Proportion Of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Characteristics and Health Benefit of Highly Marbled Wagyu and Hanwoo Beef.

This review addresses the characteristics and health benefit of highly marbled Wagyu and Hanwoo beef. Marbling of Wagyu and Hanwoo beef has been increased in Japan and Korea to meet domestic consumer preferences. Wagyu and Hanwoo cattle have high potential of accumulating intramuscular fat (IMF) and producing highly marbled beef. The IMF content varies depending on the feeding of time, finishing diet, and breed type. IMF increases when feeding time is increased. The rate of IMF increase in grain-fed cattle is faster than that in pasture-fed cattle. Fatty acid composition are also different depending on breeds. Highly marbled Wagyu and Hanwoo beef have higher proportions of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) due to higher concentrations of oleic acid. MUFAs have little effect on total cholesterol. They are heart-healthy dietary fat because they can lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol while increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. Clinical trials have indicated that highly marbled beef does not increase LDL-cholesterol. This review also emphasizes that high oleic acid beef such as Wagyu and Hanwoo beef might be able to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Fatty Acid Profiles of Ten Muscles from High and Low Marbled (Quality Grade 1++ and 2) Hanwoo Steers.

The aim of this research was to evaluate: 1) the fatty acid profile of ten muscles from high marbled (HM, quality grade 1++) and low marbled (LM, quality grade 2) Hanwoo carcass, 2) the relationship between the fatty acid profile and sensory traits. There were significant (p<0.001) differences in fat content and fatty acid composition among the 10 muscles obtained from HM and LM Hanwoo steers. The proportions of SFA (saturated fatty acid), MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acid) and PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) were significantly (p<0.001) different among the 10 muscles due to differences in all fatty acids except eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3). The high-fat muscles had a lower n-6/n-3 ratio compared to the low-fat muscles (p<0.001). LM muscles had a significantly (p<0.05) higher proportion of SFA than HM muscles due to a higher proportion of stearic acid (C18:0). On the contrary, HM muscles had a significantly (p<0.01) higher proportion of MUFA than LM muscles due to higher oleic acid (C18:1n-9) proportion. SFA had a significant correlation with CIE a* (r=0.281; p<0.01) and drip loss (%) (r=−0.233; p<0.001). Cooking loss (%) had a significantly (p<0.05) negative correlation with PUFA (r=−0.233; p<0.05). Overall palatability was positively correlated with SFA (r=0.262; p<0.01), but negatively correlated with PUFA (r=−0.567; p<0.001). There was no significant correlation between oleic acid and any of the sensory traits (p>0.05).

Effect of linseed and the combination of conjugated linoleic acid and linseed on the quality and oxidative stability of pig meat and subcutaneous fat

The aim of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in diets of finishing pigs fed linseed can improve the quality and oxidative stability of meat and subcutaneous fat. Twenty-four Prestice Black-Pied pigs (barrows and gilts) were divided into three groups and were fed a basal diet and diets supplemented with ground linseed (70 g/kg), or linseed combined with conjugated linoleic acid (20 g CLA-oil/kg). The trial duration was 53 days. Measurements included slaughter and meat quality parameters, oxidative stability determination, and fatty acid profile of meat and subcutaneous fat. The experimental data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance. Neither linseed nor linseed with CLA significantly influenced weight gain, lean percentage, muscle depth, backfat thickness, drip loss, meat shear force, dry matter, intramuscular fat or cholesterol (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Dietary supplementation with linseed increased the percentage of linolenic acid in the fatty acids of meat and backfat and resulted in higher production of aldehydes. Dietary CLA did not influence the susceptibility of lipids to oxidation. Supplementation with CLA significantly increased CLA proportions in fatty acids of meat and backfat, reduced proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids, and increased proportions of saturated fatty acids in backfat (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The concentration of CLA (in mg/100 g of fresh tissue) in backfat was almost fifty times higher than in meat. Both meat and backfat of pigs fed CLA-free diets contained CLA, probably as a result of microbial conversion of linoleic acid in the intestine. It can be concluded that CLA changed the fatty acid profile of meat and backfat, but did not improve oxidative stability and other meat quality traits of pigs fed linseed.

