Proportion Of Female-headed Households Research Articles

DOES NEIGHBORHOOD DISADVANTAGE ALTER MEMORY AFTER A CANCER DIAGNOSIS? A US HEALTH AND RETIREMENT STUDY

Abstract We aimed to determine the influence of neighborhood socioeconomic status (NSES) on long-term cancer-related memory decline of older adults. Incident cancer diagnosis and memory were assessed in the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (N=15,074, 1998-2016). Proportion of female-headed households with children, households with public assistance income, people with income below poverty, and proportion 16+ years unemployed was categorized into NSES tertiles. Linear mixed-effects models compared the standardized memory trajectories by cancer status and NSES. Cancer-free individuals living in more disadvantaged neighborhoods had worse mean memory function at age 75 and steeper memory declines than participants from less disadvantaged neighborhoods. An incident cancer diagnosis was associated with an acute memory drop at diagnosis for those living in the least disadvantaged neighborhoods. Cancer survivors had better memory prior to but not after diagnosis compared to cancer-free individuals across NSES. These findings could inform future interventions to promote cancer survivor’s long-term aging.

Neighborhood Disadvantage Is Associated with Lower Quality Sleep and More Variability in Sleep Duration among Urban Adolescents.

Differential social and contextual environments may contribute to adolescent sleep disparities, yet most prior studies are limited to self-reported sleep data and have not been conducted at a national level, limiting the variation in neighborhood contexts. This study examined the association between neighborhood disadvantage and objective measures of adolescent sleep. A racially and geographically diverse sample of American adolescents (N = 682) wore wrist-worn accelerometers, "actigraphs," for ≥ 5 nights. Neighborhood disadvantage was calculated using a standardized index of neighborhood characteristics (proportion of female-headed households, public assistance recipients, households in poverty, adults without high school degrees, and unemployed). Adolescents in more disadvantaged neighborhoods spent more time awake after falling asleep (4.0min/night, p < .05), a greater percentage of nighttime sleep intervals awake (1%, p < .01), and had less consistent sleep duration (11.6% higher standard deviation, p < .05). Sleep duration and timing did not differ across neighborhood groups. These findings demonstrate that adolescents who live in more disadvantaged neighborhoods have lower quality, less consistent sleep.

0360 Neighborhood Disadvantage is Associated with Lower Quality Sleep and More Variability in Weeknight Sleep Duration Among Urban Adolescents

Abstract Introduction Differential social and contextual environments may contribute to adolescent sleep disparities. Yet, most prior studies are limited to self-reported sleep data, and the actigraphic studies of sleep are not conducted at a national level, thus limiting the variation in neighborhood contexts. This study examined the association between neighborhood disadvantage and actigraphic assessment of adolescent sleep. Methods Participants (682 adolescents, mean age 15.4 years) were racially/ethnically diverse (44% Black, 26% Hispanic, 17% White, 14% other race/ethnicity), sampled from 20 large US cities in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Neighborhood disadvantage was calculated from American Community Survey 2015 census data using the Standardized Neighborhood Deprivation Index (SNDI), consolidating five variables (proportion of female-headed households, public assistance recipients, households in poverty, adults without high school degrees, and unemployed) into an index. SNDI quartiles 1-3 fell below national averages of SNDI variables (“most disadvantaged”) and were compared to quartile 4 (“least disadvantaged”). Sleep indicators (duration, quality, and timing) were measured over ≥5 nights using wrist-worn accelerometers. Separate multilevel models estimated differences in sleep indicators, adjusting for weekday/weekend and summer/school year. General linear models used within-person standard deviations of sleep indicators (controlling for number of days) to test for associations between neighborhood disadvantage and consistency of weeknight sleep patterns. Models adjusted for individual-level sociodemographic covariates (age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, caregiver education, and family structure). Results In fully adjusted models, adolescents living in more disadvantaged neighborhoods spent more time awake after falling asleep (4.0 minutes/night, p&amp;lt;0.05), spent greater percentage of nighttime sleep intervals awake (1%, p&amp;lt;.01), and had less consistent sleep duration (11.7% higher standard deviation, p&amp;lt;.05). Sleep duration and timing did not differ across neighborhood groups. Conclusion Living in more disadvantaged neighborhoods is associated with lower quality adolescent sleep; more research is needed to identify causal mechanisms. Support Research was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), award numbers R01HD073352 (PI: Hale), R01HD36916, R01HD39135, and R01 HD40421, and private foundations. The content is the responsibility of the authors and does not represent official NIH views.

