Proportion Of Metabolic Syndrome Research Articles

IJCM_410A: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in rural area of District Kangra of Himachal Pradesh

Background: Metabolic risk factors and abnormalities such as obesity and hypertension are rapidly rising in Indian population following widespread change in lifestyle and dietary habits. A study was conducted to estimate the current situation of metabolic syndrome in rural area of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. Objective: To find out the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adult population in identified rural area of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. Methodology: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 177 individuals. The relevant anthropometric measurements and laboratory investigations were performed. NCEP ATP III (National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III) guidelines were used to diagnose the metabolic syndrome. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our study was found to be 42.4% (34.99%-50.01%) and was higher among female population (71.8%). The proportion of metabolic syndrome was higher among older age group (66.7%) and only 2.7% in those who were less than 30 years of age. Conclusion: The present study documented 42.4% prevalence of metabolic syndrome in rural population, with more prevalence among females. The data was skewed, with more proportion of females in the study. Consequent upon this, development of health policies and protocols for the screening of metabolic syndrome would aid in early diagnosis and timely management of non-communicable disease.

Correlation between Glycated Hemoglobin Levels with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Phenotypes and Metabolic Syndrome

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the endocrine disorders that causes oligo-anovulation, clinical and biochemical signs hyperandrogenism and ovarian- specific morphological signs on ultrasound examination are common in women of reproductive age. Conditions of insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism accompanied by hypertension and obesity can lead to dyslipidemia that can meet the diagnostic criteria for the metabolic syndrome. The American Diabetes Association approved the examination of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels as a routine screening for impaired glucose tolerance and hyperglycemic conditions. Examination of HbA1c levels using the method Point of Care Test. Several studies have shown a direct correlation between elevated HbA1c levels and complications of PCOS, providing evidence that HbA1c plays a potential role in PCOS. This study aims to determine the correlation between HbA1c levels with PCOS phenotype and metabolic syndrome. Methods: The study used an analytical study with a cross sectional analytic study design, the number of samples was 52 respondents. The sample was using selected consecutive sampling and then analyzed for HbA1c levels using POCT, PCOS phenotype, and metabolic syndrome for univariate and bivariate. Results: The study with 52 respondents with PCOS patients, the results showed that the number of respondents with increased HbA1c levels was 17 (32.7%) respondents, most of the respondents with phenotype A were 30 (57.7%) respondents. The number of PCOS respondents with metabolic syndrome was 21 (40.4%) respondents. The results of statistical tests showed that correlation between the PCOS phenotype and HbA1c levels. The proportion of the incidence of metabolic syndrome was higher in respondents with phenotype A than phenotypes B, C, and D. The proportion of metabolic syndrome was higher in the category of elevated HbA1c levels compared to normal HbA1c levels, based on statistical tests there was a correlation between HbA1c levels and metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: There was an increase in HbA1c levels in PCOS patients in this study, which was 32.7% and most of the respondents were with phenotype A. Less than half of the respondents had metabolic syndrome. Statistically, there is a correlation between HbA1c levels and PCOS phenotype in PCOS patients and a correlation between HbA1c levels and metabolic syndrome in PCOS patients.

AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY TO MAGNITUDE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME IN THE DEPARTMENT OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, SMS MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAIPUR

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a multisystem endocrinopathy of reproductive age women with metabolic disturbances. The Rotterdam consensus workshop concluded that PCOS is a syndrome of ovarian dysfunction along with hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary morphology. Objective: To find out the proportion of metabolic syndrome using the IDF criteria in women with PCOS. Methodology: A hospital based descriptive study done over the period of one year. on the basis of the eligibility criteria 100 participants were finally got enrolled for the present study. Hyperandrogenism is assessed by Ferriman-Gallawey score >8 and insulin resistance by acanthosis nigricans. Statistical analysis don by using Medcalc 16.4 version software. Result; 48.% cases were from 26-30 Years age group (P<0.005). 87.00% cases were from class IV socio-economic status (p<0.005) The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 34 % in PCOS cases. Total cholesterol level, HDL, LDL and TG in metabolic syndromic patients was significantly higher than non-metabolic syndrome patients Conclusions: Despite treating the infertility and menstrual complaints of the PCOS patients, take it as an opportunity to screen for metabolic syndrome and advice on healthy diet, life style modification. Keywords: MBS, Total Cholesterol , Rotterdam Consensus , Ferriman-Gallawey Score , IDF Criteria

β-Carotene Status Is Associated with Inflammation and Two Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with and without Osteoarthritis.