Metabolic profiling of alcohol consumption in 9778 young adults.

Background: High alcohol consumption is a major cause of morbidity, yet alcohol is associated with both favourable and adverse effects on cardiometabolic risk markers. We aimed to characterize the associations of usual alcohol consumption with a comprehensive systemic metabolite profile in young adults. Methods: Cross-sectional associations of alcohol intake with 86 metabolic measures were assessed for 9778 individuals from three population-based cohorts from Finland (age 24–45 years, 52% women). Metabolic changes associated with change in alcohol intake during 6-year follow-up were further examined for 1466 individuals. Alcohol intake was assessed by questionnaires. Circulating lipids, fatty acids and metabolites were quantified by high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics and biochemical assays. Results: Increased alcohol intake was associated with cardiometabolic risk markers across multiple metabolic pathways, including higher lipid concentrations in HDL subclasses and smaller LDL particle size, increased proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids and decreased proportion of omega-6 fatty acids, lower concentrations of glutamine and citrate (P < 0.001 for 56 metabolic measures). Many metabolic biomarkers displayed U-shaped associations with alcohol consumption. Results were coherent for men and women, consistent across the three cohorts and similar if adjusting for body mass index, smoking and physical activity. The metabolic changes accompanying change in alcohol intake during follow-up resembled the cross-sectional association pattern (R2 = 0.83, slope = 0.72 ± 0.04). Conclusions: Alcohol consumption is associated with a complex metabolic signature, including aberrations in multiple biomarkers for elevated cardiometabolic risk. The metabolic signature tracks with long-term changes in alcohol consumption. These results elucidate the double-edged effects of alcohol on cardiovascular risk.

Effect of seasonal variation on lipid and fatty acid profile in muscle tissue of male and female Silurus triostegus.

Fatty acid (FA) compositions of total lipid, phospholipid (PL) and triacylglycerol (TAG) fractions have been determined in muscle tissues of Silurus triostegus. The distributions of saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportions were found to be different among total lipid, PL and TAG fractions from lipids in muscle tissues of the male and female S. triostegus in all seasons. Triacylglycerol contained a lower proportion of PUFA and a higher proportion of MUFA and SFA than PL while PL contained higher proportion of PUFA than proportion of MUFA and SFA compared to TAG. Triacylglycerol and PL fatty acid compositions in muscle tissues of the male and female fish species were found different. The most abundant fatty acids in the investigated seasons were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n-9), palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3). It was shown that the total lipid content and FA compositions in muscle tissues of the male and female S. triostegus were influenced by reproduction period and season.

Trophic niches of sympatric tropical tuna in the Western Indian Ocean inferred by stable isotopes and neutral fatty acids

This study examined the trophic ecology of three sympatric tropical tuna species (bigeye BET, skipjack SKJ, and yellowfin YFT) sampled in the Western Indian Ocean throughout 2013. Specifically we explored inter-specific resource partitioning and ontogenetic variability using neutral fatty acids and stable isotope analysis of liver and muscle from small (⩽100cm fork length, FL) and large (>100cm FL) tuna collected in mixed schools at the surface by purse-seine. Both biochemical tracers were used to calculate trophic niche indices that collectively revealed high potential for resource overlap, especially among small tuna. Resource overlap appeared strongest between BET and YFT, with SKJ tissues having high carbon isotope (δ13C) values (−17±0.3‰), lower nitrogen isotope (δ15N) values (11.4±0.6‰), and higher relative proportion of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than the two other species, indicating a different diet. Size was found to be a strong predictor for most biochemical tracers in the three species with δ13C, δ15N and total lipid content in the liver. In the larger species (YFT and BET), proportions of mono-unsaturated fatty acids typically increased with size, while quantities of PUFA decreased. In addition to ontogenetic variability, trophic markers were shown to vary between sampling area and season: higher lipid reserves and δ15N values, and lower δ13C values occurred during monsoon periods around Seychelles than in the Mozambique Channel (parted from about 1500km). Our multi-tracer approach reveals the magnitude of potential competitive interactions in mixed tropical tuna schools at both small and large sizes and demonstrates that ontogenetic niche differentiation acts as a major factor of coexistence in tropical tuna.