Understanding smallholder farmers’ access to maize seed and seed quality in the drought-prone Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

ABSTRACTDespite efforts made by the Ethiopian research and extension system during the past 40 years to disseminate improved maize (Zea mays L.) variety seeds for increased crop production, the diffusion and use remained low, particularly in moisture-stressed areas. The topic of smallholder farmers’ access to quality seed is an ongoing issue in Ethiopia. The purpose of this paper is to identify and explain maize seed sources for smallholder farmers and assess the seed quality status in the drought-prone Central Rift Valley (CRV) of Ethiopia. Data for this study were obtained from farm households and other stakeholders survey in 2011 from East Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional National State. The survey results indicated that informal seed sources contributed 84% of annually planted maize seed. Sixty percent of maize growers obtained improved seed through farmer-to-farmer seed exchange and the informal seed market (ISM). Regarding the socioeconomic characteristics and maize seed acquisition behavior of the farm-household heads, a higher proportion of female-headed households and resource-poor farm households depended on other farmers and ISM than male-headed farm households. A quarter of the better-off maize-grower households also used ISM. Formal seed sources were found to be key in new variety introduction. The quality of the seeds obtained from informal sources was found to be acceptable relative to purity and germination. The effectiveness of the seed-supply system tended to rely on the complementary integration of formal and informal seed systems, as both systems had their own peculiarities in serving the farm community to enhance food security.

Income Generating Activities of Rural Kenyan Women

The proportion of female-headed households is rising dramatically in sub-Saharan Africa, making women’s income generating activities an increasingly important area of study. As women transition into the role of head-of-household, their traditional activities are augmented with the responsibility of being the breadwinner, and their successes become inextricably linked to the wellbeing of the entire household. In order to create sustainable development programs and policies that support women in this new role, an understanding of women’s current income generating activities must be established. This article seeks to do that through answering two questions. First, how do rural Kenyan women earn a livelihood? And second, what influences a woman’s decision to spend time, sweat, and energy on certain income-generating activities? The findings suggest that there are several underlying factors influencing women’s livelihoods and livelihood-related choices. Some of these factors include prioritizing relationships over occupation, identifying positive factors about their current income generating activities (i.e. comfort, extra food, flexible schedule), and planning for dependents rather than themselves. Moreover, the level of education and number of income generating activities directly impact the total income. These findings allow us to better understand the motivations and influences over the choices of work, as well as initiate a conversation on micro franchise opportunities in developing nations.

Neighborhoods at risk: estimating risk of higher Neisseria gonorrhoeae incidence among women at the census tract level.

The association between area-based social factors and sexually transmitted diseases has been demonstrated in numerous studies. Such associations have not previously been explored for their potential to quantify likelihood of higher transmission of gonorrhea in small geographic areas. Aggregate census tract-level sociodemographic factors in 4 domains (demographics, educational attainment, household income, and housing characteristics) were merged with female gonorrhea incidence data from 113 counties in 10 US states. Multivariate models were constructed, and a tract-level composite gonorrhea risk index was calculated. This composite risk index was validated against gonorrhea incidence among women from 2 independent states. Seven tract-level factors were found to be most strongly correlated with female gonorrhea incidence: educational attainment, proportion of female headed households, annual household income below US $20,000, proportion of population non-Hispanic black, proportion of housing units currently vacant, proportion of population reporting moving in last year, and proportion of households that are nonfamily units. Composite index was highly correlated with female gonorrhea in the study area and validated with independent data. Social factors predict gonorrhea incidence at the census tract level and identify small areas at risk for higher morbidity. These data may be used by health departments and health care practices to develop geographically based disease prevention and control efforts. This is especially useful because gonorrhea incidence data are not routinely available below the county level in many states.