This study was conducted to investigate the β-carotene status in osteoarthritis (OA) patients and examine its relationships with the risk of inflammation and metabolic syndrome. OA patients were stratified by obesity based on body fat percentage (obese OA, n = 44; non-obese OA, n = 56), and sixty-nine subjects without OA or obesity were assigned as a non-obese control group. β-carotene, metabolic parameters, and inflammation status were assessed. Obese OA patients exhibited a significantly higher rate of metabolic syndrome (p = 0.02), abdominal obesity (p < 0.01), and lower β-carotene status (p < 0.01) compared with non-obese OA and non-obese controls. After adjusting for potential confounders, β-carotene status (≥0.8 µM) was significantly inversely correlated with the risk of metabolic syndrome (odds ratio = 0.27, p < 0.01), abdominal obesity (odds ratio = 0.33, p < 0.01), high blood pressure (odds ratio = 0.35, p < 0.01), hyperglycemia (odds ratio = 0.45, p < 0.05), and inflammation (odds ratio = 0.30, p = 0.01). Additionally, subjects who had a high β-carotene status with a low proportion of metabolic syndrome when they had a low-grade inflammatory status (p < 0.01). Obese OA patients suffered from a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome and lower β-carotene status compared to the non-obese controls. A better β-carotene status (≥0.8 µM) was inversely associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome and inflammation, so we suggest that β-carotene status could be a predictor of the risk of metabolic syndrome and inflammation in patients with and without OA.

A considerable proportion of metabolic syndrome-free adults from Bratislava Region, Slovakia, display an increased cardiometabolic burden.

Although the dichotomous classification of metabolic syndrome (MS) enables the classification of individuals as MS-free or presenting MS, it is inconvenient for assessing cardiometabolic risk in MS-free individuals. Continuous MS score allows for estimation of cardiometabolic burden even in MS-free subjects. We used the scores to estimate the proportion of MS-free subjects on high cardiometabolic risk. A total of 876 subjects (62% females) of Central European descent, aged 20-81 years, were included. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria were employed to classify MS. Continuous scores were calculated. We used the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis to estimate the cutoff value to determine the proportion of MS-free subjects on increased risk. Using the waist circumference, 38% of males and 23% of females presented MS. ROC area under the curves (90%-98%) showed an acceptable performance of both scores to classify the presence of MS. Up to 18% of MS-free males and up to 10% of females displayed continuous score≥ the relevant cutoff point. The waist-to-height ratio performed similar results. Both continuous scores were proven credible for assessing cardiometabolic risk in MS-free subjects. Clinically, this is important for earlier intervention. Despite minor differences between waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio, it would be appropriate to objectify it using reference population. Novelty: The first study using Z-MSS/siMSS (population-specific Z-score/continuous score of MS) to estimate cardiometabolic risk in Slovak adults. A proportion of MS-free Slovak adults is on high cardiometabolic risk. Difference between using waist circumference and the waist-to-height ratio does not seem to be major in our cohort.

Risk of metabolic syndrome in participants within the normal range of alanine aminotransferase: A population-based nationwide study.

This study aimed to investigate the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) in participants whose alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were within the normal range in the general population. A cross-sectional study was conducted using nationally representative samples from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2015. A total of 43,402 adults (men, 17,535; women, 25,867) with ALT ≤40 U/L without a history of hepatitis B and C, liver cirrhosis, or liver cancer were analyzed. The risk of MS was evaluated according to the ALT level. The prevalence of MS significantly increased as the ALT levels increased. The proportions of MS in men were 12.6%, 25.2%, and 39.7% in the ALT levels of <15, 15~30, and 30~40 U/L, respectively (p < 0.001), and those of women were 7.2%, 23.3%, and 44.7% in the ALT levels of <10, 10~20, and 20~40 U/L, respectively (p < 0.001). There was an ALT-dependent relationship in the risk of MS in participants with normal ALT level after adjustment for age, alcohol intake, and body mass index. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of MS in men was 2.48 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.16-2.85) in an ALT level of 30~40 U/L compared with that in ALT <15 U/L (p < 0.001), and the aOR of MS in women was 2.67 (95% CI, 2.26-3.15) in an ALT level of 20~40 U/L compared with that in ALT <10 U/L (p < 0.001). Although within the normal range of ALT, the risk of MS increases as the ALT levels increase. The ALT level in the general population without a history of chronic liver disease may be a useful marker to evaluate for MS.

