Proportion Of Young People Research Articles

Smoking in Adolescence in England and Germany, 2001 - 2016

To describe the smoking behavior of adolescents from England and Germany over a period of 15 years. Eleven repeated cross-sectional surveys involving a total of 107,485 persons aged 11 to 15 years were carried out between 2001 and 2016 in England and Germany. The following data were assessed: a) the relative proportion of young people who ever smoked a conventional tobacco product, and b) the relative proportion of adolescents, who were current smokers, i. e. teenagers who smoked "occasionally" or "constantly" or "regularly". In the observational period, there was a significant stronger reduction in the proportion of young people who ever smoked in Germany (from 52 % to 10 %) compared to England (from 44 % to 19 %). In the same period, the proportion of young people who smoked currently dropped by 16 percentage points to 3 % in Germany and by 12 percentage points to 7 % in England (no significant difference). Data indicate a stronger trend towards never smoking in Germany compared to England, and a similar falling trend on "current" smoking in both countries. Causal conclusions are not possible due to the study design.

Non-Violent, but Still Dangerous: Testing the Link Between Youth Bulges and the Intensity of Nonviolent Protests

Previous studies have found that the increase in the proportion of youth in adult population can lead to an increased risk of political violence. However, studies of the influence of the ‘youth bulges’ on the intensity of non-violent protest activity have hardly been conducted. We hypothesize that ‘youth bulges’ could influence the rise of non-violent protests as well. We find that though in the absence of controls, there is a statistically significant negative correlation between the proportion of young people in the total adult population and the intensity of non-violent protests this correlation turns out to be positive after the introduction of controls for per capita GDP, urbanization, non-autocratic political regime and the proliferation of education.

A case study: developing a safe space for vulnerable young people at school

At Rushton Manor School, a small independent school in the South West of England, the proportion of young people with Autistic Spectrum Condition (ASC), a form of Social, Communication and Language Need (SCLN), was substantially higher than regional averages: 15% at the school versus 5.4% in primary schools and 8.7% in secondary schools regionally (DfE, 2017). This study explores the school’s response to those students’ needs in the form of the Oasis Room, part of provision of a ‘safe space’ and supportive structures for those students during unstructured parts of the school day. It was found that the Oasis Room improved students’ experiences of social interactions, reduced behavioural incidents and allowed for proactive, supportive intervention by pastoral staff, in place of reactive ‘after‐the‐fact’ interventions. Suggestions are made relating to provision, structures and staff development at Rushton Manor and how these may be useful in other settings.

Neighborhood influences on the diffusion of residential photovoltaic systems in Kyoto City, Japan

This study investigates the factors influencing the diffusion of residential photovoltaic systems. Factors examined are related to social attributes, such as population structure and living environment within neighborhoods and those close by, together with a neighbor effect revealed as a positive spatial dependency of the diffusion. To examine these factors simultaneously, the study applies a spatial econometric analysis, taking advantage of the availability of cumulative data on installed residential photovoltaic systems and census-based social attributes in about 4000 census blocks in Kyoto City, which include 1.47 million people. Results include: (1) an observed neighbor effect, especially between census blocks within a radius of 1000 m; (2) evidence that diffusion is positively influenced in a census block by lower population density and higher number of household members, as well as by lower ratios of detached houses and lower population densities in nearby census blocks; and (3) indication that diffusion is positively influenced by a higher proportion of young people through various mechanisms. To further facilitate the diffusion, implementing non-economic measures designed in light of the observed neighborhood influences is recommended, in addition to conventional economic support measures.

Conformity of Higher Education with Requirements of Digital Natives

The paper explores stages that teaching followed in its revolutionizing transitions from Education 1.0 to Education 4.0. The study presents a detailed analysis of the scientific approaches, which economists used in examining the influence of digital technologies on the behaviour of young people and on identifying a generation of children as “digital natives” who grew up in the era of informational changes. An assessment of traits inherent in the new generation of young people has been used as a basis for carrying out a comparative analysis of the features of “digital natives” with the distinctiveness of “digital immigrants.” The study identified factors that contributed to a growing number of “digital immigrants” in developing and least developed countries. The notions of “digital cowboys” and “digital nomads” are considered in terms of their recent appearance in the academic market. Countries with the highest share of “digital natives” comprise the high-income and above-average income countries, the countries with very high levels of general Internet penetration, the countries with top ICT Development Index (IDI), and the countries with a relatively high proportion of young people. Solutions are proposed to support “digital natives” in their educational aspirations and narrow the gap between them and “digital immigrants”.

