Proportion Of Fatty Acids Research Articles

The influence of heat treatment type on the fat component and heterocyclic aromatic amines formation in minced poultry meat products

In this study the influence of heat treatment type on the change in the fatty acid composition, indices and parameters of fat oxidation, the level of heterocyclic amines formation in the chopped poultry ready-to-eat products enriched with ω‑3 fatty acids and an antioxidant complex were studied. The composition of ingredients and recipes of ready-to-eat products are developed with consideration of the medical and biological requirements for the diets of oncological patients. These ready-to-eat products feature some antioxidant substances in their composition that can bind free radicals, and provide for a reduction in the risk of carcinogens formation during the manufacturing process. The heat treatment was run in several ways, also called as modes — cooking in a microwave oven (MW), cooking in a convection oven in the “convection” mode with preliminary short-term roasting, steam cooking. For comparison, the conventional, i. e. not enriched food sample was used as a control one. The introduction of ω‑3 fatty acids into the food formulation made it possible to change the fatty acid composition towards increasing the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). It was found that the profile of fatty acids was influenced by both the ingredients of the product and the type of its heat treatment. The joint use of a PUFA source and a complex of antioxidants made it possible to obtain a ready-to-eat product with a high level of ω‑3; and to ensure the ratio of ω‑6 group acids: ω‑3 ratio amounts to 1–2:1. Heat treatment of enriched semi-finished products by microwave cooking and by steam cooking showed a lesser effect on the change in the content and composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids — the loss of fatty acids was 1.2% and 2.8%, respectively, while in the “convection” cooking mode with preliminary roasting this loss was equal to 3.5%. It was found that the antioxidant complex in the composition of the food product and gentle heat treatment methods cause less lipid peroxidation and the formation of carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) during the food manufacturing process.

Major fine-scale spatial heterogeneity in accumulation of gelatinous carbon fluxes on the deep seabed

Abyssal plain communities rely on the overlying water column for a settling flux of organic matter. The origin and rate of this flux as well as the controls on its fine-scale spatial distribution following seafloor settlement are largely unquantified. This is particularly true across regions where anthropogenically-induced seafloor disturbance has occurred. Here, we observed, quantified and mapped a mass deposition event of gelatinous zooplankton carcasses (pyrosomes) in July-September 2015 across one such physically disturbed region in the Peru Basin polymetallic nodule province (4150 m). Seafloor in this area was disturbed with a plough harrow in 1989 (as part of the DISCOL experiment) causing troughs in the sediment. Other parts were disturbed with an epibenthic sled (EBS) during a cruise in 2015 resulting in steep-walled, U-shaped troughs. We investigated two hypotheses: a) gelatinous food falls contribute significantly to the abyssal plain carbon pump and b) physical seafloor disturbance influences abyssal distribution of organic matter. We combined optical and bathymetric seafloor observations, to analyze pyrosome distribution on seabeds with different levels of disturbance. 2954 pyrosome colonies and associated taxa were detected in > 14,000 seafloor images. The mean regional carbon (C) deposition associated with pyrosome carcasses was significant compared to the flux of particulate organic C (182 to 1543%), and the total respired benthic C flux in the DISCOL Experimental Area (39 to 184%). EBS-disturbed seafloor tracks contained 72 times more pyrosome-associated C than an undisturbed reference site, and up to 4 times more than an area disturbed in 1989. Deposited pyrosomes collected had a higher proportion of labile fatty acids compared to the sediment. We document the temporal and spatial extent of an abyssal food fall event with unprecedented detail and show that physical seafloor disturbance results in the accumulation of detrital material. Such accumulation may reduce oxygen availability and alter benthic community structure. Understanding both the relevance of large food falls and the fine scale topography of the seafloor, is necessary for impact assessment of technologies altering seafloor integrity (e.g. as a result of bottom-trawling or deep seabed mining) and may improve their management on a global scale.

Anemochorous and zoochorous seeds of trees from the Brazilian savannas differ in fatty acid content and composition.

