion of concentrate, regardless of amount, increased the amount linoleic acid recovered from fermenter overflow (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Between Con+C and Con+F concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) was greater when flax oil was supplemented (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Proportions of ALA in effluent was similar (P &amp;gt; 0.10) between Grass and Con+C; however, between Mix+F and Con+F ALA concentrations tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for Con+F. Omega6-to-omega3 ratios were similar across Grass, Mix+F, and Con+F (P &amp;gt; 0.10) and greatest for Con+C (P &amp;lt; 0.05).

Evaluating Dietary Inclusion of High Oleic Soybean Meal and Oil on Broiler Performance and Lipid Quality

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of high oleic soybean meal and oil on broiler performance and lipid quality.Materials and MethodsMale Ross 308 broiler chicks (n = 160) were sorted by weight and randomly assigned to one of two treatments containing 10 replicate pens with 8 broilers each. Treatment groups consisted of a control corn-soy diet that included commodity soybean meal and oil (CON) and a corn-soy diet containing high oleic soybean meal and oil (HO). Broilers received, ad libitum, a two-phase diet consisting of starter (d0–21) containing 5% oil and grower (d21–42) containing 3% oil. Pen weight (PW) and feed intake (FI) were recorded on Days 0, 21, and 42 and used to calculate feed to gain ratio (F:G). Broilers were slaughtered on d42, after which carcasses were weighed and fabricated. Weights of fabricated parts were recorded for carcass yield. Samples of breast and thigh meat were taken for fatty acid profile analysis, which was conducted using a modified version of methods by Folch et al. (1957) and Morrison and Smith (1964). To measure lipid oxidation, boneless, skinless breast halves chosen randomly from each pen were placed on Styrofoam trays and overwrapped with oxygen permeable, polyvinyl chloride and placed in retail storage (4°C) and used for collection of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) on Day 1, 3, and 5 of storage. Data was analyzed using PROC GLM procedure in SAS, with level of significance set at P &lt; 0.05.ResultsCON pens had a greater (P &lt; 0.002) change in weight (23480.61 g. vs. 21829.39 g.), however, the CON treatment had an increase in FI (P &lt; 0.0003) compared to the HO treatment (29841.74 g. vs. 27405.68 g). Thus, there was no significant difference (P = 0.22) in F:G between treatments. While there was no difference (P = 0.39; P = 0.71) in percent carcass yield or breast yield, the CON treatment had a higher (P = 0.01) percent thigh yield compared to the HO treatment (16.36% vs. 15.86%). Results of lipid oxidation showed there was an effect of day (P &lt; 0.0001), but no treatment or interaction effects were observed. Diet changed (P &lt; 0.0001) the proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in breast and thigh meat. HO treatment increased the proportion of MUFA and decreased the proportion of PUFA and SFA in both breast and thigh meat. Both breast and thigh samples from the HO treatment had increased (P &lt; 0.0001) proportions of oleic acid (C18:1) and decreased proportions of linoleic acid (C18:2) compared to the control. Inclusion of HO soybean meal and oil in broiler diets resulted in increased uptake of MUFA (C18:1) and decreased PUFA (C18:2) in both breast and thigh meat, while having no impact on broiler feed efficiency.ConclusionPull through effect of HO acid seen in fatty acid analysis of broiler meat shows the ability to serve as a mechanism to increase oleic acid inclusion in human diets. Oleic acid needs are potentially related to omega-3 fatty acid needs which are shown to have health benefits related to cardiac health in humans among other things. Studies have shown that increases in oleic acid in diets can lead to an increase in omega-3 fatty acids.