The decline in adolescent substance use across Europe and North America in the early twenty-first century: A result of the digital revolution?

ObjectivesIncreases in electronic media communication (EMC) and decreases in face-to-face peer contact in the evening (FTF) have been thought to explain the recent decline in adolescent substance use (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis). This study addresses this hypothesis, by examining associations between (time trends in) EMC, FTF, and substance use in more than 25 mainly European countries.MethodsUsing 2002–2014 data from the international Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study, we ran multilevel logistic regression analyses to investigate the above associations.ResultsNational declines in substance use were associated with declines in FTF, but not with increases in EMC. At the individual level, both EMC and FTF related positively to substance use. For alcohol and cannabis use, the positive association with EMC was stronger in more recent years. Associations between EMC and substance use varied across countries, but this variation could not be explained by the proportion of young people using EMC within countries.ConclusionsOur research suggests that the decrease in FTF, but not the increase in EMC, plays a role in the recent decrease in adolescent substance use.

REPEATED DISABILITY DUE TO CANCER IN THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC

The article presents the results of a study of the dynamics of recurrent disability due to malignant neoplasms (ZNO) of the adult population in the Chechen Republic for the period 2008-2017. in comparison with the figures for the Russian Federation. In the Russian Federation, the dynamics of re-disability of the adult population due to the ZNO in the period 2008-2017 was characterized by an increase in the number of repeatedly recognized disabled (PPI), the level of which increased from 19.9 to 27.0 per 10 thousand people. Compared to 2008 (taken as 100%), the indicator of visibility of PPI was 135%. In the PPI contingent, the elderly prevailed with a negative trend of growth in their numbers. The proportion of young and middle-aged PPI decreased. In the Chechen Republic, the epidemiological picture of the disability of the adult population due to the ZNO was characterized by different dynamics. The number of PPI due to ZNO in the country decreased. Compared to 2008 (taken as 100%), the visibility index of the PPI was 57.0%; In the structure of recurrent disability due to ZNO, middle-aged and old-aged PPI prevailed, however, their proportion declined. There is a negative growth trend in the proportion of young people.

Pupil\u2019s perspectives on female genital cutting abandonment in Harari and Somali regions of Ethiopia

BackgroundFemale Genital Cutting (FGC) is a harmful traditional practice that affects the physical and mental health of girls and women in many ways. In Ethiopia, although both governmental institutions and None-Governmental- Institutions (NGOs) launched different campaigns against FGC, their effects on the peoples’ attitudes towards the practice have not been deeply investigated yet. Hence, this study particularly aimed to investigate the pupils’ perspectives on FGC abandonment in the Harari and the Somali Regional States of Ethiopia where the prevalence of the practice was thought to be high.MethodsA school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Somali and the Harari Regional States of eastern Ethiopia from October to December 2015. While purposive sampling was implemented to select the study areas from the two Regional States, stratified random sampling method was used to select 480 study subjects from those areas.ResultsThe findings showed that the participants who received information through multiple information channels were more likely to support the abandonment of FGC than those who received information from a single source (p < 0.05). Similarly, the findings indicated that school-based awareness campaigns and TV-based media communications were the main sources of information that influenced a high proportion of young people to support the abandonment of the practice. The findings revealed that the majority of the participants strongly supported the abandonment of FGC.ConclusionsMultiple information channels that include school-based awareness campaigns were found to be the best way to support the abandonment of FGC. Although the study shows an impressive improvement among the school girls and boys in recognizing the harmful effects FGC, complete abandonment of the practice might not be easily achieved due to its deep-rooted nature. Thus, to quicken the perpetuation of FGC in the stated Regional States, awareness creating campaigns that change the attitudes of youths towards the practice should be delivered through various sources. In this regard, school-based education, school mini-media, social media, and using the co-curricular activities to uncover the danger of this harmful practice could play significant roles in changing the pupils’ attitudes towards the practice.