Fatty acids (FAs) stored as triacylglycerols (TAGs) are an important source of carbon and energy for germination and seedling development, particularly for plants with small wind-dispersed seeds, allowing greater efficiency in storing both energy and carbon. These plants should be under strong selection to produce seeds rich in FAs and with large amounts of saturated FAs. Their closely packed single-chain configuration allows greater packing, more carbon and energy per unit mass, and are less costly to produce. Efficient carbon storage would be less crucial for zoochorous species, which can reach much larger seed sizes (mass). We analysed the transesterified FA profile from seeds of 22 anemochorous and zoochorous tree species from the Cerrado savannas of Central Brazil. We tested if seed FA content covaried with seed mass and if anemochorous and zoochorous seeds differed in FA contents and distribution. Fatty acids were an important seed source of carbon and energy for most species. Fifteen different FAs were identified. Oleic, linoleic and linolenic tended to be the predominant unsaturated FAs. Oleic acid corresponded to more than 60 % of the total transesterified FAs in seeds of Kielmeyera coriacea, Qualea dichotoma and Triplaris americana. Linoleic acid corresponded to more than 50 % of total FA in Dalbergia miscolobium, Parkia platycephala and Ferdinandusa elliptica while linolenic acid was the dominant component in Inga cylindrica. Across species, palmitic and stearic were the dominant saturated FAs. The only exception was lauric acid (68 % of total FA) in seeds of Qualea grandiflora. On a log10 scale, as the seed increased in mass, accumulation of FAs tends to proceed at a faster rate in anemochorous species than in zoochorous species. They also became increasingly richer in saturated FAs. Zoochorous species had seed TAGs with higher proportion of polyunsaturated FAs.

Enhancement of carbon bio-fixation and lipid accumulation in Coccomyxa subellipsoidea with triethanolamine CO2 absorbent manipulation

The scenario probed carbon bio-fixation and lipid accumulation in Coccomyxa subellipsoidea with triethanolamine (TEA) CO2 absorbent manipulation. The results stated that CO2 bio-fixation (691.9 mg/L/d), CO2 utilization efficiency (57.84%), CO2 bio-fixation amount (3.86 g), biomass (2.58 g/L), and lipid accumulation (232.30 mg/L/d) in C. subellipsoidea with 100 mg/L TEA batch manipulation were separately 1.28-, 1.28-, 1.26-, 1.26-, and 1.72-fold more than that without TEA management. TEA fed-batch manipulation further augmented carbon fixation and the fixed carbon conversion into lipid with the maximum instantaneous CO2 fixation rate (1065.9 mg/L/d) and lipid productivity (538.7 mg/L/d) that were 1.97- and 3.98-fold more than that without TEA manipulation case. TEA manipulation also heightened the proportions of C16-C18 fatty acids (over 89%) and mono-unsaturated C18:1 (approximate 40.85%) which were commendable for high-quality biofuels-making. Such virtues were attributed to that TEA balanced pH fluctuation, converted CO2 into purposive HCO3- species, modulated glycolysis and TCA cycle to discharge appreciable energy, alleviated oxidative stress to block oxidative attack on lipids, and functioned as precursors to collectively boost CO2 sequestration and lipid accumulation in C. subellipsoidea. The outcomes were expected to provide exemplifications in developing win-win strategy for CO2 sequestration and lipid production by microalgae.

Use of titanium dioxide doped multi-wall carbon nanotubes as promoter for the growth, biochemical indices of Sesamum indicum L. under heat stress conditions

The behavior of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) as plant growth enhancers was still unclear; however, in this study, the effects of MWCNTs, TiO2NPs, 5%TiO2@MWCNTs, 10%TiO2@MWCNTs and 15%TiO2@MWCNTs on physical and biochemical contents in Sesamum indicum L. under heat stress conditions were studied. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations were reduced by the spraying MWCNTs and TiO2 NPs on plants. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content was reduced by 49.02% in plants treated with 15%TiO2@MWCNTs while 42.14% reduction was found in plants treated with 10%TiO2@MWCNTs. The proportion of oil and the peroxidase enzyme activity in plants treated with 15%TiO2@MWCNTs were increased by 48.99%, for the oil content, and 2.39 times for POD activity respected to the stressed plants. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased in plants treated with 15%TiO2@MWCNTs, 10%TiO2@MWCNTs and TiO2 NPs by 2.7, 2.52, and 2.09 times, respectively, greater than the control of the Shandweel-3 variety. Finally, plants treated with 15%TiO2@MWCNTs showed increases in seed yield and weight 1000-seeds by 4.42 and 1.67 times, respectively. These findings suggest that TiO2@MWCNTs more effective than separated MWCNTs and TiO2 NPs in improve plant growth. In addition, the cultivar Shandweel-3 showed an improvement in growth indicators more than the Giza-32 cultivar.