Social Grants Impact on Poverty among the Female-Headed Households in South Africa: A Case Analysis

The social security system in South Africa plays an important role in mitigating the impact of socio-economic challenges among female-headed households (FHH). Social grants are expanded by the government as a measure of reducing poverty and improving the socio-economic indicators of the poor. South Africa’s social grant system is advanced and covers a wide range of vulnerable individuals over their life course from childhood to adulthood; into old age. Policy discourse surrounding the social grants focuses on the sustainability of the system and the implications to livelihood and socio-economic development. It is therefore important that the significance of social grants is shown and particularly highlight their impact on poor FHH. This study investigates the effectiveness of social grants as a safety net among FHH in Bophelong, South Africa. Data was collected from a total of 262 sampled FHH. A significantly larger proportion of FHH qualified for social assistance. Access to the old age pension, child support grant and disability grant remained relatively stable, highlighting the high take-up rate of this grant. Results indicate that social grants play an important role in poverty alleviation among FHH; this translates into a significant reduction of the incidence and severity of poverty in affected households. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n8p160

A Reassessment of the Association Between Social Disorganization and Youth Violence in Rural Areas

To study the association between social disorganization and youth violence rates in rural communities. We employed rural Missouri counties (N = 106) as units of analysis, measured serious violent victimization data via hospital records, and the same measures of social disorganization as Osgood and Chambers (2000). Controlling for spatial autocorrelation, the negative binomial estimator was used to estimate the effects of social disorganization on youth violence rates. Unlike Osgood and Chambers, we found only one of five social disorganization measures, the proportion of female-headed households, to be associated with rural youth violent victimization rates. Although most research on social disorganization theory has been undertaken on urban areas, a highly cited Osgood and Chambers (2000) study appeared to extend the generalize ability of social disorganization as an explanation of the distribution of youth violence to rural areas. Our results suggest otherwise. We provide several methodological and theoretical reasons why it may be too early to draw strong conclusions about the generalize ability of social disorganization to crime rates in rural communities.

The Influence of Female-Headed Households on Black Achievement

This study attempts to go beyond the individual-level factors that explain the underachievement of the Black male student and specifically focuses on the enormous growth of female-headed households. To this end, 2,849 middle school students in a large Midwestern school district in the United States were used. It was found that there is a significant association between the proportion of female-headed households and the achievement of Black male students only, in contrast to that of Black female and White students. Specifically, as the proportion of female-headed households in neighborhoods increases, Black male students tend to show poorer outcomes. Implications for the finding are reviewed.

Gender Differences in the Residential Origins of the Homeless: Identification of Areas with High Risk of Homelessness

This article offers a gender perspective on homelessness concerning residential origins. Data were obtained through the 2005 homelessness survey in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The residential origins of homeless women are more widespread and less concentrated in the neighborhoods of high poverty than those of homeless men. Areas with lack of low-rent housing units are at greatest risk of generating homeless men and women. The rate of residential origins of homeless men increases with the proportion of Hispanics and African Americans, particularly those living below poverty level. Areas with a high proportion of female-headed households with young children and unemployed females are strongly significant in producing more homeless women. Planners should take into account a geographic and population-targeted strategy in designing homelessness prevention interventions.

Association of Contextual Factors And Breast Cancer Screening: Finding New Targets to Promote Early Detection

Disparities in breast cancer screening (BCS) exist within the United States. Although such factors as a woman's income and insurance status explain some differences, additional contributions related to local healthcare system characteristics or the social and economic context in which women live have not been fully explored. Using data from a cross-sectional survey of Ohio residents, we assessed BCS in a state-representative sample of 2231 women between the ages of 50 and 69 years. Urbanization, the proportion of female-headed households (FHH), managed care activity, the number of primary care physicians (PCPs) per capita, and county designation as being medically underserved represented some of the contextual characteristics we examined. Using nested hierarchical logistic regression models, we evaluated the association of these characteristics with BCS before and after adjusting for respondents' characteristics. The proportion of age-eligible women screened for breast cancer was 61.9% (n = 1383); county screening rates varied from 12.9% to 100% (mean 60.3%). Failure to complete high school, lower family income, and absence of continuous insurance, a usual source of care, or current employment were associated with lower BCS. After accounting for these characteristics, per capita PCPs (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.05 (1.01, 1.10), p = 0.02) and the proportion of FHH (AOR 0.66 (0.44, 0.99), p = 0.045) remained independently associated with BCS. Contextual characteristics independently associated with BCS identify areas in which women are at increased risk for delayed breast cancer diagnosis. The approach described here can inform the planning phase of regional, state, or federal initiatives to enhance BCS and reduce subsequent disparities in treatment outcomes.

