Proportion Of Dry Matter Research Articles

Nutritional value and quality indicators of bulk feed in the Vologda region according to the requirements of new State National Standards

The main requirements for the quality of bulk feed when feeding dairy cattle have been provided in the article. Silage and silazhe are succulent feeds that form the basis of the ration in dairy farming, they account for up to 80 % of its structure. The relevance of the research lies in the need to test succulent feeds and study their nutritional value, chemical composition, quality indicators for modeling and adjusting the feeding rations of highly productive dairy cows under the new State National Standard requirements. The purpose of the work was to study the nutritional value and quality indicators of succulent feed in the Vologda region according to the requirements of the new State National Standard. The studies were carried out in 2019–2023 at agricultural enterprises of the Vologda region. The object of the research was succulent feed (silage and silazhe) prepared on farms. When studying the dynamics of the nutritional value and chemical composition of succulent feed used in the Vologda region, general trends have been observed. Over a number of years, the harvested feed has consistently high crude protein and metabolic energy content, and consistently low crude fiber and crude ash levels. The content of metabolic energy in dry matter of silage during the study period was 9.9–10.7 MJ/kg, crude protein 9.5–16.8 %, crude fiber 13.8–28.5 %, dry matter 203.1–257.9 g/kg. In order to improve the quality of harvested feed, it is necessary to strengthen measures to increase the proportion of dry matter in all types of silage, and also to pay special attention to the technology of harvesting silage from corn.

Biomass of Eichhornia crassipes as an Alternative Substrate for the Formation of Lettuce Seedlings

The production of lettuce has increased significantly due to the use of hydroponic systems that rely on substrates. Disposal and acquisition costs present problems, necessitating the identification of sustainable alternatives. The present study aimed to evaluate the use of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) dry matter in a substrate for the formation of lettuce seedlings. Water plants were collected to obtain their dry matter, and twelve mixtures were formed with Sphagnum and perlite. Mixtures with more water hyacinth dry matter exhibited greater water retention. However, these mixtures also lost water at a faster rate than those containing primarily Sphagnum dry matter did. Higher percentages of germination were detected in the mixtures with water hyacinth dry matter, but these seedlings also presented higher concentrations of proline, such as 16.0 µg mL−1. The mixtures with water hyacinth dry matter presented the highest ion concentrations, mainly at high levels of humidity. Mixtures with a high proportion of water hyacinth dry matter had a greater water retention capacity and a high percentage of lettuce seed that germinated. The mixtures with a higher proportion of Sphagnum led to greater root length, greater concentrations of chlorophyll in cotyledonary leaves, and better morphological development of the seedlings.

Experimental Study on Microwave Drying Aluminum Hydroxide

The aluminum hydroxide produced by the Bayer process contains a large amount of water which leads to the consumption of a large amount of heat for moisture removal in the calcination process, resulting in an increased energy consumption. The effects of temperature and microwave power on the dehydration ratio and the dry matter ratio of aluminum hydroxide were investigated. The characteristics of temperature variation during drying were discussed. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle size, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and dielectric property analyses were made to characterize the dried materials. The analysis results showed that within the range of bench-scale experimental parameters, the dehydration ratio was higher and the proportion of dry matter was lower at a higher final temperature. Within the range of pilot-scale experimental parameters, the dehydration ratio increased with the increasing microwave power from 500 W to 1500 W. XRD spectra revealed that when the final temperature exceeded 220 °C, a part of the aluminum hydroxide underwent a low-temperature phase transition to boehmite. The SEM images and a particle size analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the morphologies of the powder obtained by microwave drying and conventional drying methods. The powder obtained by both processes had an average particle size of around 80 μm. The dielectric constant and the dielectric loss of the dried material decreased greatly.

Larval Frass of Hermetia illucens as Organic Fertilizer: Composition and Beneficial Effects on Different Crops.

Hermetia illucens has received a lot of attention as its larval stage can grow on organic substrates, even those that are decomposing. Black soldier fly breeding provides a variety of valuable products, including frass, a mixture of larval excrements, larval exuviae, and leftover feedstock, that can be used as a fertilizer in agriculture. Organic fertilizers, such as frass, bringing beneficial bacteria and organic materials into the soil, improves its health and fertility. This comprehensive review delves into a comparative analysis of frass derived from larvae fed on different substrates. The composition of micro- and macro-nutrients, pH levels, organic matter content, electrical conductivity, moisture levels, and the proportion of dry matter are under consideration. The effect of different feeding substrates on the presence of potentially beneficial bacteria for plant growth within the frass is also reported. A critical feature examined in this review is the post-application beneficial impacts of frass on crops, highlighting the agricultural benefits and drawbacks of introducing Hermetia illucens frass into cultivation operations. One notable feature of this review is the categorization of the crops studied into distinct groups, which is useful to simplify comparisons in future research.