Fatty acid profiles of intramuscular, intermuscular, external and internal fat in Polish Holstein-Friesian × Hereford bulls and steers fed grass silage-based diets supplemented with concentrates

This paper determined the impact of gender and feeding intensity on the profile of fatty acids in different types of fat deposits. The studies were conducted with 20 young bulls and 20 steers, which were Polish Holstein-Friesian and Hereford crossbreds fattened intensively – grass silage ad libitum and concentrate covered 50% of the net energy requirement in fattened cattle or semi-intensively – concentrate covered 30% of the net energy. The fatty acid profile in intramuscular, intermuscular, external and internal fat was determined. The content of intramuscular fat was lower (P &lt; 0.001) in the longissimus muscle in the bulls (1.74%) than in the steers (3.71%). In fat of steers, the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids was higher whereas in fat of bulls, the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was higher. Generally the impact of the location of fat depots on the profile of fatty acids was statistically significant (P &lt; 0.001) but there was no effect of feeding intensity.

Abstract MP39: Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acid and Coronary Heart Disease Risk

Introduction: The 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline recommended limiting saturated fatty acids (SFA) and substituting SFA with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in diet. Dietary intake data derived from self-reports is prone to measurement error and studies have been criticized for this reason. An objective alternative approach to examining the role of different dietary fatty acids on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk is to measure plasma phospholipid fatty acid (PL-FA) profiles, which reflect both dietary intake and endogenous metabolism, hence are proximal to the pathophysiologic processes of CHD. Our aim was to evaluate the role of plasma PL-FA profiles on CHD risk both directly and by estimating the theoretical effects of plasma “substitution” of various fatty acids for each other on CHD risk, and evaluate the consistence with the AHA/ACC Guideline. Hypothesis: Plasma SFA is associated with increased CHD risk, and “substituting” plasma SFA with MUFA, PUFA n-6 or n-3 is associated with lower CHD risk. Methods: We performed a nested case-control study with 2428 postmenopausal women in Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study (1214 CHD cases-controls pairs matched for baseline age, enrollment date, ethnicity and hysterectomy). Plasma PL-FA profiles were measured using gas chromatography methodology and expressed as molar percentage (mol%). Multivariate conditional logistic regression was used to calculate ORs for CHD risk associated with 1 mol% PL-FA increase, and “substitutions” of various fatty acids for each other, adjusting for matching factors, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), smoking, family history of diabetes, anticoagulant medication, hormone therapy, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and alternative healthy eating index. In addition, we tested the interactions of BMI and hormone therapy with PL-FAs. Results: In multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis, plasma PL SFA was associated with increased CHD risk (OR=1.16, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.24) and PUFA n-3 was associated with decreased CHD risk (OR=0.92, 95% CI 0.86 to 0.97). No significant associations were observed for MUFA, PUFA n-6 and trans -fatty acids. “Substituting” 1 mol% SFA with an equivalent proportion of MUFA, PUFA n-6, or n-3 were associated with lower CHD risk (OR=0.81, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.88; OR=0.77, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.84;and OR=0.85, 95%CI 0.80 to 0.92, respectively). “Substituting” PUFA n-6 with n-3 was associated with lower CHD risk (OR=0.92, 95% CI 0.86 to 0.98) while no significant effect was found for “substituting” PUFA n-6 with MUFA. No significant interactions were obtained of BMI and hormone therapy with PL-FAs. Conclusion: This plasma PL-FA “substitution” analysis is consistent with the AHA/ACC Guideline and suggests that “substituting” PL SFA with MUFA, PUFA n-6 or n-3, and “substituting” PUFA n-6 with n-3 is associated with lower CHD risk.