Adapting The Outputs Of Education And Training To The Actual Needs Of Reality And Aspirations

The human element is the main pillar in the implementation of economic development programs, and therefore the countries have been keen to take care of its rehabilitation within the human resources development progress programs focused mainly on educational curricula.&#x0D; Education and training has become an effective and influential tool in the science of development, since the human element is the means and purpose of the movement of progress and development. Countries are comparing and measuring their progress not with their natural resources and wealth in the ground or outside, but measured by their ability to exploit these resources to meet the requirements Its population. As an example, a country like Japan does not possess natural resources such as oil, gas or gold, and it does not have important agricultural resources, but possesses the educated and qualified human element that enabled it to be one of the most advanced countries. Despite its natural wealth, its human wealth and quality have been at the core of its growth and progress. Our country is characterized by a wealth of human resources and, in particular, a high proportion of young people compared to direct countries, It puts pressure on resources to productive energy by developing their productive capacities and competencies and providing them with the skills, expertise and renewable knowledge through continuous training.&#x0D; The lack of coordination between the quality of the outputs of education and vocational and technical training and the skilled requirements of the labor market, and the lack of attention and awareness among graduates towards self-employment through the establishment of small enterprises due to the lack of guidance and guidance, the low levels of skills and lack of funding, And to activate and activate the role of the private sector in terms of effective partnership in the effective governance of the system of vocational and technical education and training or in the management of the vocational training system.&#x0D; Today, we face a great challenge to adapt ourselves in the face of the urgent and imminent economic changes represented by the fall of customs barriers, borders and the ease of labor mobility. Recent global developments, developments in the economic arena, and the global markets have caused serious disruptions and severe recession, Change the economic outlook and keen attention to local economic conditions and self-reliance to the maximum degree to get out of the cycle of loss between the welfare of the major countries.&#x0D; It has been proven from the practical reality that relying solely on education is not enough for the graduates to meet the requirements of the jobs and professions that the labor market needs. This requires training as a means to meet the skills required to practice professions and jobs, especially if it is planned and designed by closely linking to the reality of the market the work .

The prevalence of global physical activity among young people: a systematic review for the Report Card Brazil 2018

The aim of this study was to summarize data on the prevalence of global physical activity (PA) among children and adolescents in Brazil. This systematic review included an electronic search in 8 databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, SPORTDiscus, BIREME, Scielo, and Google Scholar) and a manual search in the references of retrieved studies. Observational studies that assessed global PA among Brazilian children and adolescents were included. A narrative approach toward results was adopted. An initial database search reached 3276 potentially relevant titles (2534 titles after duplicate analysis); 92 (62 different studies) met all inclusion criteria. Studies were carried out between 2001 and 2015; most studies were conducted in Southern and Northeastern Brazil. Three were nationwide surveys (4.8%), but no studies included children aged 0-5 years. Eighteen different instruments for PA measurement were used; only two studies used objectively-measured PA. The most used definition was ≥ 300 minutes/week of moderate-to-vigorous PA. The overall proportion of young people who were physically active ranged from 6.5% to 92.3%. Fourteen studies (22.6%) found a prevalence of ≥ 50%. Three nationwide surveys reported the prevalence of physically active students ranging from 29.0% to 66.0%. A wide variability of PA estimates were found. Important research gaps (e.g., studies with objectively-measured PA, children aged up to 6 years-old and in Northern Brazil) should be considered to develop new research studies in Brazil.

Parental alcohol problems and socioeconomic differences in emotional symptoms among young people

Introduction Children of parents with alcohol problems have been found to be at increased risk of adverse mental health outcomes. The aim was to test if there is a social gradient in emotional symptoms among young people with parental alcohol problems. We hypothesized that the shared burden of parental alcohol problems and low socioeconomic position would be associated with higher odds of frequent emotional symptoms. Methods Data came from Danish National Youth Study 2014, a web-based national survey, merged with register-data on family socioeconomic position. Participants consisted of 68,623 high school and vocational school students. Multilevel logistic regression models (nesting participants within 131 schools) were used to assess the association between perceived parental alcohol problems and frequent emotional symptom and effect-modification by financial strains in the family, family equivalent income or parental educational level. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, education, immigration status, and cohabitation with parents. Results A higher proportion of young people from low socioeconomic position reported parental alcohol problems and young people with parental alcohol problems had higher odds of frequent emotional symptoms (OR = 1.50 95% CI: 1.41–1.60]), as compared to those without parental alcohol problems. Odds ratios for emotional symptoms were similar in strata of financial strains in the family; young people with parental alcohol problems and no financial strains in the family had an OR of 1.37 (95%CI: 1.26–1.49) and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.20–1.49) in those with financial strains in the family (P for interaction = 0.358). Same pattern was seen for parental educational level and family equivalent income. Conclusion Parental alcohol problems and low socioeconomic position were associated with higher odds of frequent emotional symptoms, but no sign of effect-modification by socioeconomic position was found.

