Proportion Of Tests Research Articles

Prevalence and Variation of Medical Comorbidities in Oral Surgery Patients: A Retrospective Study at Jazan University.

BACKGROUND An aged population is susceptible to chronic diseases, which impacts oral surgery treatment procedures. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the incidence of medical comorbidities in 640 oral surgery patients treated at the College of Dentistry, Jazan University. MATERIAL AND METHODS This single-center observational study investigated medical records of outpatients who visited Jazan University Dental College Hospital in a 1-year period (2018-2019). Patients’ clinical and radiographic archives were screened to obtain relevant data. Categorical and continuous variables were expressed in terms of frequency and mean values, respectively. Differences in variables were statistically analyzed using the chi-square goodness of fit and proportional test, with a probability value P≤0.05 considered significant. RESULTS Analysis of 640 patient records included records of 300 men and 340 women who underwent oral surgery, of whom 176 patients (27.5%), including 97 men and 79 women, had medical comorbidities. The most common comorbidities were endocrine disease (7.03%), cardiovascular disease (6.71%), respiratory disease (4.53%), and hematological disorders (3.43%). Individual diseases that showed higher prevalence were diabetes mellitus (4.68%), hypertension (3.43%), bronchial asthma (2.65%), and anemia (1.4%). Differences by sex were observed in many individual disorders. CONCLUSIONS Outpatients in oral surgery clinics presented a significant variance in the incidence of medical comorbidities, among which diabetes and hypertension were most common. A proper case history is the best preventive measure that helps a surgeon avert medical emergencies and post-surgical complications.

Influence of Health Insurance Types on Clinical Cancer Care Accessibility and Quality Using All of Us Database.

Background and Objectives: Cancer, as the second leading cause of death in the United States, poses a huge healthcare burden. Barriers to access to advanced therapies influence the outcome of cancer treatment. In this study, we examined whether insurance types affect the quality of cancer clinical care. Materials and Methods: Data for 13,340 cancer patients with Purchased or Medicaid insurance from the All of Us database were collected for this study. The chi-squared test of proportions was employed to determine the significance of patient cohort characteristics and the accessibility of healthcare services between the Purchased and Medicaid insurance groups. Results: Cancer patients who are African American, with lower socioeconomic status, or with lower educational attainment are more likely to be insured by Medicaid. An analysis of the survey questions demonstrated the relationship between income and education level and insurance type, as Medicaid cancer patients were less likely to receive primary care and specialist physician access and more likely to request lower-cost medications. Conclusions: The inequities of the US healthcare system are observed for cancer patient care; access to physicians and medications is highly varied and dependent on insurance types. Socioeconomic factors further influence insurance types, generating a significant impact on the overall clinical care quality for cancer patients that eventually determines treatment outcomes and the quality of life.

Implementation and evaluation of an interprofessional prescription writing workshop with a simulated electronic prescribing activity for preclerkship medical students

BackgroundPrescription writing skills are essential for physician practice. This study describes the development and implementation of a curricular intervention focused on improving the knowledge and confidence of preclerkship medical students’ prescription writing practices utilizing an interprofessional education model, with a focus on electronic prescribing.MethodsMedicine and Pharmacy Faculty from a large, urban university collaborated to develop the content of the workshop and a simulation platform was used for the e-prescribing activity. Second-year medical students attended a mandatory in-person workshop facilitated by fourth-year pharmacy students. A pre and post knowledge test and confidence survey were used to assess students’ knowledge, confidence, and satisfaction. Outcomes from the knowledge test were evaluated with paired-samples proportions tests, and confidence survey data was evaluated with paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests in a pre-post study design.ResultsStudents demonstrated a significant increase in prescription writing knowledge and confidence after completing the workshop. On the pre-test, 7% of students (21/284) completed the electronic prescribing assessment correctly and 51% of students (149/295) completed it correctly on the post-test. All items on the confidence survey showed a significant increase in pre- versus post-survey comparisons (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThis interprofessional prescription writing workshop facilitated by pharmacy students shows promise for improving the knowledge and confidence of prescription writing and electronic prescribing practices in preclerkship medical students.

Stability Reliability and External Validity of Myrick THIRD Test for Hip Labral Tears.