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk Assessment in Patients with Lichen Planus: A Tertiary Care Hospital-based Study from Northern India.

Background:The association between lichen planus (LP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors has been demonstrated in previous reports. However, the evidence of CVD risk factors in Indian patients with LP is limited.Objective:To compare CVD risk factors in LP patients and healthy controls.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional study on 122 subjects, 61 LP patients, and 61 controls who visited the outpatient clinic of the dermatology department of a tertiary care hospital. Patients with skin diseases known to be associated with CV risk, pregnant, and lactating women were excluded from the study. CVD risk factors were compared between LP cases and controls using anthropometric measures, hemodynamic and metabolic parameters, and inflammatory marker (ESR).Results:The proportion of metabolic syndrome (MS) was significantly higher in LP patients than the controls (29.5% vs. 9.8%, odds ratio [OR] 3.83; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40–10.50; P = 0.006). The proportion of dyslipidemia was also significantly higher in LP patients (70.5% vs. 42.6%; P = 0.002). LP patients had a high proportion of obesity (P = 0.004), hypertension (P = 0.004), impaired fasting glucose (P = 0.025), and raised ESR (P = 0.006) as compared to controls. A multivariate regression model demonstrated that dyslipidemia and obesity were significantly associated with LP even after controlling for confounders such as age, gender, sedentarism, dietary habits, alcohol, and impaired fasting glucose. There was no significant association between the extent of LP and the proportion of MS or dyslipidemia.Conclusion:The present study found a significant association of LP with individual CVD risk factors as well as MS.

2866 Association of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients With Barrett’s Esophagus With High-Grade Dysplasia Compared to Low-Grade Dysplasia

INTRODUCTION: Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition with potential to progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma. In the general population, the incidence and prevalence are increasing based on recent data. Newer studies, including a recent meta analysis, report an association of metabolic syndrome (MS) with an increased risk of BE. METHODS: Single-center, retrospective cohort study of patients who had both MS and BE with biopsy-proven HGD vs. LGD during a 5-year period. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize clinical categorical variables into frequencies and percentages. The chi-squared test was performed to make the statistical comparisons of categorical and continuous variables, respectively. RESULTS: 308 patients with MS were included in the study, 125 had BE with HGD and 183 had BE with LGD. The proportion of metabolic syndrome in HGD patients was not significantly higher than LGD patients (27.2% vs. 25.7%, P = 0.77). Based on our results, HGD patients were 8.1% more likely to experience metabolic syndrome than LGD patients, although the result was not significant (OR 1.081; 95% CI 0.646 – 1.809). CONCLUSION: While there is an association of metabolic syndrome resulting in an increased risk for BE based on recent studies, our results show that there is not a stronger association of MS in patients with HGD compared to LGD.

Association between hemoglobin glycation index and cardiometabolic risk factors in Korean pediatric nondiabetic population.

PurposeThe hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) represents the degree of nonenzymatic glycation and has been positively associated with cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) and cardiovascular disease in adults. This study aimed to investigate the association between HGI, components of metabolic syndrome (MS), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in a pediatric nondiabetic population.MethodsData from 3,885 subjects aged 10–18 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2016) were included. HGI was defined as subtraction of predicted glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from measured HbA1c. Participants were divided into 3 groups according to HGI tertile. Components of MS (abdominal obesity, fasting glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood pressure), and proportion of MS, CMRF clustering (≥2 of MS components), and elevated ALT were compared among the groups.ResultsBody mass index (BMI) z-score, obesity, total cholesterol, ALT, abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, and CMRF clustering showed increasing HGI trends from lower-to-higher tertiles. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed the upper HGI tertile was associated with elevated triglycerides (odds ratio, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.18–2.30). Multiple linear regression analysis showed HGI level was significantly associated with BMI z-score, HbA1c, triglycerides, and ALT. When stratified by sex, age group, and BMI category, overweight/obese subjects showed linear HGI trends for presence of CMRF clustering and ALT elevation.ConclusionsHGI was associated with CMRFs in a Korean pediatric population. High HGI might be an independent risk factor for CMRF clustering and ALT elevation in overweight/obese youth. Further studies are required to establish the clinical relevance of HGI for cardiometabolic health in youth.

