Proportion Of Renewables Research Articles

OUTLOOK ON ENERGY AND EMPLOYMENT SCENARIOS IN SELECT SOUTH ASIAN NATIONS: SEVEN-YEAR FORECAST (2023-2030)

Coal is the primary energy source of countries India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Coal is a fossil fuel and thus is non-renewable. In this study, we are analyzing and forecasting various energy parameters, encompassing total energy generation, consumption, the proportion of renewables in the overall primary energy mix, and socio-economic parameters such as population statistics, unemployment rates, and the percentage of women in the workforce. The objective is to leverage this data to evaluate forthcoming business and employment prospects within the renewable sector, and how it can reduce unemployment rates and improve womens participation in the workforce. Additionally, the existing job opportunities in the renewable energy market are also assessed. The high gap between energy consumption and generation indicates the need for the establishment of renewable energy infrastructure. KEYWORDS: Renewable Energy, Fossil Fuels, Unemployment rate, Energy consumption

Willingness to Pay for Greener Electricity Among Non-Subsidized Residential Consumers in Indonesia: A Discrete Choice Experiment Approach

By 2021, fossil fuels still dominated Indonesia’s energy source by generating 87% of electricity and constituting 88.5% of the national energy mix. This achievement is far from the government’s target of 23% renewables in the national energy mix by 2025. The main obstacle is the low electricity price that discourages investors from entering the green electricity business. Increasing the electricity price has been the government’s last option, socially and politically. Indonesia’s electricity industry is highly regulated, including the selling price at retail and upstream (independent power producers) levels. The current pricing is cost-based and does not thoroughly consider consumers’ preferences and willingness to pay (WTP). This research aims to estimate the WTP for greener electricity among non-subsidized residential consumers in Indonesia. Residential consumers have dominated the market by using 46% of the generated electricity. We use the discrete choice experiment assuming a mixed multinomial logit choice behavior model and employ the Bayesian method to estimate the model parameters. We found that more than 95% of respondents are willing to pay up to 40% higher than the current price for greener electricity. We also found that the WTP for greener electricity increases with the proportion of renewables. Using the latent class method, we identified three residential consumer segments: Status Quo, Greenie, and Unsatisfied Median, and found significant WTP differences among them. Considering the WTP alone, the result suggests that increasing the electricity retail selling price is justifiable. Further research is needed to develop a pricing strategy that considers the interrelatedness between retail and upstream pricing.

Low-carbon transition model for power generation companies in China: A case study

The power sector is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide in China, and the coal-based energy structure presents an additional challenge to its decarbonization. Several studies have been conducted to find cost-optimal pathways for the low-carbon transition of the power sector or individual power plants, but few studies have taken power generation companies as a research topic. In this paper we addressed the issue by building an optimization model that can characterize power generation companies, and selected a big company as a case to study how economic and technological factors drive the company to adjust its plant allocation and affect its profitability. We find that the transformation trajectory of the company is similar to that of the power sector as a whole. The share of coal power plants will remain stable at 53% during this decade and then decline rapidly after 2030. At the same time, the proportion of renewables will rise rapidly from 35% in 2020 to 90% by 2060. The total cost of achieving the carbon neutrality target is approximately RMB 4.6 trillion during 40 years, and the annual cost is approximately RMB 114.9 billion, which is equivalent to about 40% of its total revenue in 2021. Analysis of different scenarios suggests that achieving carbon neutrality 5 to 10 years ahead of time is financially and technologically feasible. Energy storage will play a significant role whereas CCS will have little impact on this company.

CSR & Trade Credit - The Strategic Link - A Case of Energy Sector

The proportion of renewables in the total energy mix has been in an increasing trend in the business portfolio of energy sector companies to attain sustainability goals. This article provides evidence as to how corporate social responsibility (CSR) coupled with trade credit can be leveraged for optimizing the overall financing cost towards achieving such sustainability goals. This study aims to provide evidence towards the existing body of research showing how CSR reduces cost of financing and availability of trade credit. The study also provides evidence as to how CSR expenditure is correlated to trade credit, leading to sustainable financing and impacting the overall achievement of sustainable business goals.