Compositional characteristics and nutritional quality of European beaver (Castor fiber L.) meat and its utility for sausage production

Żochowska-Kujawska J., Lachowicz K., Sobczak M., Bienkiewicz G., Tokarczyk G., Kotowicz M., Machcinska E. (2016): Compositional characteristics and nutritional quality of European beaver (Castor fiber L.) meat and its utility for sausage production. Czech J. Food Sci., 34: 87–92. The composition of European beaver (Castor fiber L.) meat and its utility for sausage production were investigated. Beaver meat has a high concentration of protein (21.44% wet weight) with the high content of available lysine (1.97 g/100 g) and tryptophan (0.29 g/100 g). The fat (5.08%) was characterised by a generally high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (35%) and lower proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (29%). Octadecenoic acid (C18:1) was a dominant monounsaturated fatty acid. Beaver muscles were characterised by generally small muscle fibres, thick perimysium and low amount of intramuscular fat, thus this raw material may be used in sausage production as an alternative to pork. The most positive effects of beaver meat addition on the texture and palatability of sausages were obtained when about 20–40% of this kind of meat was used.

Feeding Effect of the Addition of Linoleic Acid on Meat Quality of Chickens

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of linoleic acid which was added in the broiler chickens feed mixtures in relation to chemical composition of meat, content of fatty acids and composition of blood serum. There were compared the characteristics of two groups of ROSS 308 chickens in the experiment (the experimental group with 5% addition of linoleic acid and the control group). The protein content of breast was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) in the experimental group than in the control group. There were found significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the protein content between sexes. There was found statistically significant (P ≤ 0.01) higher fat content in the breast of experimental group in comparison with control group. Statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found in fat from the thigh meat of experimental group than the control group. The analysis of the chemical composition showed higher content of fat in the breast (1.9 g.100 g−1) than in the thigh (11.66 g.100 g−1) of chickens which were fed with the addition of linoleic acid to feed mixture. This resulted in lower share of the other components. The addition of linoleic acid in the chickens feed mixture showed significantly higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (0.76). Analysis of blood serum showed higher concentration of chlorides (P ≤ 0.01) in the group with the addition of linoleic acid than the control group. Proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids was 47.06% in the experimental group and significantly higher one (53.77%) was found in the control group.

Effect of synbiotic supplementation and dietary fat sources on broiler performance, serum lipids, muscle fatty acid profile and meat quality

A 42-d trial was conducted to investigate the effect of adding a synbiotic supplement to diets containing two different types of fat on performance, blood lipids and fatty acid (FA) composition and oxidative stability of breast and thigh meat in broilers.A total of 800 one-d-old male broiler chickens were randomly assigned into 1 of 8 treatments with 4 replicates of 25 birds per treatment. The experiment consisted of a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments including 4 concentrations of synbiotic (0, 0.5, 1 or 1.5 g/kg diet) and 2 types of fat [sunflower oil (SO) or canola oil (CO)] at an inclusion rate of 50 g/kg diet.Dietary fat type did not affect body weight gain (BWG) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the overall experimental period (0–42 d). However, fat type modified serum lipid profile and FA composition and 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) content in breast and thigh meat.The addition of synbiotic to the diet linearly improved overall BWG and FCR and also decreased serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. The TBARS value in thigh meat after 30 d of storage at 4°C was linearly decreased as the synbiotic inclusion concentrations in the diets increased. Dietary synbiotic also decreased the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids and increased n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentration in thigh meat, whereas the FA profile of breast meat was not affected by synbiotic supplementation. Moreover, the PUFA/SFA ratio in the breast meat was linearly increased when synbiotic was included in the CO-containing diets.In conclusion, the addition of synbiotic to broiler diets had a positive effect on growth performance, blood lipid profile and meat quality. The results also support the use of synbiotic to increase the capacity of canola oil for enhancing PUFA/SFA ratio of breast meat in broilers.