The purpose of the study is to examine whether the physical examination technique, Myrick The Hip Internal Rotation with Distraction (THIRD), is reliable and valid. The Myrick THIRD test has previously established and documented sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and internal and external validity. The goal of this original research was to demonstrate stability reliability of the Myrick THIRD test when the study is conducted in a clinical setting where the test has not previously been performed, as well as to demonstrate that the Myrick THIRD test has external validity when conducted across multiple examiners in a new setting. The importance of the study reflects current clinical practice and the lack of specific clinical assessment techniques used to determine the source of intra-articular hip pain successfully. Testing included the Myrick THIRD test, magnetic resonance arthrogram (MRA), and arthroscopy. The primary outcomes included the results of the MRA, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Myrick THIRD test, and arthroscopy. The inclusion criteria were 18- to 49-year-olds presenting with hip pain. The exclusion criteria included patients younger than 18 and older than 49years and patients who were willing to undergo MRI arthrogram. A test of paired proportions, correlation, sensitivity, and specificity was performed. The significance level was preset at .05. All 86 patients had a positive Myrick THIRD test, which was confirmed with arthroscopy. Eight of the 11 positive MRI results and 64 of the 74 positive MRA results were confirmed with arthroscopy. The Myrick THIRD test had a statistically significant higher accuracy rate than the MRA (p =.002) but not the MRI (p =.08). Myrick THIRD test showed a significantly higher accuracy rate than MRA.

Social media addiction among Hong Kong adolescents before and after the pandemic: The effects of parenting behaviors

The increased social media usage during the COVID-19 pandemic raised the concern about social media addiction (SMA), especially among adolescents. The current study aimed to assess the prevalence of adolescents' SMA in Hong Kong before and during the pandemic, to examine the effects of general parenting behaviors and Internet-specific parenting practices by fathers and mothers respectively on adolescents' SMA, and to analyze the moderating roles of general parenting behaviors in the relationship between Internet-specific parental practices and adolescents' SMA. This study employed a two-wave longitudinal design. A total of 878 secondary school students (53.9% were girls, age = 13.19 ± 0.52 years at wave 1) in Hong Kong completed a questionnaire-based survey in 2019 and 2020. Paired-samples proportions tests revealed that there was no significant change in the prevalence of adolescents' SMA between the pre-pandemic (10.7%) and post-pandemic (9.7%) periods. Multiple regression analyses indicated that paternal responsiveness was negatively and maternal responsiveness was positively associated with adolescents' SMA. Surprisingly, both paternal and maternal reactive restrictive mediations were positively associated with adolescents' SMA. Interaction analyses showed that paternal responsiveness moderates the effects of paternal co-use on adolescents' SMA, and maternal demandingness moderates the effects of maternal rule-setting on adolescents’ SMA. The findings called for more comprehensive theoretical models that consider the interplay between general parenting behaviors and Internet-specific parenting, and highlighted the need for tailored interventions for fathers and mothers, respectively. Moreover, the counterproductive effect of reactive restrictive mediation deserves attention from researchers, social workers, and parents.

Interference; Quality of Law; Triple Test; Proportionality. Theoretical and Practical Aspects and Applicability

This article aims to bring clarity, based on the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, concerning the applicability of the triple test in cases of interferences admitted by national authorities in the human rights and fundamental freedoms of the citizens in their jurisdiction. In essence, the institution of the triple test, as mentioned in the judgments of the Strasbourg Court, is nothing more than a proportionality test that explains the admissible elements of such interferences and that must prove that a restriction of the exercise of a right has to be provided in the domestic law, to pursue one or more legitimate aims, as well as to be proportionate to the aims pursued and, therefore, necessary in a democratic society.