How does camel milk fat profile compare with that of human milk fat to serve as a substitute for human milk?

Commercial milk is one of the most well-known substitutes for human milk. In view of this, we performed an in-depth examination of human milk compared with camel milk. Results showed that human milk and camel milk have the same levels of saturated fatty acids. Human milk contained a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, while camel milk had a higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids. Using UPC2/Q-TOF-MS, 146 and 136 triacylglycerols were identified in human and camel milk, respectively. Compared with camel milk, human milk contains more triglycerides composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids. We identified five major types of phospholipids in human and camel milk, with camel milk showing higher total phospholipid content than human milk. In addition, camel milk contains more cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins than human milk. This study can provide a theoretical basis for improving infant formulas.

Temperature, phosphorus and species composition will all influence phytoplankton production and content of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Temperature increases driven by climate change are expected to decrease the availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lakes worldwide. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the joint effects of lake trophic status, nutrient dynamics and warming on the availability of these biomolecules is lacking. Here, we conducted a laboratory experiment to study how warming (18-23°C) interacts with phosphorus (0.65-2.58μM) to affect phytoplankton growth and their production of polyunsaturated fatty acids. We included 10 species belonging to the groups diatoms, golden algae, cyanobacteria, green algae, cryptophytes and dinoflagellates. Our results show that both temperature and phosphorus will boost phytoplankton growth, especially stimulating certain cyanobacteria species (Microcystis sp.). Temperature and phosphorus had opposing effects on polyunsaturated fatty acid proportion, but responses are largely dependent on species. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) synthesizing species did not clearly support the idea that warming decreases the production or content of these essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Our results suggest that warming may have different effects on the polyunsaturated fatty acid availability in lakes with different nutrient levels, and that different species within the same phytoplankton group can have contrasting responses to warming. Therefore, we conclude that future production of EPA and DHA is mainly determined by species composition.

Fatty Acid Profile, Health Lipid Indices, and Sensory Properties of Meat from Pekin Ducks of Different Origins.

Conservation duck flocks are of significant importance to science. Over a number of years, many experiments have been carried out to gain a better understanding of individual duck populations. However, the knowledge obtained is still incomplete. The aim of the present study was to compare three duck strains maintained in Poland and included in the Genetic Resources Protection Programme in terms of the fatty acid profile, health lipid indices, and sensory traits of breast and leg meat. The experimental material consisted of 180 sexed Pekin ducks, 60 ducks each (including 30 males and 30 females) from strain P33 (Pekin of Polish origin), P8 (Pekin of Danish origin), and P9 (Pekin of French origin). During 49 days of rearing, the ducks were kept in an enclosed building with six pens on straw. The duck genotype had a significant effect on the myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1n9), linolenic (C18:2n6), arachidonic (C20:4n6), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), PUFAn6 content, and Peroxidisability Index (PI) values of breast muscle. Ducks from the compared strains differed significantly in C16:0 content and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), including MUFAs, Nutritive Value Index, and Health-Promoting Index in leg muscles. Ducks from the compared strains also differed significantly in the aroma and juiciness of the heat-treated breast muscles and the tenderness of the leg muscles. The sex of the birds had a significant effect on the C18:1, C22:6n3, MUFA, PUFAn6, PUFAn3, PI, and aroma and taste desirability of the breast muscles, as well as the aroma intensity of the leg muscles.

Composition and distribution of fatty acids in various lipid fractions in serum and follicular fluid of women undergoing assisted reproductive technology.