Effects of yeast culture on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbial community of high concentrate diet in sheep.

This research aimed to investigate effects of different yeast culture (YC) levels on in vitro fermentation characteristics and bacterial and fungal community under high concentrate diet. A total of 5 groups were included in the experiment: control group without YC (CON), YC1 (0.5% YC proportion of substrate dry matter), YC2 (1%), YC3 (1.5%) and YC4 (2%). After 48h of fermentation, the incubation fluids and residues were collected to analyze the ruminal fermentation parameters and bacterial and fungal community. Results showed that the ruminal fluid pH of YC2 and YC4 groups was higher (P < 0.05) than that of CON group. Compared with CON group, the microbial protein, propionate and butyrate concentrations and cumulative gas production at 48h of YC2 group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), whereas an opposite trend of ammonia nitrogen and lactate was observed between two groups. Microbial analysis showed that the Chao1 and Shannon indexes of YC2 group were higher (P < 0.05) than those of CON group. Additionally, YC supplementation significantly decreased (P < 0.05) Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001, Streptococcus bovis and Neosetophoma relative abundances. An opposite tendency of Aspergillus abundance was found between CON and YC treatments. Compared with CON group, the relative abundances of Prevotella, Succiniclasticum, Butyrivibrio and Megasphaera elsdenii were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in YC2 group, while Apiotrichum and unclassified Clostridiales relative abundances were decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, high concentrate substrate supplemented with appropriate YC (1%) can improve ruminal fermentation and regulate bacterial and fungal composition.

Parity affects mammary development in late-pregnant swine.

The goal of this project was to determine whether various measures of mammary development differed between gilts and multiparous sows at the end of gestation. During gestation, Yorkshire × Landrace gilts (n = 19) and sows (second and third gestations, n = 17) were fed one daily meal of a conventional corn-based diet, where the amount fed was based on body weight (BW) and backfat thickness (BF) at mating. On day 110 ± 1 of gestation, a jugular blood sample was obtained from all gilts and sows to measure insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucose, free fatty acids, and urea. On that same day, BW and BF were measured and animals were euthanized. Mammary glands from one side of the udder were dissected for compositional analyses. The fifth gland of the contralateral row of mammary glands was sampled for histology and immunohistochemical localization of Ki67. There was less total parenchyma (1,437.4 vs. 2,004.7 ± 127.1g; P < 0.001) and total extraparenchymal tissue (1,691.0 vs. 2,407.0 ± 125.3g; P < 0.001) in mammary glands of gilts compared to those from sows. When these values were expressed per kg BW (226.0 and 284.0 ± 2.7kg for gilts and sows, respectively), parenchymal mass did not differ (P > 0.10), while extraparenchymal tissue weight tended to be less in gilts than sows (P = 0.07). All components within the parenchyma differed by parity (P < 0.001). Specifically, parenchymal tissue from gilts contained a greater proportion of fat and dry matter (DM), a lower proportion of protein, and lower concentrations of DNA (6.59 vs. 9.35 ± 0.53mg/g DM) and RNA (7.76 vs. 12.33 ± 0.70mg/g DM) than that from sows. On the other hand, the circumference of alveolar lumens was greater in gilts than sows (P < 0.001), while the percentage of epithelial cells that were positive for Ki67, a marker of cell proliferation, was greater in sows than gilts (P < 0.05). Circulating concentrations of IGF-1 were greater in gilts than in multiparous sows (45.0 vs. 27.3 ± 2.8ng/mL, P < 0.001). None of the other blood variables were changed by parity. Results show a marked effect of parity on mammary gland development in swine. At the end of gestation, the mammary glands of gilts had less parenchyma with lower epithelial proliferation than glands from multiparous sows. These differences could alter the response of mammary tissue to various nutritional or endocrine signals. This information is crucial for the development of management strategies designed to maximize sow milk yield.