Relationship between metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the elderly in Dali Bai prefecture area of Yunnan

Objective To investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome(MS) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), to find risk factors of NAFLD and provide references for the prevention of NAFLD in patients with MS. Methods 1 024 patients were enrolled, and the patients were divided into the non-NAFLD group, NAFLD group and NAFLD+ MS group based on the physical examination outcomes.All the patients received abdominal ultrasound and blood biochemical examination, and the relationship between MS and NAFLD was analyzed. Results (1)The proportion of NAFLD was 21.39%(219/1 024), which of males was higher than that of females(30.26% vs.11.41%, χ2=26.35, P<0.01). The proportion of MS was 35.55%(364/1 024), the proportion of NAFLD in the MS group was higher than that in the non-MS group(40.66% vs.10.76%, χ2=38.16, P<0.001). With the increase of MS examination items, the proportion of NAFDL was increased (χ2=221.13, P<0.001). (2)Compared with the non-NAFLD group, the levels of BMI, WC, TG, TC, LDL-C, ALT, UA, SBP, DBP, CRP, FBG, FP, MAU, Fg in the NAFLD group and NAFLD+ MS group were higher, and the level of HDL-C in the NAFLD group and NAFLD+ MS group was lower (P<0.01-0.001). The result of logistic regression analysis showed that WC, BMI, high TG, high UA were independent risk facts for the prevalence of NAFLD. Conclusion There is close association between NAFLD and MS, and WC, BMI, TG, SUA are risk factors of NAFLD. Key words: Fatty liver; Metabolic syndrome X; Aged

The study of the correlation between serum uric acid and insulin resistance in middle-aged and elderly hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes

Objective To study the relationship between serum uric acid and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients Methods A total of 728 middle-aged and elderly type 2 diabetic patients were recruited and the anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters and fasting serum C-peptide were measured and retrospectively studied.All patients were divided into groups based on the levels of uric acid and on metabolic syndrome diagnosis or not. Results Among a total of 728 patients, the proportion of hyperuricemia was 26.9%(196 /728), and metabolic syndrome(MS)was 64.6%.The levels of body mass index(BMI), waist circumference(WC), systolic pressure(SBP), diastolic pressure(DBP), triglyceride(TG), fasting C-peptide, HOMA(C-Peptide)were significantly higher in hyperuricemia group than in normal uric acid group, while the level of HDL was lower in hyperuricemia group than in normal uric acid group.The proportion of MS was statistically higher in hyperuricemia group(81.6%)than in normal uric acid group(58.3%, P<0.05). Groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ-the four quartiles of serum uric acid from low-to high-level were correlated with MS component number of 2.1±1.0, 3.1±1.1, 3.3±1.2, 3.7±0.8, separately, and with HOMA(CP)of 3.7±0.8, 3.7±0.8, 4.0±0.6, 4.1±0.9, separately(all P<0.05). When all patients were divided into groups based on with or without MS, the level of uric acid in MS group was(377.3±43.5)μmol/L, and the proportion of hyperuricemia was 34.0%(160/470), and HOMA(CP)was 3.90±0.72, all were significantly higher than those of non-MS group[(318.2±47.9)μmol/L, 14.0%(36/258), 3.64±0.67]. The levels of serum uric acid in groups with 1-5 components of MS were(285.0±62.8)μmol/L, (335.7±62.7)μmol/L, (367.1±45.0)μmol/L, (377.9±40.2)μmol/L, (389.8±46.6)μmol/L, and HOMA(CP)was 3.6±0.6, 3.7±0.7, 3.9±0.8, 3.9±0.7, 4.3±0.7 separately(P<0.05). Serum uric acid was positively correlated with age, WC, BMI, TG, SBP, fasting C-peptide, and HOMA(CP), while negatively correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C). Binary logistic regression showed that the OR value of MS was 1.033 with the increase of serum uric acid, and 95%CI: 1.026-1.041, P<0.05. Conclusions Serum uric acid is correlated with insulin resistance in middle-aged and elderly hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes.Hyperuricemia might be a new risk factor for MS. Key words: Diabetes, type 2; Hyperuricemia; Metabolic syndrome X