Fatty acids (FA) in follicular fluid (FF) are present in an esterified form [triglycerides, cholesterol esters and phospholipids] or as non-esterified FA, which partly originate from blood. However, a comprehensive comparison of blood vs. FF FA in various lipid classes is missing. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of the FA composition in each lipid class of serum and FF, and to investigate their mutual correlations. A total of 74 patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology treatment were involved in the study. Both in serum as well as FF, saturated FA and mono-unsaturated FA were predominant in non-esterified FA and triglycerides fractions while poly-unsaturated FA were mainly present in phospholipids and cholesterol esters fractions, although phospholipids also contained high proportions of saturated FA. Irrespective of the lipid class, the FA proportions differed between serum and FF (P < 0.05). Despite these differences, most of the FA in triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol esters of FF were well correlated with their proportions in serum. Nevertheless, only weak to moderate associations (r < 0.60) were observed for the majority of the FA in the non-esterified FA fraction. Differences in FA product/precursor-ratios were found between serum and FF, such as higher C20:4n-6 to C18:2n-6 and C20:5n-3 to C18:3n-3 in FF. FA metabolism (e.g. desaturation and elongation) takes place in cells of the intrafollicular micro-environment. Moreover, good correlations between esterified FA in serum and FF suggest esterified FA in blood could be representative of esterified FA in FF.

Network Structure and Nanoplatelet Characterization of the Edible Fat Crystallization in Low-Fat W/O Emulsions.

Fat crystals provided the strength of the colloidal network in W/O emulsions and stabilized water droplets. To understand the stabilizing effect of fat-regulated emulsions, W/O emulsions with different edible fats were fabricated. The result indicated that more stable W/O emulsions were produced by palm oil (PO) and palm stearin (PS), whose proportions of fatty acids were similar. Meanwhile, water droplets inhibited the crystallization of emulsified fats but participated in the formation of the colloidal network with fat crystals in emulsions, and the Avrami equation showed a slower crystallization rate of emulsified fats than the corresponding fat blends. However, water droplets participated in the formation of a colloidal network of fat crystals in emulsions, and the adjacent fat crystals were connected through a bridge constructed by water droplets. Fats in the emulsion containing palm stearin crystallized faster and more easily formed the β-polymorph. The small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data were interpreted by the unified fit model to determine the average size of crystalline nanoplatelets (CNPs). The larger CNPs (>100 nm) with a rough surface of emulsified fats and a uniform distribution of their aggregates was confirmed.

Effect of Dietary Ensiled Olive Cake Supplementation on Performance and Meat Quality of Apulo-Calabrese Pigs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of different amounts of ensiled olive cake, a major pollutant from olive oil production, in the fattening diets of 30 Apulo-Calabrese pigs as a strategy to partially substitute the traditional cereal-based diet and improve animal performance and meat fatty acid composition. The animals, during a fattening period of 120 days, were fed with three dietary treatments containing increasing levels of ensiled olive cake: 0% (C), 20% (OC20) and 40% (OC40) on dry matter. No effect of the dietary treatment was found on the animal performance and proximate meat analysis results. The inclusion of ensiled olive cake in the diet led to differences in the fatty acid (FA) profile of intramuscular fat, with a higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA; p &lt; 0.001) and oleic acid (C8:1n-9, p &lt; 0.001) and a lower concentration of polyunsaturated (PUFA, p &lt; 0.001) and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6, p &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, the supplementation of ensiled olive cake at up to 40% in the diets of fattening pigs could represent a useful strategy in Mediterranean areas to naturally improve the nutritional value of meat and valorise a by-product of the olive industry, reducing its environmental impact and promoting the exploitation of this local feed resource according to the principles of the circular economy.

Research Note: Identification of core promoter region of the polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis-related gene family in chicken

Chicken is considered an ideal model species to study the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) due to its appropriate proportions of fatty acids and abundant content of PUFAs, suitable for human consumption. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating poultry PUFA synthesis remain unclear. Here, we systematically explored the transcriptional regulation activity of the gene family related to PUFA synthesis in chicken by carrying out the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay. We identified the core promoter regions of members of the chicken PUFA synthesis-related gene family, including ELOVL1, ELOVL2, ELOVL3, ELOVL4, ELOVL5, ELOVL6, ELOVL7, FADS1, FADS2, FADS6, SCD, and SCD5. Additionally, changes in relative fluorescence values of different truncated segments in the upstream regulatory region of these genes indicate the existence of regulatory regions. Furthermore, we predicted the transcription factors that bind to the identified core promoter regions of multiple genes, including Sp1, NF-1, C/EBPalpha, etc. These findings provide a basis for the molecular mechanisms regulating poultry PUFA synthesis and offer new scientific insight into the potential improvement of poultry meat quality in the future.