Phospholipid fatty acid composition linking larval-density to lifespan of adult Drosophila melanogaster

Pre-adult density-associated alterations in the composition of storage lipids may affect the cell membrane fatty acid profile (mainly phospholipids), membrane integrity, and cell function. The present study evaluated the impact of pre-adult density conditions, sex, and the selection regime on the composition of phospholipid fatty acids and lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster. The phospholipid profile of adult flies developed under larval crowding contained a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, lower proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids, and greater risk of peroxidation. There was also a negative correlation between the peroxidation index (PI) and longevity. The longevity-selected females showed a lower PI compared with control lines under both densities. The present results indicate that pre-adult density may play a significant role in the lifespan of adult flies by altering the composition of phospholipids and shaping cell membrane bilayers with different susceptibilities to peroxidation.

Region-specific variation in the properties of skeletal adipocytes reveals regulated and constitutive marrow adipose tissues.

Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) accumulates in diverse clinical conditions but remains poorly understood. Here we show region-specific variation in MAT adipocyte development, regulation, size, lipid composition, gene expression and genetic determinants. Early MAT formation in mice is conserved, whereas later development is strain dependent. Proximal, but not distal tibial, MAT is lost with 21-day cold exposure. Rat MAT adipocytes from distal sites have an increased proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids and expression of Scd1/Scd2, Cebpa and Cebpb. Humans also have increased distal marrow fat unsaturation. We define proximal ‘regulated’ MAT (rMAT) as single adipocytes interspersed with active haematopoiesis, whereas distal ‘constitutive’ MAT (cMAT) has low haematopoiesis, contains larger adipocytes, develops earlier and remains preserved upon systemic challenges. Loss of rMAT occurs in mice with congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4, whereas both rMAT and cMAT are preserved in mice with congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 3. Consideration of these MAT subpopulations may be important for future studies linking MAT to bone biology, haematopoiesis and whole-body metabolism.

Linking diet to acne metabolomics, inflammation, and comedogenesis: an update.

Acne vulgaris, an epidemic inflammatory skin disease of adolescence, is closely related to Western diet. Three major food classes that promote acne are: 1) hyperglycemic carbohydrates, 2) milk and dairy products, 3) saturated fats including trans-fats and deficient ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Diet-induced insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)-signaling is superimposed on elevated IGF-1 levels during puberty, thereby unmasking the impact of aberrant nutrigenomics on sebaceous gland homeostasis. Western diet provides abundant branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), glutamine, and palmitic acid. Insulin and IGF-1 suppress the activity of the metabolic transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FoxO1). Insulin, IGF-1, BCAAs, glutamine, and palmitate activate the nutrient-sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), the key regulator of anabolism and lipogenesis. FoxO1 is a negative coregulator of androgen receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), liver X receptor-α, and sterol response element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), crucial transcription factors of sebaceous lipogenesis. mTORC1 stimulates the expression of PPARγ and SREBP-1c, promoting sebum production. SREBP-1c upregulates stearoyl-CoA- and Δ6-desaturase, enhancing the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids in sebum triglycerides. Diet-mediated aberrations in sebum quantity (hyperseborrhea) and composition (dysseborrhea) promote Propionibacterium acnes overgrowth and biofilm formation with overexpression of the virulence factor triglyceride lipase increasing follicular levels of free palmitate and oleate. Free palmitate functions as a “danger signal,” stimulating toll-like receptor-2-mediated inflammasome activation with interleukin-1β release, Th17 differentiation, and interleukin-17-mediated keratinocyte proliferation. Oleate stimulates P. acnes adhesion, keratinocyte proliferation, and comedogenesis via interleukin-1α release. Thus, diet-induced metabolomic alterations promote the visible sebofollicular inflammasomopathy acne vulgaris. Nutrition therapy of acne has to increase FoxO1 and to attenuate mTORC1/SREBP-1c signaling. Patients should balance total calorie uptake and restrict refined carbohydrates, milk, dairy protein supplements, saturated fats, and trans-fats. A paleolithic-like diet enriched in vegetables and fish is recommended. Plant-derived mTORC1 inhibitors and ω-3-PUFAs are promising dietary supplements supporting nutrition therapy of acne vulgaris.