An assessment of the potential of offshore wind power services market and opportunities for oil and gas service companies to 2030

In the context of energy transition, major oil and gas companies (such as Total, BP, Equinor, Shell, Eni, Petronas, and Osted, etc.) have diversified their investment portfolios with new energy projects, including those in offshore wind power.
 Resolution No. 55-NQ/TW dated 11 February 2020 of the Politburo on the orientation of Vietnam's national energy development strategy to 2030, vision to 2045 sets the target: the proportion of renewables in the total primary energy supply will reach about 15-20% by 2030; and 25 - 30% by 2045. For wind power, priority should be given to development in accordance with the ability to ensure system safety with reasonable electricity prices; and formulation of supporting policies and breakthrough mechanisms for offshore wind power development in association with the implementation of the Vietnam Maritime Strategy.
 The paper focuses on assessing the potential market size for wind power services to 2030 and evaluating the possibility of diversification to include the offshore wind power supply chain of Petrovietnam’s service companies.

Inertia Theory Frequency Dynamic Analysis and Control of Power System with High Proportion of Renewable Source

Power plant emissions are a major cause of pollution in the environment. This necessitates the progressive replacement of conventional power plants with renewable energy sources. Changes in the quotas for conventional generating and renewable energy sources present new issues for modern power networks for example photovoltaic and wind turbines are replacing conventional power plants, which do not add to system inertia and due to the earth’s diurnal cycle and weather conditions. Solar radiations are not consistent all through the day, and photovoltaic (PV) generation is sometimes insufficient to meet the power requirement of the shifting local load. The amount of inertia in the power system, as well as the action of adjustable frequency reserves and the amount of power imbalance, all have an impact on frequency stability. As a result, estimating power system inertia and assessing frequency response are required so that necessary actions can be taken to assure frequency stability. In this way, the system frequency, power, and voltage stability are the major issues when high proportion of renewables are added. In this paper, we explained estimating power system inertia-related frequency problems. The approach account for the frequency and voltage fluctuations that occur after a disturbance and estimate the system’s total inertia constant as well as its overall power imbalance. The anticipated technique based on computational intelligence is used to analyze frequency responses from simulations of a test system under various circumstances on SIMULINK and focuses on the standalone PV system is critical for controlling it. As a result, the modelling of a PV system, battery, and generator using analogous circuits is discussed. As a matter of fact, maximum power should be harvested from a PV array to increase its efficiency that is depicted from the result outcomes of this research.

Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency Adoption’s Impact on the Environmental Quality of Middle East North Africa Countries

Environmental challenges in MENA countries deserve more attention as they are pursuing economic growth and expanding urbanization and the geographical position of these countries make them more exposed to the outcomes of climate change. In this context, this paper focuses on the proposed solutions for the climate change problem that are renewable energies and the use of fossil fuel effectively in the context of growing urbanization in the MENA region. Indeed, using the GMM estimator for 18 MENA countries during the period 2000-2018, we try to quantify the magnitude of the impact of population, economic prosperity, urbanization, fossil fuels, energy efficiency, and renewable energies, especially solar, wind, and hydropower energies on CO2 emissions. Results allow the environmental Kuznets curve validation and highlight the contribution of energy efficiency in improving the environment. However, the used proportion of renewables in the energy mix does not significantly affect environmental quality. Moreover, solar energy contributes to emissions reduction. While the adopted level of wind and hydropower energy does not allow these countries to improve their environment.