Effect of supplementation of roasted oilseeds and phytochemical-rich herbages on nutrient utilization, methane emission, and growth performance in finisher lambs.

Ruminal methanogenesis is a major contributor to global environmental pollution in the agriculture sector. Dietary intervention modestly abates enteric methane emissions in ruminants. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of dietary oilseeds and phytochemical-rich herbages on enteric methane emission, growth performance, and nutrient utilization in lambs. Forty-eight finisher Malpura lambs were divided into 4 groups (RSZ, RSP, RSLZ, and RSLP) of 12 each in a factorial design. Lambs were fed ad libitum concentrate formulated with roasted soybean (RS) or roasted soybean plus linseed (RSL) along with Ziziphus nummularia (Z) or Prosopis cineraria (P) leaves as roughage sources. Variation in the source of roughage significantly affected feed intake, and it was higher (P < 0.05) in lambs fed Prosopis cineraria leaves (RSP and RSLP). The average daily gain was improved (P < 0.05) by 28.6 and 25.0% in lambs fed Prosopis cineraria, i.e., RSP and RSLP respectively, than those fed Ziziphus nummularia leaves irrespective of concentrate diets. Overall, microbial nitrogen synthesis (MNS) was higher (P < 0.05) in lambs fed roasted soybean (RS) than roasted soybean plus linseed (RSL); however, combination of Prosopis cineraria with both the concentrate diets increased MNS, than the combination of roasted oilseeds and Ziziphus nummularia. No significant interaction was observed in the concentration and proportion of volatile fatty acids by feeding combination of roasted oilseed and tree leaves; however, the proportion of acetic and propionic acid was higher (P < 0.05) in the RSL group compared to RS. Methane emission per kg dry matter intake was reduced (P < 0.05) by feeding Prosopis cineraria leaves regardless of concentrate mixture. As a result, the loss of metabolizable energy through methane emission was lowered by 0.7 and 4.6% when Prosopis cineraria leaves were combined with roasted soybean (RSP) and roasted soybean plus linseed (RSLP), respectively. From the present findings, it can be concluded that combination of Prosopis cineraria leaves either with roasted soybean or roasted soybean plus linseed reduced enteric methane emissionsmore effectively than Ziziphus nummularia leaves, and the energy saved was transformed into higher body weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio.

Effect of diets enriched in n-6 or n-3 fatty acids on dry matter intake, energy balance, oxidative stress, and milk fat profile of transition cows

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and n-6 PUFA on dry matter intake (DMI), energy balance, oxidative stress, and performance of transition cows. Forty-five multiparous Holstein dairy cows with similar parity, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and milk yield were used in a completely randomized design during a 56-d experimental period including 28 d prepartum and 28 d postpartum. At 240 d of pregnancy, cows were randomly assigned to one of the 3 isoenergetic and isoprotein dietary treatments, including a control ration containing 1% hydrogenated fatty acid (CON), a ration with 8% extruded soybean (HN6, high n-6 PUFA source), and a ration with 3.5% extruded flaxseed (HN3; high n-3 PUFA source). The HN6 and HN3 diets had an n-6/n-3 ratio of 3.05:1 and 0.64:1 in prepartum cows and 8.16:1 and 1.59:1 in postpartum cows, respectively. During the prepartum period (3, 2, and 1 wk before calving), DMI, DMI per unit of BW, total net energy intake, and net energy balance were higher in the HN3 than in the CON and NH6 groups. During the postpartum period (2, 3, and 4 wk after calving), cows fed HN3 and HN6 diets both showed increasing DMI, DMI as a percentage of BW, and total net energy intake compared with those fed the CON diet. The BW of calves in the HN3 group was 12.91% higher than those in the CON group. Yield and nutrient composition of colostrum (first milking after calving) were not affected by HN6 or HN3 but milk yield from 1 to 4 wk of milking was significantly improved compared with CON. During the transition period, BW, BCS, and BCS changes were not affected. Cows fed the HN6 diet had a higher plasma NEFA concentration compared with the CON cows during the prepartum period. Feeding HN3 reduced the proportion of de novo fatty acids and increased the proportion of preformed long-chain fatty acids in regular milk. In addition, the n-3 PUFA-enriched diet reduced the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in milk. In conclusion, increasing the n-3 fatty acids concentration in the diet increased both DMI during the transition period and milk production after calving, and supplementing n-3 fatty acids was more effective in mitigating the net energy balance after calving.