Amenities, Natural Resources, Economic Restructuring, and Socioeconomic Outcomes in Nonmetropolitan America

This article explores the changing role of natural resources in community development in the United States. At one time, nonmetropolitan communities were dependent on traditional natural resources such as forests, minerals, and the soil, water, and climate necessary for agriculture. Where those resources were more abundant, populations were greater and life could be lived more abundantly. Amenity resources mattered little. It is apparent that circumstances have changed significantly. Data analyzed in this article explored the extent to which the presence or absence of amenity versus traditional natural resources influenced community development in recent years. A model was developed and tested to guide the analysis. It was found that from 1980 to 2000, communities with extensive amenity resources had a much greater increase in service employment. As a consequence of increased service sector employment, amenity rich counties had more extensive population growth. At the same time, high amenity communities also experienced a lower proportion of both adult males and females who are employed, an increased proportion of female-headed households, and higher poverty rates. These findings have significant implications for community leaders and community development specialists, which are discussed in this article.

Impact of the HIV epidemic on population and household structure: the dynamics and evidence to date.

HIV is contracted most frequently at birth and during early adulthood. The epidemic may thus impact the demographic structure and the household structure of affected populations. This paper reviews earlier evidence of such an impact, uses demographic theory to anticipate its changes over time, and reviews the most recent evidence for indications of these changes. Modest increases in the male : female ratio are beginning to show within certain age groups only (approximately 15% among 25-34 year olds). Similarly sized increases in the proportion of 15-29 year olds relative to 30-54 year olds are observed in some age pyramids. These 'youth bulges' are expected to fade out, whereas an aging effect phases in with the fertility impact of the epidemic. In the longer run, the size of all age groups will be reduced, but relatively less so for middle-aged adults. Proportions of orphans and widows have increased in the most affected countries. Fewer remarriage probabilities for widows were observed. Resulting increases in the proportion of female-headed households should only be temporary, as female mortality is catching up with male mortality. The number of double orphans is beginning to increase, but overall, orphans continue to live predominantly with a family member, most often the grandparents if not with the surviving parent. To date, the epidemic's impact on the population and household structure has been limited by demographic (aging) and social (adaptive movements of kin across households) processes that contribute to diffuse the epidemic throughout the entire population and all households.

Burden of infection among heads and non-head of rural households in Rakai, Uganda

The objective was to determine HIV prevalence, symptomatology and mortality among adult heads and non-heads of households, in order to assess the burden of HIV on households. It was a community study of 11,536 adults aged 15–59, residing in 4,962 households in 56 villages, Rakai district, Uganda. First, 4,962 heads and 6,574 non-heads of households were identified from censuses. Interviews were then used to determine socio-demographic/behavioural characteristics. HIV seroprevalence was diagnosed by two EIAs with Western blot confirmation. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of HIV infection in household heads and non-heads were estimated by multivariate logistic regression. Age-adjusted mortality was also assessed. HIV prevalence was 16.9% in the population, and 21.5% of households had at least one HIV-infected person (<0.0001). HIV prevalence was higher among heads than non-heads of households (21.5 and 13.3%, respectively, OR=1.79; CI 1.62–1.97). Most household heads were males (70.5%), and HIV prevalence was 17.8% among male heads compared with 6.6% in male non-heads of households (OR=2.31; CI 1.65–2.52). Women heading households were predominantly widowed, separated or divorced (64.4%). HIV prevalence was 30.5% among female heads, compared with 15.6% in female non-household heads (OR=1.42; CI 1.15–1.63). Age-adjusted mortality was significantly lower among male household heads than non-heads, both for the HIV-positive (RR=0.68) and HIV-negative men (RR=0.63). Among women, HIV-negative female household heads had significantly higher mortality than HIV-uninfected female non-heads (RR=1.72). HIV disproportionately affects heads of households, particularly males. Mortality due to AIDS is likely to increase the proportion of female-headed households, and adversely affect the welfare of domestic units.