Determinants of obesity in Turkey: appetite or disease?

This study examines the factors affecting obesity prevalence among adult individuals in Turkey using data obtained from the National Health Survey of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI). Nowadays obesity is one of the world’s major health problems. Although the proportion of young people remains very high in Turkey, the prevalence of obesity is increasing daily. In this study, we used the National Health Survey data collected by the TSI in 2012. The research was carried out on 14,400 households in 12 regions of Turkey. The study covered socio-demographic characteristics of families and household heads, but included only observations made by household heads. We tested a bivariate probit model with sample selection, which was compatible with the data-generating process to exclude the inherent selection problem. We then applied a simple binary probit model to assess the likelihood of being obese among those who reported their body measures (height and weight). The results indicated that living in a city, getting married, being female, being middle-aged, being depressed and having lower education levels increased the probability of obesity prevalence among Turkish subjects, while less obesity prevalence was associated with being male, being well educated, being a regular walker, being a smoker and living in a rural area. When combating obesity in Turkey, social risk groups that are more likely to be obese should be identified and awareness training should be carried out for each group with suitable objectives and programs. The aim of such programs should be to encourage adequate and balanced nutrition and regular physical activity and to teach individuals about the adverse effects of obesity on health (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, some types of cancer, hypertension, etc.).

THE NOSOLOGICAL PATTERN OF DISABILITY IN OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE IRKUTSK REGION

Objective: to investigate the nosological pattern of primary disability due to osteoarthritis (OA) in the Irkutsk Region in 2012–2016, its severity, age- and gender-related features. Material and methods. A continuous method was used to analyze the database on the newly recognized as disabled due to OA in the Irkutsk Region in 2012–2018. The pattern, degree of disability, its age- and gender-related characteristics were studied. Results and discussion. Among those who were the newly recognized as disabled due to OA in 2012–2014, there was the largest proportion of patients with knee OA (46.6 to 52.7%, respectively). There was a preponderance of the disabled due to hip OA in 2015–2016 (55.3% and 65.3%, respectively). Among the OA patients with newly established disability during the analyzed period, there was a preponderance of women, but their proportion in 2016 was smaller than that in 2012 (54.4 and 74.2%, respectively). The decrease was mainly due to women with polyarticular OA (83.5% in 2012; 67.5% in 2016), hip OA (54.3 and 42.0%), or knee OA (87.2 and 80.4%, respectively). Most of the disabled people with OA were pensioners (64.7% for an average of 5 years). Over the past 3 years, the proportion of disabled young people (aged less than 44 years) substantially increased from 7.1% in 2014 to 15.3% in 2016 and that of disabled adult people rose from 21.2% in 2014 to 30.1% in 2016. Among the disabled with hip joint damage, young and adult patients were more and pensioners were fewer than among those with polyarticular OA (16.8 and 3.1%; 31.5 and 23.5%; 51.9 and 73.4% for an average of 5 years, respectively). Knee OA-associated disability was established mainly in pensioners (80.2%), while the proportion of young people was only 2.0%, which was much fewer than in those with hip OA, polyarticular OA, and other variants of the disease (9.2%). The proportion of disabled adult persons was also fewer (18.1% for an average of 5 years). According to the severity of disability due to OA, the largest one was group with class III disability (81.7% in 2012 to 90.9% in 2015). Group with class II disability were much less – from 16.1 to 8.3%, respectively. The minimum number of patients was recognized as having class I disability. The last five years have been marked by an improvement in the pattern of polyarticular OA and osteoarthritis-related primary disability according to its severity, by reducing the proportion of people in the most severe groups with class I and II disability and by increasing the proportion of people having class III disability. The increase in the proportion of people with class II disability due to hip OA to 22.3% in 2016 from 11.4% in 2015 was due to isolated cases of complications after hip replacement.