Nutritional profile of the land snail Cyclophorus saturnus, a rich-in-nutrients food item from Thailand

Cyclophorus saturnus is an edible land snail traditionally harvested for human food, yet little is known about its nutritional value, especially in Thailand. This study aimed to investigate its nutritional potential as an alternative food resource. In the present study, proximate composition, essential mineral content, amino acid, and lipid profiles of the meat were evaluated. Proximate analysis showed that C. saturnus contained 80.04% moisture, 11.88% protein, 6.04% carbohydrate, and 0.93% fat, with 80.01 kcal/100 g fresh matter. For minerals, calcium was the most abundant element in the meat. Its protein contained glutamic and aspartic as the major amino acids, while it was not a good source of tryptophan and methionine but was considered a very rich source of other essential amino acids (amino acid scores greater than 100). Its lipid fraction showed a higher proportion of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA, 67.69%) and a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (32.31%). The PUFA/SFA ratio (1.56), hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (HH; 5.58), atherogenicity index (AI; 0.48), and thrombogenicity index (TI; 0.20) are considered nutritionally healthy for humans. Overall, this study demonstrates the nutritional potential of C. saturnus to serve as a nutritious part of the human diet and as an alternative ingredient in food systems; therefore, its production and consumption should be more extensively promoted.

Optimization of photosynthetically active radiation, temperature, and urea deprivation for increasing neutral lipids and fatty acids in Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris as biodiesels

The present study investigated the impact of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), culture temperature, and urea addition on the biomass, total lipid, lipidomic profile, and fatty acid productivity in Scenedesmus obliquus (S. obliquus) and Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) for sustainable biodiesels. In this study, S. obliquus and C. vulgaris, respectively, showed generally high cell densities with 1.23 g/L and 1.22 g/L of dried cell weights and 18.2% and 17.65% of lipids. Of the various PARs tested (10, 20, 40, and 60 μmol/m2/sec), 60 μmol/m2/sec showed maximal biomass yields for both species (1.78 g/L of dried cell weight and 25.7% of lipids for S. obliquus; and 1.74 g/L of dried cell weight and 24.6% of lipids for C. vulgaris). Of the various temperatures (27 °C, 37 °C, and 47 °C), 27 °C showed maximal dried cell weights (1.22 g/L for S. obliquus and 1.23 g/L for C. vulgaris), whereas 47 °C accumulated high levels of lipids (23.5% for S. obliquus and 21.6% for C. vulgaris). On the other hands, urea deprivation in the medium increased lipid levels in both species compared to no deprivation (10% increase for S. obliquus and 8% increase for C. vulgaris). The fatty acid profile showed that palmitic acid with 16 carbons and double bonds was dominant among major fatty acids, accounting for 30.55% for S. obliquus and 26.6% for C. vulgaris. Furthermore, urea deprivation and 60 μmol/m2/sec of PAR showed the highest proportions of unsaturated fatty acids in both species (27.55% for urea deprivation and 30.55% for PAR in S. obliquus; and 28.33% for urea deprivation and 26.6% for PAR in C. vulgaris).

Organochlorine contaminant concentrations and lipid profiles in eastern North Pacific gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus)