Association of metabolic syndrome with coronary atherosclerosis in non-diabetic postmenopausal women

Objective We investigated the possible association of metabolic syndrome with arterial stiffness and coronary atherosclerosis in non-diabetic, postmenopausal women.Methods A total of 293 non-diabetic, postmenopausal women who visited the health promotion center for a routine health check-up were included in a cross-sectional study. Arterial stiffness was measured by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, and coronary atherosclerosis was detected using 64-row multi-detector computed tomography.Results Women with coronary atherosclerosis had a significantly higher proportion of metabolic syndrome than those without coronary atherosclerosis. The brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity was significantly higher in women who had metabolic syndrome compared to those who had no metabolic syndrome (1567.71 ± 211.81 vs. 1336.75 ± 159.62 cm/s, p < 0.001). In addition, the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity was shown to increase with increasing number of metabolic syndrome components (p for trend < 0.001). Metabolic syndrome was associated with increased risk of coronary atherosclerosis (adjusted odds ratio 2.38; 95% confidence interval 1.01–5.06), after adjusting for confounding factors.Conclusions Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. Increased arterial stiffness may partly explain an increased risk of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome.

Setting up a risk prediction model on metabolic syndrome among 35-74 year-olds based on the Taiwan MJ Health-checkup Database

This study aimed to provide an epidemiological modeling method to evaluate the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) development in the coming 5 years among 35-74 year-olds from Taiwan. A cohort of 13 973 subjects aged 35-74 years who did not have metabolic syndrome but took the initial testing during 1997-2006 was formed to derive a risk score which tended to predict the incidence of MS. Multivariate logistic regression was used to derive the risk functions and using the 'check-up center' (Taipei training cohort)as the overall cohort. Rules based on these risk functions were evaluated in the remaining three centers (as testing cohort). Risk functions were produced to detect the MS on a training sample using the multivariate logistic regression models. Started with those variables that could predict the MS through univariate models, we then constructed multivariable logistic regression models in a stepwise manner which eventually could include all the variables. The predictability of the model was evaluated by areas under curve (AUC) the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) followed by the testification of its diagnostic property on the testing sample. Once the final model was defined, the next step was to establish rules to characterize 4 different degrees of risks based on the cut points of these probabilities, after being transformed into normal distribution by log-transformation. At baseline, the range of the proportion of MS was 23.9% and the incidence of MS in 5-years was 11.7% in the non-MS cohort. The final multivariable logistic regression model would include ten risk factors as: age, history of diabetes, contractive pressure, fasting blood-glucose, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index and blood uric acid. AUC was 0.827(95% CI: 0.814-0.839) that could predict the development of MS within the next 5 years. The curve also showed adequate performance in the three tested samples, with the AUC and 95% CI as 0.813 (0.789-0.837), 0.826 (0.800-0.852) and 0.794 (0.768-0.820), respectively. After labeling the degrees of the four risks, it was showed that over 17.6% of the incidence probability was in the population under mediate risk while over 59.0% of them was in the high risk group, respectively. Both predictability and reliability of our Metabolic Syndrome Risk Score Model, derived based on Taiwan MJ Longitudinal Health-checkup-based Population Database, were relatively satisfactory in the testing cohort. This model was simple, with practicable predictive variables and feasible form on degrees of risk. This model not only could help individuals to assess the situation of their own risk on MS but could also provide guidance on the group surveillance programs in the community regarding the development of MS.