Contraception determinants in youths of Sierra Leone are largely behavioral

BackgroundSexual initiation occurs early in Sierra Leone. This study aims to analyze the determinants of condom and/or contraceptive use among a representative sample of young persons (10 to 24 years) in Sierra Leone.MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of data from a study conducted to monitor the implementation of a UNFPA package of interventions directed to improve SRH in young people of Sierra Leone. This assessment was conducted in 2016 at the end of the Ebola outbreak. In consequence, determinants linked to healthy lifestyle behaviors and UNFPA interventions were explored in addition to the usual determinants: socio demographic and sexual lifestyle. This study is a household quantitative survey with open ended questions used to illustrate and complete the analysis.ResultsA total of 1409 young people were interviewed: of these, 216 boys and 381 girls were sexually active. Those who were pregnant or wished for pregnancy were excluded, leaving 194 boys and 268 girls for the analysis of determinants. The proportion of young people using neither condom nor other contraception at their last sexual intercourse in the whole sample was 40.5% and there was no statistically significant difference between boys and girls (42.3 vs 39.2; P = 0.504). Determinants were assessed and, after multivariable analysis, results differed between boys and girls and showed the importance of behavioral aspects. Four determinants were common to boys and girls: literacy, distance, negotiation capacity and hand washing. However, the distance factor for girls was to the health facility and for boys it was to school. Three more determinants remained in the boy’s model: sleeping under a bednet, number of sexual partners and knowledge of contraceptive methods. Opinions about condoms and contraception revealed important barriers; opposition to contraceptive use was the main reason for non-use for both boys and girls, while lack of access was an important reason for boys.ConclusionThere is a need to reach out to the 40% of young people who are sexually active and neither pregnant nor with pregnancy desire, and are not using condom or contraception.

33.3 LEVELS OF AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PERSONAL STIGMA AND MENTAL HEALTH LITERACY IN RELATION TO PSYCHOSIS AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE WITH AND WITHOUT RISK OF DEVELOPING PSYCHOTIC DISORDER

BackgroundMuch anti-stigma work suggests that reducing stigma and improving mental health literacy could also improve access to care and support for people with psychotic disorders. This is important given that increasing help-seeking, especially during the early stages of psychosis could reduce the substantial delays to care experienced by people with psychotic disorders. Little is known about levels of personal stigma and mental health literacy among young people at-risk of psychotic disorders, whether there are differences between young people with and without elevated risk for psychosis and how this is associated with actual help-seeking for individuals at-risk of developing psychotic disorders.MethodsWe interviewed participants from two existing, ongoing prospective cohorts in the UK and in Brazil. Participants were initially recruited from primary schools. Both samples represent enriched community cohorts (including a greater than average proportion of young people at risk of developing psychotic disorders) in Greater London (n=407) and a similar cohort of young people in Brazil (n=1,500). Participants were presented a vignette depicting a young person with early psychosis symptoms and asked about: recognition of the disorder; intended help-seeking; beliefs about interventions and prevention, stigmatising attitudes and whether they knew someone with a similar problem. We also collected detailed clinical data on psychiatric symptoms (via SDQ [Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire] in the UK and DAWBA [Development and Well-Being Assessment] in Brazil), presence of psychotic-like experiences, and use of mental health services and personal experiences of seeking support for a mental disorder.ResultsFindings on the relationship between personal stigma and mental health literacy in relation to psychotic disorders, intended help-seeking and actual mental health service use, will be presented among young people with and without risk of developing psychotic disorders in the UK and Brazil.DiscussionReducing personal stigma and improving mental health literacy among young people at risk of psychosis who do not yet use clinical services could be important for future help-seeking. Future research should investigate the impact of anti-stigma interventions among young people with and without risk of developing psychotic disorders and how this facilitates help-seeking and support for this vulnerable group.

Clozapine use in early psychosis

BackgroundThe superior efficacy of clozapine in treatment resistant schizophrenia has been clearly demonstrated, yet there are often delays in the commencement of clozapine. In this study, we aimed to determine; the proportion of young people with a first episode of psychosis (FEP) who would be considered eligible for clozapine treatment, the theoretical delay in commencing clozapine and to compare the outcomes of those treated with clozapine to those who were eligible but not treated with clozapine. MethodsThis study was conducted at Orygen Youth Health (OYH), a youth mental health service for young people aged 15–24. All clients who were treated at the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre (EPPIC) clinic between 01.01.2011 and 31.12.2013 were included. Results544 young people presented with a FEP in the study period and 9.4% (N = 51) subsequently fulfilled criteria for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Of these individuals, thirty (58.8%) were commenced on clozapine, in addition to a further eleven. The median delay to the commencement of clozapine was 42 weeks (I.Q.R. = 7.5–64). Of those commenced on clozapine, 76.6% achieved remission of positive psychotic symptoms and 50% were in employment or education by the time of discharge or transfer to the adult mental health services. The rate of discontinuation of clozapine was 24.4% and 60.0% of discontinuations were due to cardiac complications and the remainder were due to non-compliance. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that early intervention for psychosis services have a crucial role in ensuring timely initiation of clozapine in individuals with a diagnosis of treatment-resistant schizophrenia.