Effect of vaccination on COVID-19 mortality during omicron wave among highly marginalized mexican population

Social determinants have played a role in COVID-19 outcomes and vaccination has improved these and impacted on inflammatory response, we therefore sought to investigate the association between vaccination and inflammatory response with COVID-19 mortality in a Mexican population with high marginalization during the Omicron wave. Prospective, longitudinal, single-center study in a setting of high marginalization conducted during the Omicron wave, from January to November 2022. Clinical and laboratory data were collected during admission and patients were followed until discharge or death. Patients were grouped according to outcome (survival and non-survival), and by complete (2 or more doses) and incomplete vaccination status for comparison. 118 patients were included, 54% (64/118) male, with a median age 63 years and 86% (102/118) with self-reported comorbidities. Mortality was 42%. 58% (68/118) had complete vaccination. There was a 64% risk reduction for all-cause in-hospital mortality of having complete vaccination, hazard ratio 0.36, (95% CI 0.18-0.71, p=0.004) in the proportional hazards Cox regression test. Survivor group arrived earlier to medical care and had higher SpO2 on admission, and for inflammatory response, had lower levels of Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein, and D-dimer at admission. In the longitudinal measurement, only D-dimer showed significant differences between groups according to survival. In a highly marginalized Mexican population, complete vaccination has a protective effect against COVID-19 all-cause in-hospital mortality compared with incomplete or no vaccination. However, mortality in this population during the Omicron wave is high. Socio-economic inequalities may play an important role in COVID-19 outcomes.

Rural-urban differences in use of health services before and after dementia diagnosis: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundRural-urban differences in health service use among persons with prevalent dementia are known. However, the extent of geographic differences in health service use over a long observation period, and prior to diagnosis, have not been sufficiently examined. The purpose of this study was to examine yearly rural-urban differences in the proportion of patients using health services, and the mean number of services, in the 5-year period before and 5-year period after a first diagnosis of dementia.MethodsThis population-based retrospective cohort study used linked administrative health data from the Canadian province of Saskatchewan to investigate the use of five health services [family physician (FP), specialist physician, hospital admission, all-type prescription drug dispensations, and short-term institutional care admission] each year from April 2008 to March 2019. Persons with dementia included 2,024 adults aged 65 years and older diagnosed from 1 April 2013 to 31 March 2014 (617 rural; 1,407 urban). Matching was performed 1:1 to persons without dementia on age group, sex, rural versus urban residence, geographic region, and comorbidity. Differences between rural and urban persons within the dementia and control cohorts were separately identified using the Z-score test for proportions (p < 0.05) and independent samples t-test for means (p < 0.05).ResultsRural compared to urban persons with dementia had a lower average number of FP visits during 1-year and 2-year preindex and between 2-year and 4-year postindex (p < 0.05), a lower likelihood of at least one specialist visit and a lower average number of specialist visits during each year (p < 0.05), and a lower average number of all-type prescription drug dispensations for most of the 10-year study period (p < 0.05). Rural-urban differences were not observed in admission to hospital or short-term institutional care (p > 0.05 each year).ConclusionsThis study identified important geographic differences in physician services and all-type prescription drugs before and after dementia diagnosis. Health system planners and educators must determine how to use existing resources and technological advances to support care for rural persons living with dementia.

Knowledge and Preparedness of Dentists in Response to Bioterrorism.

In the current climate of heightened terrorist activity, the deliberate release or threat of biological agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi, or their toxins to induce sickness or death among civilians has become a genuine possibility. The most crucial action during a bioterrorist strike is early warning. The possibility of such an occurrence in dental setting is underestimated. Seventy five graduate students participated in the research. In a survey on zoonotic diseases, participants were asked whether they were familiar with the transmission from person to person, if the diseases caused significant morbidity and mortality, whether they were simple to produce and disseminate, and whether they posed a high risk of infection. Graph Prism was used to examine the data. A single proportion test was used to determine the "Aware Not Aware" group. The first 10 questions assessed dentists objective knowledge of bioterrorism. The importance of the last six questions was determined by their analysis of dentists' preparedness and desire to respond to a bioterrorism associated occurrence via perceived knowledge. Given the real danger they may face, dentists needed to be vigilant regarding the prevention, detection, and treatment of zoonotic illnesses transmitted in their offices or as a vector while being commended for their courage in the face of adversity.

Will coronal alignment postoperatively be deteriorating in adult spinal deformity after long-fusion surgery?