Nutritional assessment of gluten-free diet. Is gluten-free diet deficient in some nutrient?

Abstract Introduction The gluten-free diet has traditionally been accepted as a healthy diet, but there are articles advocating that it may have some nutritional deficiencies. The current study assesses whether there was any change in the contribution of calories, essential elements, proportion of fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and fibre in children who were diagnosed with celiac diseases, on comparing the diet with gluten prior to one year after diagnosis with the diet without gluten at the year of diagnosis. The level of clinical or analytical impact that nutritional deficits could have was also assessed. Materials and methods A prospective, descriptive, observational study was conducted in which information was collected from a dietary survey; anthropometric and analytical data were collected at pre-diagnosis of celiac disease and following a gluten diet and one year after celiac disease diagnosis, under gluten-free diet. Results A total of 37 patients meet the study criteria. A decrease in the intake of saturated fatty acids was found, with an increase of monounsaturated fatty acids and an increase in the intake of phosphorus in the diet without gluten. A deficient intake of vitamin D was found in both diets. Clinically, at year of gluten-free diet there was an improvement in weight and size. Analytically, there was an improvement in haemoglobin, ferritin, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone in plasma. Conclusion The gluten-free diet has minimal deficiencies, similar to those present in the diet with gluten, with an improvement in the lipid profile by increasing the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids to the detriment of saturated fatty acids.

Correlation between ethanol stress and cellular fatty acid composition of alcohol producing non-Saccharomyces in comparison with Saccharomyces cerevisiae by multivariate techniques.

Wine production is a complex process both from biochemical and microbiological point of view in which yeast plays a central role. The use of the wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non- Saccharomyces yeasts as mixed starter cultures for wine fermentations is of increasing interest to enhance the quality of wine.The most common stress, yeast cells encounter during wine fermentation is the increase in ethanol concentration.To enhance ethanol tolerance, alteration in the cellular lipid composition is one of its defence mechanism. Ethanol tolerance and cellular fatty acid composition of alcohol producing non Saccharomyces forms were compared with enological strains of Sacccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces cerevisiae used for the study, tolerated 15% of ethanol and the non Saccharomyces strains such as, Issatchenkia occidentalis and Issatchenkia orientalis tolerated 10% of ethanol. On exposure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ethanol stress, the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids increased with concomitant decrease in saturated fatty acids. Decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids, exhibited by non-Saccharomyces yeasts when exposed to ethanol stress, could be one of the reasons for their inability to withstand more than 10% of alcohol. Multivariate techniques of data analysis - principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis were employed in order to establish differentiation criteria as function of yeast strains, alcohol stress and their fatty acid profile. Based on the data, Chemometrics, such as principal component analysis and discriminant function analysis, can be successfully applied to fatty acid data to categorize the yeast.

Ground beef patties prepared from brisket, flank and plate have unique fatty acid and sensory characteristics

We hypothesized that unique ground beef products could be formulated from brisket, flank, and plate primals. Primals were taken from 4 USDA Select carcasses from conventionally produced cattle, selected at random in a commercial packing plant. Lean and fat trims were separated, and ground beef was formulated from each primal to contain 10, 20, or 30% total fat. Brisket patties contained higher proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids and less saturated fatty acids than flank patties. There were no differences in n−6 or n−3 fatty acids across primal type or fat level. After cooking, brisket patties had higher bloody/serumy and fat-like descriptor values than flank patties. Plate patties generated higher amounts of lipid-derived volatiles than patties from the brisket or flank. Brisket patties generally had higher amounts of pleasant headspace volatiles whereas the plate relied more heavily on Maillard-derived volatiles than flank patties. We conclude that individual primals can be used to formulate ground beef with unique compositional and flavor characteristics.