Solving the Energy Transition Riddle: Renewable Gas for Transport and Renewable Electricity for Heating

Many studies have analyzed the energy mix at national and continental scales, suggesting different low-carbon mixes for future energy systems. While there is abundant literature on the energy mix for different sectors, fewer studies deal with the impact of sector-coupling on achieving the goal of deep decarbonization, with limited representation of emerging low-carbon options and incomplete coverage of the main energy sectors. We develop an integrated optimization-of-dispatch and investment model for the whole energy sector, enabling full sector-coupling, and we apply this model to France for the year 2050. Our results suggest that a robust social cost of carbon of €300/tCO 2 will achieve carbon-neutrality, with a high proportion of renewables on the supply side (> 80% of primary energy production). A fully electrified heat sector and a highly gas-dependent transport sector fueled with renewable gas help reaching carbon-neutrality under the most cost-optimal conditions.

Robust Scale-Free Synthesis for Frequency Control in Power Systems

The ac frequency in electrical power systems is conventionally regulated by synchronous machines. The gradual replacement of these machines by asynchronous renewable-based generation, which provides little or no frequency control, increases system uncertainty and the risk of instability. This imposes hard limits on the proportion of renewables that can be integrated into the system. In this paper, we address this issue by developing a framework for performing frequency control in power systems with arbitrary mixes of conventional and renewable generation. Our approach is based on a robust stability criterion that can be used to guarantee the stability of a full power system model on the basis of a set of decentralized tests, one for each component in the system. It can be applied even when using detailed heterogeneous component models, and can be verified using several standard frequency response, state-space, and circuit theoretic analysis tools. Furthermore, the stability guarantees hold independently of the operating point, and remain valid even as components are added to and removed from the grid. By designing decentralized controllers for individual components to meet these decentralized tests, every component can contribute to the regulation of the system frequency in a simple and provable manner. Notably, our framework certifies the stability of several existing (nonpassive) power system control schemes and models, and allows for the study of robustness with respect to delays.

Market equilibrium analysis with high penetration of renewables and gas-fired generation: An empirical case of the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan power system

Facing stricter energy policies, the power mix in China is experiencing significant changes. First, the proportion of renewables, which have intermittent and stochastic generation, is assumed to be rapidly increasing. Thus, there is an increasing requirement to install more flexible generation capacity in the power system. According to the Chinese government’s energy planning, in the near future, the proportion of gas-fired units will be greatly promoted to add flexibility to the power system. The impacts incurred by developing a high proportion of both renewables and gas-fired generation on the power market should be formulated and analyzed. In this study, a modified Nash-Cournot equilibrium model is proposed, considering renewable curtailment situations during valley times. Then, a large-scale and multi-period unit commitment model that considers the combined heat and power characteristics is presented to simulate market behaviors. On this basis, an empirical analysis of the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan power system equilibrium is illustrated as numerical examples, presenting the influences of the changing power mix on electricity prices, renewable energy integration, carbon emissions and air pollutant emissions. Finally, some suggestions on future electrical and environmental policies are presented.

A Demand-Side Perspective on Developing a Future Electricity Generation Mix: Identifying Heterogeneity in Social Preferences

Public support is an important factor in failure or success of the government decisions with respect to the electricity generation mix, which highlights the necessity of developing an electricity mix that reflects social preferences and acceptance. This study explores heterogeneity in social preferences for power sources and develops an electricity mix from a demand-side perspective. The study utilizes the choice-based conjoint survey and latent class model, and bases its empirical analysis on South Korea’s electric power sector. Results demonstrate that preferences for power sources in Korean society consist of two classes: one that is sensitive to the environment and one that is sensitive to risk. An electricity mix for Korea that reflects social preferences is 16.5–19.8% coal-fired, 13.3–24.9% liquefied natural gas (LNG), 9.0–11.2% oil, 22.3–32.9% nuclear, and 18.5–38.9% renewables, depending on the scenario. The study confirms that renewables are the power source with the least potential to cause social conflict, compared to nuclear and coal-fired sources. Moreover, increasing the proportion of renewables (currently only 3.9%) while decreasing the proportion of coal-fired power sources (currently 39.9%) to less than half its current level will result in an electricity mix that is accordance with social preferences in the long run.