BackgroundTo investigate whether the coronal alignment (CA) will deteriorate, and identify the risk factors for coronal malalignment (CM) developing in adult spinal deformity (ASD) after long-fusion surgery.MethodsA multi-center retrospective study was performed, which included a total of 161 ASD patients who had undergone the surgical procedure of long-fusion (≥ 5 vertebras) with instrumentations in three medical centers. All of the participants were retrospectively reviewed, and subsequently assigned into the consistency group (C7 plumb line (C7PL) shifting towards the convex side of the main curve), and the opposition group (C7PL shifting towards the concave side). CM was considered if the coronal balance distance (CBD) being over 30 mm. A Kaplan–Meier curve and log-rank test were used to analyze the differences in CM-free survival during follow-up. Multivariate analysis via a Cox proportional hazards test was used to analyze the risk factors.ResultsPatients showing CM equaled 35 (21.7%) at the pre-operation, and that increased significantly up to 51 (31.7%) at the final follow-up (P = 0.04). In the consistency group, the incidence of CM at the final follow-up was much higher than that preoperatively (35:16, P = 0.002). CM-free survival time decreased significantly in patients with larger CBD correction, pelvic fixation and more instrumented segments, respectively, during follow-up (P < 0.05, log-rank test). Age ≥ 60 years, the consistency CA, pelvic fixation, CBD-correction ≥ 30 mm and fixed-vertebra ≥ 8 were risk factors for CM happening after surgery using multivariate regression analysis (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe coronal alignments in ASD patients underwent long-fusion surgeries may deteriorate during follow-up, for which the risk factors include the consistency CA, age ≥ 60, fixed-vertebra ≥ 8, CBD-correction ≥ 30 mm and pelvic fixation.

Association of Admission CRP Level with Short Term Outcome in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Acute ischemic stroke is very common in Bangladesh and one of the most common causes of physical disability and death. This study was performed to determine the prognostic value of CRP measured in the very early phase of ischemic stroke for short term functional outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke. This observational study was carried out in the departments of Medicine and Neurology of Faridpur Medical College Hospital, Faridpur from July 2012 to December 2012. Total 100 patients of acute ischemic stroke were recruited in this study. Blood sample was collected for CRP level during the time of admission. In this study 26% of patients were in low CRP group (CRP &lt;3 mg/L), 34% of patients were in medium CRP group (CRP 3-9.9 mg/L), 40% of patients were in high CRP group (CRP ≥10 mg/L). According to modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scoring system the high CRP group having a 44% risk for a poor outcome (mRS ≥3 ) vs 27% for the low CRP group ( p = 0.01). According to Barthel Index (BI) scoring system the high CRP group having a 45% risk for a poor outcome (BI &lt;95) vs. 25% for the low CRP group (p = 0.002). Z test of proportion revealed significant association between high CRP level and poor short-term outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Med. Coll. J. 2024;3(1):12-15

Future Intentions of First and Final-Year Nursing Students at Kenya Medical Training College

Purpose: To explore the nursing students’ future intentions upon graduation.&#x0D; Methodology: The study adopted a comparative cross-sectional survey of first-year nursing students and final-year nursing students on their future intentions upon graduation. The sample size was determined using Fisher et al., formula. Participants were selected through simple random sampling and those who met the eligibility criteria were included in the study. An online questionnaire was administered using a free Open Data Kit (ODK). The summary sheet from ODK software was downloaded, and data was cleaned, coded, and entered into R statistical package for analysis. Descriptive frequencies were generated for demographic and social characteristics; chi-square tests and proportion tests were used to determine significance when appropriate. Frequency counts, median, and percentages were tabulated for categorical variables.&#x0D; Findings: The study revealed that 99% (224/226) of the students would like to pursue a career in nursing after completing the diploma training. A higher proportion 69.1% (155/224) of the students who intend to pursue a career in nursing would prefer to pursue their nursing career outside of Kenya. There is a significant (P=0.004) difference since between the two groups as a higher proportion 77.5% (100/129) of Students in their first year of the study indicated they would prefer to pursue their career outside Kenya compared to 56.7% (55/97) students in their final year of the study. The study also revealed that 98.2% (222/226) of the students intend to pursue a degree in nursing upon completion of the KRCHN training.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice, and Policy: Regarding policy, this study suggests that the government collaborate with other nations to develop regulations that allow nurses to pursue education and employment abroad. After completing their training, nurses should be required to stay in Kenya for a predetermined period of time and should as most student nurses would wish to emigrate; thus, this will help alleviate the shortage.