Effect of whole cottonseed v. sunflower seed on the fatty acid profile of subcutaneous fat, longissimus dorsi and blood of Thai Native and Holstein bulls

In a 2×2 factorial design, 12 Thai Native and 12 Holstein bulls were fed ad libitum a total mixed ration (20 : 80; roughage : concentrate) with whole cottonseed (WCS) or sunflower seed (SFS) as oilseed sources. The rations contained 7% crude fat and were fed for 90 days. Plasma was taken at three times during the experiment, and at slaughter the longissimus dorsi and subcutaneous fat were sampled for fatty acid analysis. Ration did not affect rumen fermentation parameters. The plasma fatty acid profile was not affected by ration. In subcutaneous fat, a ration×breed interaction for the saturated fatty acid (SFA) and c9t11 CLA proportions was observed, resulting from larger differences between the rations in Thai Native compared with Holstein bulls. The WCS ration resulted in higher proportions of SFA and lower proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids and c9,t11 CLA compared with the SFS ration (P<0.01). In the intramuscular fat, the WCS ration was also associated with a lower c9t11 CLA proportion (P<0.01) and higher SFA proportion (P<0.05). The intramuscular proportion of polyunsaturated acids was higher and the proportion of SFA was lower in Thai Native compared with Holstein bulls (P<0.05), irrespective of ration.

Effects of supplementation with green tea by-products on growth performance, meat quality, blood metabolites and immune cell proliferation in goats.

Forty-eight castrated male goats were used to determine the effects of feeding green tea by-products (GTB) on growth performance, meat quality, blood metabolites and immune cell proliferation. Experimental treatments consisted of basal diets supplemented with four levels of GTB (0%, 0.5%, 1.0% or 2.0%). Four replicate pens were assigned to each treatment with three goats per replicate. Increasing dietary GTB tended to linearly increase the overall average weight gain and feed intake (p = 0.09). Water holding capacity, pH and sensory attributes of meat were not affected by GTB supplementation, while cooking loss was reduced both linearly and quadratically (p < 0.01). The redness (linear; p = 0.02, quadratic; p < 0.01) and yellowness (quadratic; p < 0.01) values of goat meat were improved by GTB supplementation. Increasing dietary GTB quadratically increased protein and decreased crude fat (p < 0.05), while linearly decreased cholesterol (p = 0.03) content of goat meat. The proportions of monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and n-6 PUFA increased linearly (p < 0.01) and n-3 PUFA increased quadratically (p < 0.05) as GTB increased in diets. Increasing dietary GTB linearly increased the PUFA/SFA (saturated fatty acid) and tended to linearly and quadratically increase (p ≤ 0.10) the n-6/n-3 ratio. The thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances values of meat were lower in the 2.0% GTB-supplemented group in all storage periods (p < 0.05). Dietary GTB linearly decreased plasma glucose and cholesterol (p < 0.01) and quadratically decreased urea nitrogen concentrations (p = 0.001). The growth of spleen cells incubated in concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharides medium increased significantly (p < 0.05) in response to GTB supplementation. Our results suggest that GTB may positively affect the growth performance, meat quality, blood metabolites and immune cell proliferation when supplemented as a feed additive in goat diet.

Effect of sex and slaughter weight on meat and fat quality of the Krškopolje pig reared in an enriched environment

Improvements in meat quality are sought through sources of variation along the meat chain, including breed and production system. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine slaughter weight and sex effects on the meat quality of the indigenous Krškopolje pig breed reared in a feed-enriched indoor environment for the growing-finishing periods. Raised in this enriched environment, the intramuscular fat (IMF) content of the loin was 1.5–2.5% higher than previously reported for other production systems. Slaughter weight (119–132 kg or &gt;135–170 kg) influences on meat colour and IMF composition were observed. Animals from the light group had lighter coloured meat with lower Japanese colour scores as well as higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) and lower monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) proportions in the IMF. A lower proportion of MUFA was also observed in the IMF from gilts than barrows. Furthermore, a higher proportion of SFA was found in the IMF from the gilts. However, the lower IMF content in the gilts negates any apparent compositional advantages between the sexes. The IMF content and composition of the Krškopolje pig reared in an enriched environment suggests good commercial potential of this breed.