Organochlorine (OC) contaminant concentrations in tissues and lipid profiles in blubber are summarised for 101 gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) from the eastern North Pacific stock. Samples were obtained from presumably healthy gray whales during a 1994 subsistence hunt in the Russian Arctic (n = 17) and also from biopsy sampling of live animals from the Washington coast (n = 38). In addition, tissues were collected from two groups of animals (1988-1991, n = 22; and 1999, n = 24) that stranded along the west coast of the USA. These whales represent a diverse group of animals with respect to lipid stores, age, gender, health and reproductive status. Information about these biological factors is necessary before contaminant concentration data can be properly interpreted. Differences in blubber lipid levels and profiles were examined among these groups of whales. Significantly higher lipid levels were found in the blubber of subsistence animals that were sampled following summer feeding in the Bering and Chukchi Seas, compared to lipid levels in the biopsied and stranded animals. Lipid class profiles from blubber of presumably healthy gray whales (i.e. from subsistence and biopsy sampling) contained primarily triglycerides and were very different from those of stranded animals that showed lipid decomposition (increased proportions of free fatty acids, cholesterol and phospholipids). Furthermore, lipid class profiles were found to be a means of estimating the quality of a blubber sample from stranded cetaceans. An examination of how biological factors (e.g. gender, reproductive status, age) contribute to interpreting the differences found in contaminant concentrations among the gray whales was also undertaken. Although not statistically significant, higher (OC) concentrations were found in males compared to females, thus suggesting the tendency of the mother to shift her contaminant burden to her calf during gestation and lactation. Results also indicated that there was no significant increase in concentrations of contaminants in the blubber with increase in length (surrogate for age). Higher concentrations of OC contaminants were found in stranded juvenile gray whales, compared to juvenile subsistence whales, and were thought to result from retention of OCs in blubber of the stranded animals as lipid stores are mobilised for energy and total lipid levels decrease, rather than from a difference in diet or feeding areas. OC concentrations in various tissues (blubber, liver, kidney, muscle, brain) were similar on a lipid weight basis, except for brain, which had lower lipid-adjusted OCs because the blood-brain barrier limits contaminant transfer.

Characterization of nongxiang- and soy sauce-type distilled grains and their application in enhancing polyunsaturated fatty acid and triacylglyceride production from Chlorella sp. 038F

A sustainable method of handling large quantities of distilled grains in the Chinese baijiu industry is bioconverting these distilled grains into value-added products. We here compared the properties of two distilled grains, soy sauce-type (DGSB) and nongxiang-type (DGNB). Results revealed that DGSB had higher contents of crude protein, crude fat, soluble sugars, free amino acids, and antioxidants than DGNB. Mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella sp. 038F was performed using aqueous crude extracts of distilled grains. Biomass, total lipid, and fatty acid production with DGSB crude extracts was approximately 2.43, 1.40, and 1.69 times higher than that with photoautotrophic culture, respectively, whereas DGNB crude extracts only improved the biomass by 1.64 times. Detailed profile analysis revealed that DGSB crude extracts remarkably increased the proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic and α-linolenic acids, and triacylglycerides in total lipids. Interestingly, DGNB crude extracts did not enhance total lipid accumulation but increased triacylglyceride accumulation. Comparative transcriptomics revealed that genes encoding photosynthetic pigments and proteins were downregulated, suggesting the decreased anabolism of the photosynthetic light reaction. Genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, the Calvin cycle, and glycolysis were upregulated, indicating sufficient accumulation of the building blocks acyl-CoA and glycerol-3-phosphate for triacylglyceride biosynthesis. All transcriptional trends of triacylglyceride biosynthesis-related genes were consistent with the triacylglyceride accumulation patterns. This study provides insights into the potential use of microalgae for the bioconversion of distilled grains into high-value products and highlights the role of distilled grains in improving polyunsaturated fatty acid and triacylglyceride production.

Increasing the prepartum dose of rumen-protected choline: Effects on milk production and metabolism in high-producing Holstein dairy cows