Over- and underreporting of seizures: How big is the problem?

Clinical decisions on managing epilepsy patients rely on patient accuracy regarding seizure reporting. Studies have noted disparities between patient-reported seizures and electroencephalographic (EEG) findings during video-EEG monitoring periods, chiefly highlighting underreporting of seizures, a well-recognized phenomenon. However, seizure overreporting is a significant problem discussed within the literature, although not in such a large cohort. Our aim is to quantify the over- and underreporting of seizures in a large cohort of ambulatory EEG patients. We performed a retrospective data analysis on 3407 patients referred to a diagnostic service for ambulatory video-EEG between 2020 and 2022. Both patient-reported events and events discovered on review of the video-EEG were analyzed and classified as epileptic, psychogenic (typically clinical motor events, without accompanying EEG change), or noncorrelated events (NCEs; without perceivable clinical or EEG change). Events were analyzed by state of arousal and indication for referral. Subgroup analysis was performed in patients with focal and generalized epilepsies. A total of 21 024 events were recorded by 3407 patients. Fifty-eight percent of reported events were NCEs, whereas 27% of all events were epileptic. Sixty-four percent of epileptic seizures were not reported by the patient but discovered by the clinical service on review of the recording. NCEs were in the highest proportion in the awake and drowsy arousal states and were the most common event type for the majority of referral indications. Subgroup analysis found a significantly higher proportion of NCEs in the patients with focal epilepsy (23%) compared to generalized epilepsy (10%; p < .001, chi-squared proportion test). Our results reaffirm the phenomenon of underreporting and highlight the prevalence of overreporting. Overreporting likely represents irrelevant symptoms or electrographic discharges not represented on scalp electrodes, identification of which has important clinical relevance. Future studies should analyze events by risk factors to elucidate relationships clinicians can use and investigate the etiology of NCEs.

Exploring the effects of coronary artery disease as a preexisting comorbidity on mortality in hospitalized septic patients: a retrospective observation study

Abstract Background Sepsis has high prevalence and mortality rate, and it is imperative to identify populations at risk of poor sepsis outcomes. Septic patients with preexisting chronic comorbidities are shown to have worse sepsis outcomes. By identifying comorbidities with greater influence on sepsis progression, we can direct limited resources to septic patients with comorbidities and reduce health care costs. Chronic comorbidities can impact the risk of developing sepsis and having worse outcomes. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common comorbidity, especially in the elderly, and a leading cause of death globally. We wished to investigate the influence of CAD as a comorbidity on sepsis and hypothesized that preexisting CAD would increase mortality in hospitalized septic patients. Methods We conducted retrospective observational study using patient data from Freeman Health System in Joplin, MO. We analyzed patient records from Freeman Health System database from January 1, 2019, to June 30, 2020. Septic patients were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision sepsis codes. To identify septic patients with preexisting CAD, we used International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes for CAD. We compared mortality rates for septic patients with and without CAD. Results Two-sample proportion test was conducted to test the difference in mortality between septic patients with and without preexisting CAD. The difference in mortality for the total population was −0.016 (P = 0.553). In the male and female subgroups, the differences in mortality were 0.0122 (P = 0.739) and −0.0511 (P = 0.208), respectively. The differences in mortality in patients aged 40 to 64 years and 65 years and older were −0.0077 (P = 0.870) and 0.0007 (P = 0.983), respectively. The statistical tests failed to find significant differences when comparing septic patients with and without preexisting CAD. There was no significant difference in the age and sex subgroups. Conclusions Our study showed that CAD alone was not associated with higher mortality due to sepsis in our population.