Capacity adequacy in power markets facing energy transition: A comparison of scarcity pricing and capacity mechanism

This article analyses how a capacity mechanism can address security of supply objectives in a power market undergoing an energy transition that combines energy efficiency efforts to stabilise demand and a rapid increase in the proportion of renewables. To analyse this situation, power markets are simulated over the long term with a System Dynamics model integrating new investment and closure decisions. This last trait is relevant to studying investment in power generation in mature markets undergoing policy shocks. The energy-only market design with a price cap, with and without a capacity mechanism, is compared to scarcity pricing in two investment behaviour scenarios with and without risk aversion. The results show that the three market designs lead to different levels of risk for peaking unit investment and results thus differ according to which risk aversion hypothesis is adopted. Assuming a risk-neutral investor, the results indicate that compared to an energy-only market with a price cap at 3 000 €/MWh, an energy-only market with scarcity pricing and the market design with a capacity mechanism are two efficient options to reach similar levels of load loss. But under the hypothesis of risk aversion, the results highlight the advantage of the capacity mechanism over scarcity pricing.

Impact assessment of CO2 mitigation options in Korea using energy system analysis model

The Korea Electric Power Research Institute (KEPRI) has performed a study to analyze the deployment impact of CO2 mitigation options in the power generation sector in Korea, with IEA Clean Coal Centre. The goal of this study is the identification of the viable technology and legal options for CO2 mitigation, and the impact assessment of the options for the Korean power generation sector. The MARKAL modeling package of IEA/ETSAP was used as an appropriate tool to make the database of Korean energy system in the model and assess the effects of the options. Several scenarios were made to study the effect of CO2 emission reductions on the Korean power generation sector, and these were classified as the Base Scenario, New Technology Scenario, Carbon Tax Scenario, Total Carbon Emission Cap Scenario, and mixtures of the scenarios. Under the base scenario based on the National Electricity Plan of Korea, the future power generation will be dominated by nuclear and coal power plants, with some of natural gas fired plant and a very small proportion of renewables. However, with increasing pressure to mitigate CO2 emissions, the analysis results of all four scenarios and combination of the scenarios showed that Korea would have to adopt a little different approach. An extensive modeling work was, therefore, undertaken to analyze the impact of various measures on introduction of new technologies and policies in order to achieve significant CO2 emissions reduction. As results of this work, we found estimated average cost for a ton carbon mitigation and estimated amount of CO2 emission reduction by application of each scenario including constraint of lower limit of coal power generation for security of energy supplies in Korea. The results obtained are to be suggested as recommendation in establishing a sustainable energy portfolio within the Korean power generation sector.

Dutch climate policy A victim of economic growth?

The Netherlands has ratified The Kyoto protocol and agreed to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases. Since 1990 the goals were made less ambitious several times, but still the last goal for 2000 was not met. Economic growth surely has been one of the main culprits. The main reason economic growth results in higher CO2 emissions, is the fact that it causes higher energy consumption. So far policy measures to reduce CO2 emissions, including many energy efficiency and energy reduction measures, did not succeed in beating the effects of economic growth. The Netherlands did not manage to decouple economic growth and environmental pressure (measured here as CO2 emissions). Absolute decoupling will require an economy that has a fuel mix with a large proportion of renewables, and a much higher energy efficiency level, and probably some major technological breakthroughs. It is not very likely that current policy measures will lead to the Kyoto goals. Therefore, it is concluded that emission trading and levies would offer good, and efficient options for further reductions of CO2 equivalents. It might, however, make it difficult for The Netherlands to realise 50% of its reduction domestically, as CO2 reduction abroad will most likely be at least five times cheaper. The Ministry of VROM will have to invent new policy measures to meet the Kyoto goals.