Metabolic syndrome and its individual components among people with type 2 diabetes: Prevalence, gender differences and its association with ischemic heart disease

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is common among people with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to assess the proportion of MS and its individual components among type 2 diabetic adults, to stratify these by gender and to determine their association with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Method: A cross-sectional multicentre study was conducted in public and private sector clinics in Karachi, Pakistan. A pretested structured questionnaire and medical records were used to collect information from 889 people with type 2 diabetes after informed consent. Chi-square test and odds ratios with 95% CI were used to assess the association of MS, its components and IHD. Adjusted odds ratios were used to evaluate the differences of MS and its components by gender. Results: In all, 70% of the participants had MS. The likelihood of having IHD among those with MS was higher (OR = 3.21; 95%CI = 2.22 - 4.65). Of the individual MS components, obesity conferred the strongest association with IHD (OR = 2.57; 95%CI = 1.91 - 3.43). Multivariate analysis showed an increased proportion of MS among women (AOR = 1.63; 95%CI = 1.18 - 2.24). Of the individual MS components, women had a higher prevalence of obesity (AOR = 4.70; 95%CI = 3.30 - 6.70). Conclusion: A very high burden of MS among type 2 diabetics has been identified in this study. Dedicated interventions are needed to prevent/delay the onset of MS and the associated morbidity and mortality.

SINDROME METABOLIK PADA ORANG DEWASA GEMUK DI WILAYAH BOGOR

Metabolic Syndrome Among Obese Adults In Bogor Area. Background: Metabolic syndrome, also known by the insulin resistance syndrome, is a common metabolic disorder that result from the increasing prevalence of obesity. Little information exists on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Indonesia. Objectives: To find out proportion of metabolic syndrome and factors related to-demographic and potentially modifiable lifestyle factors among obese adults in Bogor area. Methods: Metabolic syndrome, as defined by the US National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria, were evaluated in two districts in Bogor sample of 221 overweight and obese (Body Mass Index > 25 kg/m2) women and men aged 30-55 years who participated in the correlational study on Profile of the Body and Serum Fats Distribution and Physical Activity among adults with BMI > 25 kg/m2 in Bogor rural and urban, 2003. Results: The metabolic syndrome was present in 36.2 percent of 221 men and women aged 31-55 years which have BMI > 25 kg/m2. The syndrome was significantly more frequent in men (44%) than women (28.6%) [P=0.017]. The syndrome was present in 92.3, 62.9, and 40.3 percent of central obesity, low HDL-cholesterol, and high triglycerides level, respectively. Age of the subject > 44 years, the men factor, physical inactivity, and Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) > 0.93 were the significantly risk factors associated with increased odds of the metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: The metabolic syndrome was present in high prevalence of the two subdistricts in Bogor obese adults. However, upon thinking about the syndrome was associated with several modifiable lifestyle factors (physical activity, WHR), there was an opportunity to reduce proportion of metabolic syndrome by increasing physical activity that also make lower WHR. Keywords: metabolic syndrome, adulthood obesity, NCEP-ATP III, risk factors

Metabolic Syndrome in Adult-Onset Latent Autoimmune Diabetes

Background. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is characterized by islet beta-cell loss and absolute insulin deficiency, however, studies in recent years have shown some extent of insulin resistance in LADA patients. In view of insulin resistance being the central pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MS), we hypothesized that MS could be found in LADA patients. Methods. A total of 60 glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD-Ab)-positive LADA patients and 120 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were enrolled for the study. MS and its components were diagnosed according to the working definitions proposed by World Health Organization and National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III [ATP III]). Insulin resistance and high sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were also evaluated in patients with or without MS. Serum insulin and hsCRP levels were determined with radioimmune and immunoturbidimetric assays, respectively. Results. MS was found in 50% of LADA patients by WHO criteria and in 40% by ATP III criteria. The proportions of MS and its metabolic components were all comparable between LADA and T2DM patients except that a lower proportion of hypertension was seen in LADA. LADA patients with MS had significantly higher HOMA-IR index (0.85 +/- 0.33 vs. 0.60 +/- 0.26, p = 0.001 for WHO criteria; 0.89 +/- 0.34 vs. 0.62 +/- 0.26, p = 0.000 for ATP III criteria) and hsCRP levels (0.86 vs. 0.41, p = 0.019 for WHO criteria; 0.96 vs. 0.66, p = 0.018 for ATP III criteria) than LADA without MS patients. Conclusions. Our findings indicate that MS does exist in LADA patients, suggesting that the a diagnosis of MS could not exclude one of LADA and that insulin sensitizers may be beneficial in therapeutic strategies for treating these conditions.