Online Problem-Based Learning (PBL) during COVID-19 Pandemic: Trial at the Libyan International Medical University

Background Online courses that utilize problem-based learning (PBL) are widely recognized as an effective educational method that blends self-directed learning with collaborative problem-solving. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the satisfaction of students from the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences (BMS) at Libyan International Medical University (LIMU) with an online PBL course during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020. Method This is a cross-sectional study performed during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, involving a total of 293 students from four different classes of Faculty of BMS. Each online PBL session ran for 2 hours and was arranged independently for each year group. Students had access to a seven-closed-question questionnaire for a few hours after the end of the session. The questions were of three different categories. The first category was related to the online organization of the session, tutor control, and instructions provided in the applied Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment (Moodle). The second category involves questions related to online communication problems, the facility of the Google Hangouts application used, and the time allocated for the session. The third category was the cooperation of the PBL group. The student was asked to answer agree or disagree for each question. If the student did not choose one of the answers, his response was recorded as (no response). The scores of (agree), (disagree), or (no response) for each student were transferred to a Microsoft Office (2021) Excel file and were displayed as frequency and percentages. A two-way analysis of variance without replication was performed to analyze the differences in student responses across various groups using Excel statistics. The proportion test was utilized to determine whether the proportion of positive responses (agree) in any group significantly differed from a specified level of 0.75 (75%). The acceptable proportion of no response was set at 0.2 (20%). The significant level was set at p-value less than 0.05. Results For the first category, the highest level of student satisfaction (79.9%) was associated with Moodle instructions, followed by tutor control (79.5%), and online organization (72%). However, students in the third year of medicine demonstrated significantly lower satisfaction with online organizations compared with other groups (62.3%, p &lt; 0.05). For the second category, all groups, except first-year medicine students, reported significantly low satisfaction with online access (58% p &lt; 0.05). All groups expressed satisfaction with the time allotted for the session (74%) and the online Google Hangouts application used (71%), except for third-year medicine students, who exhibited a notable level of dissatisfaction with the use of online Google Hangouts application (7%, p &lt; 0.05). Lastly, the third category focused on group cooperation and reflected an overall student satisfaction rate of 80%. Conclusion BMS students responded positively regarding their first online PBL session during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study displayed that the availability of online communication, the clarity of instructions, good session organization, and control are important factors that will determine the effectiveness of online PBL.

Firearm ownership and storage among US college students: results from the healthy minds study, 2021-2022.

The purpose of this study is to address a significant gap in knowledge on firearm ownership rates and storage characteristics in a national sample of college students. We used 2021-2022 survey data from the Healthy Minds Study, which included approximately 88,500 students at over 100 US colleges and universities. We conducted analyses using descriptive statistics and two-sample proportion tests. About 4% of respondents reported having a firearm on or around campus. Among firearm owners, 68.8% reported storing firearms at their permanent address within an hour's drive from campus, and 43.1% reported storing their firearms unloaded and locked. Firearm ownership rates were significantly higher for respondents who were positive for specific risk factors (i.e., in a relationship, suicide ideation, recent binge drinking, and having been physically assaulted) versus those who were negative. These findings support the need for targeted messaging and firearm safety training for college students to reduce firearm-related risks.

AI Risk Assessment: A Scenario-Based, Proportional Methodology for the AI Act

The EU Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) defines four risk categories for AI systems: unacceptable, high, limited, and minimal. However, it lacks a clear methodology for the assessment of these risks in concrete situations. Risks are broadly categorized based on the application areas of AI systems and ambiguous risk factors. This paper suggests a methodology for assessing AI risk magnitudes, focusing on the construction of real-world risk scenarios. To this scope, we propose to integrate the AIA with a framework developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports and related literature. This approach enables a nuanced analysis of AI risk by exploring the interplay between (a) risk determinants, (b) individual drivers of determinants, and (c) multiple risk types. We further refine the proposed methodology by applying a proportionality test to balance the competing values involved in AI risk assessment. Finally, we present three uses of this approach under the AIA: to implement the Regulation, to assess the significance of risks, and to develop internal risk management systems for AI deployers.