What Behaviors Do Young Heterosexual Australians See in Pornography? A Cross-Sectional Study

This study investigated how frequently a group of young heterosexual Australians (ages 15 to 29) saw a range of behaviors represented in pornography over the previous 12 months. Participants were recruited to an anonymous online survey. Those who reported having viewed pornography in the past 12 months (n = 517) indicated how frequently they saw each of a list of 17 behaviors when they watched pornography in the past 12 months. Men’s pleasure (83%) was seen frequently by the highest proportion of young people surveyed, followed by a man being portrayed as dominant (70%). Women were more likely to report frequently seeing violence toward a woman (p < 0.01). Men were more likely to report frequently seeing heterosexual anal sex (p < 0.01), ejaculation onto a woman’s face (p < 0.01), women portrayed as dominant (p < 0.01), a man being called names or slurs (p < 0.01), and violence toward a man that appears consensual (p < 0.01). Younger age was significantly associated with frequently seeing women’s pleasure (p < 0.05), violence toward women which appeared consensual, and all types of violence (p < 0.01). Older age was associated with frequently seeing men’s pleasure (p < 0.01) and heterosexual anal sex (p < 0.05). Our findings draw attention to the gendered ways that behaviors in pornography are seen and identified by young heterosexual audiences.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИ УЯЗВИМЫЕ ГРУППЫ МОЛОДЕЖИ В СТРАНАХ ОЭСР И РОССИИ

The article is dedicated to the analysis of economically vulnerable categories of youth in OECD and Russia with particular focus on the comparative analysis of various characteristics of NEETs. Labour force participation of young people in the developed countries decreased during 2000&ndash;2015 which was associated not only with the cyclical crisis, but also with an increase in the proportion of young people who continue their education. The new statistical indicator &ndash; NEET-reflects the ratio of those young people who are not in employment, education or training. Thus, it should identify economically vulnerable groups of young people who experience difficulties with the transition from school to work. The article states that NEET should not be regarded as the only indicator of economic deprivation of young people. The reasons for the drop out from education and employment can be diverse. The category of NEET unites young people with different experience in employment, personal characteristics and life goals. For some of them economic inactivity is a voluntary choice. That is why one should always consider differences in NEET types. However, the majority of NEET group consists of economically vulnerable young people who definitely need support from the state. In OECD countries about 60% of all NEETs got in this state due to some disfunction of the labor market, and the remaining 40% &ndash; due to some social or medical reasons. Countries of Southern Europe are characterized by the highest proportion of long-term unemployed and desperate NEETs, reflecting the tough character of youth labor market adjustment to the crisis. The risk of falling into the NEET group as a whole is higher among young women and those who have low levels of education. Effective youth policy is impossible without the consideration of all aspects of youth labor market. This is relevant both to developed and transition economies, including Russia. In Russia the share of NEET youth has been declining over the past twenty years and now is at the level of European mean values. At the same time the structure of NEET youth in Russia is dominated not by the unemployed, i.e. those actively seeking work, but by economically inactive young people who are outside the labor market. One of the most disturbing features of the structure of Russian NEET youth is an increase in the proportion of young graduates with higher education. It points to the difficulties of matching between education and labor market which can come as a result of so called massovization of higher education.

Pattern of Alcohol Consumption by Young People from North Eastern Portugal.

Alcohol is the most used psychoactive substance among adolescents, is an important public health problem and a major risk factor for the health of this group. This study is regarding to the pattern of alcohol consumption by adolescents. Descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional study, with a sample of 378 adolescents, which are attending three high schools, in north-eastern Portugal. In the data collection we used a questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS. The prevalence of alcohol is 86.8%. The mean score of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was 3.53±4.525 points. The vast majority of participants were located in the non-excessive alcohol consumption area (91.3%). The pattern of alcohol consumption differs significantly between gender (Wald: p ≤ 0,004) and the religious practice (Wald: p ≤ 0,027), with greater percentage of boys and students who did not practice any religion in excessive consumers. The prevalence of alcohol consumers is high. The proportion of young people with excessive consumption in our sample is lower than in other studies, but shows that there is a group of adolescents in excessive consumption. It found a relationship between consumption pattern, gender and religious practice. These results justify the development of public health interventions.

Measuring Gender Equality in Education: Lessons from Trends in 43 Countries

Measuring Gender Equality in Education: Lessons from Trends in 43 Countries