Community-level factors and child maltreatment in a suburban county

The research discussed in this article examined relationship between neighborhood structural factors and child maltreatment report rates in a suburban county through replication of a method used in a study of child maltreatment in Cleveland, Ohio. Rates of child maltreatment were calculated for county's 159 census tracts. Principal components analysis of 11 variables hypothesized to represent structural features of community social organization produced three factors, instability, economic disadvantage, and family characteristics. The three factors, plus interaction terms, accounted for 43.6 percent of variance in rates of child maltreatment. Comparison with Cleveland results revealed differences in role of instability in predicting neighborhood level maltreatment rates. Key words: aggregate analysis; child maltreatment; neighborhood Current explanations for child maltreatment focus on interacting individual, family, and neighborhood factors and suggest that neighborhoods have etiological significance (National Research Council, 1993). Although interest in neighborhood influences on child maltreatment has increased, research that seeks to uncover relationship between neighborhoods and child maltreatment has lagged behind research into individual and family correlates. Two complementary theoretical frameworks suggest that neighborhood characteristics are connected to child maltreatment. The ecological perspective suggests that a family's immediate social context helps determine whether maltreatment occurs. Ecological models treat families as embedded in neighborhoods and communities that are shaped by social, political, economic, and demographic factors. They suggest that some families are at greater risk of abusing and neglecting their children because of neighborhood in which they live. A neighborhood, which encompasses both physical environment and social networks, is a setting for informal networks and formal organizations that provide behavioral norms, support, identity, and status for individuals living there (Gephart, 1997). The rate of child maltreatment is one indicator of how families adapt to and are affected by environmental and socioeconomic factors; it is an indicator of quality of life in a neighborhood Community social organization, defined as the patterns and functions of formal and informal networks and institutions and organizations in a locale, as cited by Coulton et al., 1995), connects a neighborhood's macrostructural characteristics (that is, poverty, economic decline, residential mobility, and family disruption) with behaviors such as child maltreatment. Research that uses this framework has linked community variation in juvenile delinquency and crime rates to economic status, ethnic heterogeneity, residential mobility, population density, housing density, family disruption, and rates of community change (for discussion, see Sampson, 1992, 1993). High residential mobility, family disruption, and an absence of community structures that support and oversee families in stress are more likely to affect low-income neighborhoods. Research based on these theoretical frameworks suggests that neighborhoods are etiologically significant to child maltreatment (Coulton et al., 1995; Garbarino, 1977; Garbarino, 1981; Garbarino & Kostelny, 1992; Garbarino & Sherman, 1980; Zuravin, 1989). Most neighborhood- and community-level studies of child maltreatment are based on ecological model and analytic methods espoused by Garbarino and his associates. These studies have examined distribution and correlates of child maltreatment across geographic units, such as counties, zip code areas, and census tracts. They have shown that variations in child maltreatment rates at neighborhood and community level are associated with such indicators of economic and social resources as poverty, population mobility, racial composition, and proportion of female-headed households. …

Sex Ratio and Family Structure in the Nonmetropolitan United States

The sex ratio hypothesis maintains that the ratio of marriageable men to marriageable women can have major implications for family formation and structure. Despite extensive research attention, the sex ratio hypothesis has yet to be tested on general nonmetropolitan populations. This study of nonmetropolitan counties in the United States found strong support for the sex ratio hypothesis. Counties with low sex ratios (shortage of men) had lower proportions of married couple households and a corresponding higher proportion of female‐headed households. These low sex ratio counties also had fewer adults married, and a lower proportion of their children living in married couple households with a higher proportion of children living in female‐headed households.

Single Mothers in Russia: Household Strategies for Coping with Poverty

During the 1990s, the proportion of female-headed households as well as their poverty risk has increased rapidly. Seven rounds of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) are used to investigate the role that household living arrangements play in single-mother family income dynamics and the major factors that affect the income status of mother-only families in Russia. Enhanced earning power of the single parent as well as a higher level of child benefits increases the likelihood that the single parent family lives separately from other relatives. Increasingly single mothers are choosing to co-reside with other relatives or adults in times of economic stress.