Peripartum rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation is beneficial for cow health and production, yet the optimal dose is unknown. In vivo and in vitro supplementation of choline modulates hepatic lipid, glucose, and methyl donor metabolism. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of increasing the dose of prepartum RPC supplementation on milk production and blood biomarkers. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows (n = 116) were randomly assigned to one of 4 prepartum choline treatments that were fed from -21 d relative to calving (DRTC) until calving. From calving until +21 DRTC, cows were fed diets targeting 0 g/d choline ion (control, CTL) or the recommended dose (15 g/d choline ion; RD) of the same RPC product that they were fed prepartum. The resulting treatments targeted: (1) 0 g/d pre- and postpartum [0.0 ± 0.000 choline ion, percent of dry matter (%DM); CTL]; (2) 15 g/d pre- and postpartum of choline ion from an established product (prepartum: 0.10 ± 0.004 choline ion, %DM; postpartum: 0.05 ± 0.004 choline ion, %DM; ReaShure, Balchem Corp.; RPC1RD▸RD); (3) 15 g/d pre- and postpartum of choline ion from a concentrated RPC prototype (prepartum: 0.09 ± 0.004 choline ion, %DM; postpartum: 0.05 ± 0.003 choline ion, %DM; RPC2, Balchem Corp.; RPC2RD▸RD); or (4) 22 g/d prepartum and 15 g/d postpartum from RPC2 [prepartum: 0.13 ± 0.005 choline ion, %DM; postpartum: 0.05 ± 0.003 choline ion, %DM; high prepartum dose (HD), RPC2HD▸RD]. Treatments were mixed into a total mixed ration, and cows had ad libitum access via a roughage intake control system (Hokofarm Group). From calving to +21 DRTC, all cows were fed a common base diet and treatments were mixed into the total mixed ration (supplementation period, SP). Thereafter, all cows were fed a common diet (0 g/d choline ion) until +100 DRTC (postsupplementation period, postSP). Milk yield was recorded daily and composition analyzed weekly. Blood samples were obtained via tail vessel upon enrollment, approximately every other day from -7 to +21 DRTC, and at +56 and +100 DRTC. Feeding any RPC treatment reduced prepartum dry matter intake compared with CTL. During the SP, no evidence for a treatment effect on energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield was found, but during the postSP, RPC1RD▸RD and RPC2RD▸RD treatments tended to increase ECM, protein, and fat yields. During the postSP, the RPC1RD▸RD and RPC2RD▸RD treatments tended to increase, and RPC2HD▸RD increased, the de novo proportion of total milk fatty acids. During the early lactation SP, RPC2HD▸RD tended to increase plasma fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, and RPC1RD▸RD and RPC2RD▸RD reduced blood urea nitrogen concentrations compared with CTL. The RPC2HD▸RD treatment reduced early lactation serum lipopolysaccharide binding protein compared with CTL. Overall, peripartum RPC supplementation at the recommended dose tended to increase ECM yield postSP, but no evidence was seen of an additional benefit on milk production with an increased prepartum dose of choline ion. The effects of RPC on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers support the potential for RPC supplementation to affect transition cow metabolism and health and may support the production gains observed.

Evaluation of Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Adaptation to Three Red Seaweeds Using the Rumen Simulation Technique.

Several red seaweeds have been shown to inhibit enteric CH4 production; however, the adaptation of fermentation parameters to their presence is not well understood. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of three red seaweeds (Asparargopsis taxiformis, Mazzaella japonica, and Palmaria mollis) on in vitro fermentation, CH4 production, and adaptation using the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with four treatments, duplicated in two identical RUSITEC apparatus equipped with eight fermenter vessels each. The four treatments included the control and the three red seaweeds added to the control diet at 2% diet DM. The experimental period was divided into four phases including a baseline phase (d 0-7; no seaweed included), an adaptation phase (d 8-11; seaweed included in treatment vessels), an intermediate phase (d 12-16), and a stable phase (d 17-21). The degradability of organic matter (p = 0.04) and neutral detergent fibre (p = 0.05) was decreased by A. taxiformis during the adaptation phase, but returned to control levels in the stable phase. A. taxiformis supplementation resulted in a decrease (p < 0.001) in the molar proportions of acetate, propionate, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, with an increase in the molar proportions of butyrate, caproate, and valerate; the other seaweeds had no effect (p > 0.05) on the molar proportions or production of individual VFA. A. taxiformis was the only seaweed to suppress CH4 production (p < 0.001), with the suppressive effect increasing (p < 0.001) across phases. Similarly, A. taxiformis increased (p < 0.001) the production of hydrogen (H2, %, mL/d) across the adaptation, intermediate, and stable phases, with the intermediate and stable phases having greater H2 production than the adaptation phase. In conclusion, M. japonica and P. mollis did not impact rumen fermentation or inhibit CH4 production within the RUSITEC. In contrast, we conclude that A. taxiformis is an effective CH4 inhibitor and its introduction to the ruminal environment requires a period of adaptation; however, the large magnitude of CH4 suppression by A. taxiformis inhibits VFA synthesis, which may restrict the production performance in vivo.