Frequency of concomitant injuries in maxillofacial trauma in a tertiary health care centre in India: A 5-year retrospective study

PurposeRoad traffic accidents (RTA), assaults, falls, and sports-related injuries are the leading causes of maxillofacial trauma. Due to quite different geographical environment and fast urbanization, the use of various protective equipment is restricted in India. Thus, compared to other countries, there might be a significant difference in the pattern and frequency of associated injuries among subjects with maxillofacial trauma. The present study was conducted to identify the causes and pattern of various maxillofacial fractures and the frequency of other related injuries among subjects with maxillofacial trauma. MethodsThis is a cross-sectional retrospective study recording 2617 subjects with maxillofacial trauma. The patient demographics, causes of trauma, types of maxillofacial injury, and associated soft and hard tissue injuries were recorded. The types of maxillofacial and associated injuries were diagnosed from details of clinical examinations and the interpretation of various radiographs available in the file. The associated injuries were divided into head injury, other bony injuries, and soft tissue and vital structure injuries. Descriptive statistics and the test of proportion were used. A p value < 0.05 was considered as a level of significance. ResultsThe maxillofacial injuries were significantly common in patients aged 16 – 45 years (66.7%) than in patients aged ≤ 15 and > 46 years (33.3%) (p < 0.001). The RTA was the most common cause of maxillofacial injury (n = 2139, 81.7%), followed by fall (n = 206, 7.9%), other causes of injury (n = 178, 6.8%), and assaults (n = 94, 3.6%). The maxillofacial injury by 2-wheel vehicle accidents was significantly higher than that by 4-wheel vehicle and other vehicle accidents (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between alcohol and RTA (p < 0.001). The head injury (n = 931, 61.1%) was the most common associated injury, followed by soft tissue and vital structures injuries (n = 328, 21.5%) and other bone injuries (n = 264, 17.3%). DiscussionHead injury was the most common associated injury followed by soft tissue and vital structures and bone injuries among subjects with maxillofacial trauma. Clavicle fracture and injury to the lower extremities were the most common hard and soft tissue-associated injuries.

Retrospective Cohort Study of Recovery From Sacrocolpopexy Versus Nonmesh Prolapse Repair.

Providing recovery expectations for prolapse surgery is an important part of patient counseling and aids in patient-centered decision making. The purpose of this study was to determine if postoperative recovery from minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy (MISCP) is noninferior to that of native tissue repair. Recovery at 2 and 6 weeks was quantified using the Postdischarge Surgical Recovery 13 scale, where higher scores indicate greater patient-perceived recovery. A 2:1 MISCP to native tissue repair ratio was used. The study population was created from 3 prior studies involving patients who underwent prolapse surgery between 2013 and 2021.Independent-samples t test was used for normally distributed data, Mann-Whitney U tests for nonnormally distributed data, and the χ2 test for population proportions. A parsimonious linear regression analysis was performed to determine if the surgical group independently predicted postdischarge surgical recovery at 2 and 6 weeks, after controlling for significant confounders identified during bivariate analysis. The study population included 476 patients: 352 underwent MISCP and 124 underwent native tissue repair.Postdischarge Surgical Recovery 13 scores for patients who underwent MISCP compared with native tissue repair were higher at 2 weeks (mean, 58.4 ± 18.2 vs 54.4 ± 18.7; P = 0.04) and at 6 weeks postoperatively (mean, 77.2 ± 15.6 vs 73.7 ± 18.7; P = 0.1). Our findings indicate that recovery after MISCP is noninferior to that of native tissue repair. This information is important for delivering patient-centered care during preoperative counseling.

Determinant of adherence with health protocols of COVID-19 among market traders

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, extensive restrictions were imposed on public facilities, including markets. Market traders and visitors were required to adhere with the health protocols government-established. This study's objective is to identify the factors influencing adherence with health protocols among traders. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in traditional and modern market located in Bogor Regency, Indonesia, from March to June 2022. The study encompassed all registered traders belonging to the traditional and modern market association. A total of 240 traders were chosen through a systematic random sampling method based on a hypothesis 2 test of population proportion. Primary data was gathered using a questionnaire and the research data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. In traditional markets, the majority of traders, about 65.0%, did not adhere with the health protocols, whereas in modern markets, approximately 71.7% of traders adhered to the protocols. The determinants of adherence to health protocols were knowledge (p=0.007; OR=3.311; 95% CI=1.395-7.857) in traditional markets and perceived susceptibility (p=0.001; OR=10.377; 95% CI=2.494-43.180) in modern markets. Knowledge and perceived susceptibility are determinant of market traders' adherence with health protocols. Enhanced adherence to health protocols can be achieved by boosting traders' understanding and awareness of COVID-19.