Caribbean women: changes in the works

[First paragraph]The women of Azua: work and family in the rural Dominican Republic, by BARBARA FINLAY. New York: Praeger, 1989. xi + 190 pp. (Cloth US$ 35.00)The psychosocial development of Puerto Rican women, edited by CYNTHIA T. GARCIA COLL &amp; MARIA DE LOURDES MATTEI. New York: Praeger, 1989. xiii + 272 pp. (Cloth US$ 45.00)Women and the sexual division oflabour in the Caribbean, edited by KEITH HART. Mona, Jamaica: Consortium Graduate School of Social Sciences, UWI, 1989. 141 pp. (Paper n.p.)The three books under review work have a common theme: the impact of changing gender expectations on Caribbean women. The authors are mainly concerned with recent political and economie changes that might have contributed to either the improvement or deterioration of women's status in these societies. The questions raised by the contributors are strikingly similar: What has been the impact of dependent economie development on women's lives and has this resulted in increased labor participation (a problem explored for rural Dominican women as well as for Jamaican and Barbadian women) or in the migration to metropolitan centers, with its psychosocial consequences (an issue raised for Puerto Rican women living in the United States)? If patriarchal values (often referred to as traditional values) prevail in these societies, then what impact might wage work, migration, or improved education have on those values? Could it be the disintegration of the nuclear family with an increased proportion of female-headed households (Hart), higher rates of mental illness as a result of dysfunctional aceulturation (Garcia Coll and Mattei), or even an improvement of women's status within their families and communities (Finlay)?

'Entrepreneurship development' for enterprising women?

Helping the poor to generate their own income through running their own businesses is a relatively new approach in international development aid. Nothing is wrong with that. In some countries the proportion of female-headed households reaches 30 per cent or even higher; and income generated by women is more likely to be spent for the benefit of their families, especially their children, than income generated by men. Assistance given to women will be put to good use. As one Zambian business-woman put it: 'Help the women and you will help the country'. The question is whether the 'help' offered really matches women's needs.

Personal Violence by Strangers: An Extension and Test of the Opportunity Model of Predatory Victimization

VioLit summary: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research by Sampson was to test and extend the opportunity model of predatory victimization. METHODOLOGY: The author analyzed data from the British Crime Survey (BCS), a cross-sectional survey of England and Wales taken in 1982. One respondent per household aged 16 or older was randomly selected. Final sample size was 10,905. The sample was stratified. Inner city residents were over sampled because urbanization was one of the strongest predictors of victimization. The key microlevel variables examined for this study were age, sex, marital status, and lifestyle. The community level variables included urbanization, family structure, residential mobility, and racial heterogeneity. Lifestyle was measured by an item which asked the respondent how many nights a week he or she went out. Answers could range from 0-7. Local community context was measured by aggregating individual responses of respondents within the 238 communities. Neighborhood guardianship was defined by the authors as the percentage of single-adult households in the community. Family disruption was measured as the proportion of female-headed households with children. Residential mobility was measured as the percentage of respondents in a community living at their current address less than one year. The proportions of white and non-white households in a community was used as a measure of racial heterogeneity. The dichotomy of this relationship created a measure that ranged from 0-.5. Urbanization was measured by housing density and an indicator of inner city residence. For this research the categories stranger personal theft and stranger personal violence victimization were used. Logistic regression was used to examine the data. FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: Overall victimization by strangers was low in Great Britain. Males were at a higher risk of violent victimization than females. Separated or divorced and single persons have a stranger violence risk approximately 2.5 times higher than married persons. Lifestyle was also found to affect the risks of stranger victimization. Those who go out 5 to 7 nights have 4 times the risk of stranger violence than those who spend their leisure time at home. Age was found to be the strongest predictor of personal victimization by a stranger. Young persons have a 7.7 times higher risk of stranger violence than the corresponding older adults. Females were at a higher risk for stranger theft than males. Stranger theft was almost entirely comprised of purse snatching and this was seen as the reason for the higher risk for females. Using logistic regression the authors found that once community context and demographic variables are controlled, lifestyle has no effect on stranger violence. This finding contradicted the lifestyle routine activity theory which predicted that those who leave home frequently will have a higher risk of stranger violence than those who stay at home. When personal theft was examined with community and demographic variables controlled, lifestyle was still a significant factor but somewhat weakened. AUTHOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS: The author recommended that stranger victimization be studied according to its structural context. (CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992-2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, Regents of the University of Colorado) KW - England KW - Countries Other Than USA KW - Adult Female KW - Adult Male KW - Adult Victim KW - Juvenile Female KW - Juvenile Male KW - Juvenile Victim KW - Male Victim KW - Female Victim KW - Victimization Causes KW - Stranger Violence KW - Violence Causes KW - Victimization Risk Factors KW - Lifestyle