Source-sink coordinated peanut cultivar increases yield and kernel protein content through enhancing photosynthetic characteristics and regulating carbon and nitrogen metabolisms

The grain yield of crops is determined by the synergistic interaction between source activity and sink capacity. However, source-sink interactions are far from being fully understood of peanut. Therefore, a 2-year field study (2018–2019) was conducted to compare differences in photosynthetic characteristics, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and yield and quality of different source–sink peanut varieties. Four representative source–sink types were examined: JH5 (source–sink coordination type), SH9 (sufficient source–large sink type), ZH24 (sufficient source–few sink type), and HY36 (large source–few sink type). The results showed that the photosynthetic potential of HY36 was higher than that of the other varieties after flowering because of a large source (leaves), whereas the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate of HY36 were significantly lower than those of JH5 and ZH24. Proportions of dry matter transferred to pods were significantly different among four source–sink peanut varieties. From 50 days after flowering, the dry matter distribution ratio of pods exceeded that of stems and leaves in JH5, significantly earlier than other varieties, which prolong the duration of pod-filling period, followed by SH9 and ZH24. The activities of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and glutamate synthase in JH5 were the highest among the varieties, and thus, the highest protein content was also in JH5. The activities of sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase in ZH24 were significantly higher than those in HY36. The highest oil content was also in ZH24. Among pod sink characteristics and yield, SH9 had the longest flowering period and the highest gynophore formation rate but the lowest pod-bearing rate, and the effective proportion and pod fullness were also lower than those of other varieties. The highest pod rate was in ZH24. The effective proportion and pod fullness of JH5 were higher than those of the other varieties, and its yield was also the highest, followed by SH9 and ZH24, with the lowest yield in HY36. The obtained results indicate that the source–sink coordinated variety had high Pn and chlorophyll content in the late growth stage, a long functional period of leaves, and a high proportion of assimilates transported to pods, thus promoting effective proportions and pod fullness to improve peanut yield and protein content, suggesting that different cultivation and management measures should select for different peanut varieties to best coordinate the relationship between the source and sink.

Effect of Mycorrhizal Addition and Organic Fertilization on the Growth and Yield of Potato in Autumn Season

A farmer’s fields in the Al-Azzawiya area / Al-Musayyib district 2021-2022, 40 km north of Hilla / Babylon province’s centre, were used for the experiment. Two elements were put in the split plot scheme of the Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD). One replicate had eight experimental treatments, three replications, and the parameters were: - The first component was adding mycorrhiza to the comparative treatment (B0: no fertilisation, control, B1: 7.0 g. plant-1). The second factor: In addition to the control treatment, it added three kinds of organic fertiliser: C1: chicken waste (10 tons.ha-1), C2: humic fertiliser (3 tons.ha-1), and C3: vermicompost (4 tons.ha-1). The least significant difference (L.S.D.) comparing coefficient averages. The findings may be summarised as follows at 0.05. Mycorrhiza (7.0 gm. plant-1) increased plant height and chlorophyll, which showed substantial variations in the potato plant’s vegetative, quantitative, and qualitative traits. The number of marketable tubers was 6.84 tubers.plant-1, the output of one plant was 759.8 g. plant-1, the overall yield was 44.27 tons.ha-1, and the percentages of dry matter, starch, and N and K were in the tubers. The results of adding organic fertiliser showed that poultry waste significantly improved plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll, number of marketable tubers (7.75 tubers. plant-1), yield of one plant (808.3 g. plant-1), total yield (47.99 tonnes.ha-1), dry matter, starch, and N, K in tubers. The bi-interaction therapy (mycorrhiza + organic manure and chicken waste) improved vegetative, quantity, and quality features, plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll percentage of dry matter, and The number of marketable tubers was (9.11 tubers.plant-1), the yield of one plant was (880.5 gm.plant-1), the overall yield was (51.81 tons.ha-1), and the proportion of dry matter, starch, and (, KN) in tubers.

Fatty acids, their proportions, ratios, and relations in the selected muscles of the thigh and roast beef

The study aimed to examine, compare, and statistically evaluate the quality of the beef thigh and roast beef muscle in terms of the profile of fatty acids in relation to human health. Musculus semimembranosus and m. quadriceps femoris of the thigh and m. longissimus dorsi of the roast beef were used for analysis to evaluate the fatty acid profile. Chemical analysis of the thigh and roast beef muscle samples was performed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The measured data were statistically processed according to descriptive characteristics, analysis of variance, and differences were tested using Scheffe´s test at a = 0.05. The SAS program package, version 8.2, was used to evaluate the results statistically. A statistically significant difference (p ≤0.05) was recorded in the dry matter proportion between m. quadriceps femoris and m. longissimus dorsi. A statistically significant difference was found in the intramuscular fat proportion, polyunsaturated fatty acid proportion, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids, as well as between m. semimembranosus and m. longissimus dorsi and between m. quadriceps femoris and m. longissimus dorsi. Strong, statistically significant (p ≤0.01, p ≤0.001) correlations were found mainly between intramuscular fat and polyunsaturated fatty acids, between intramuscular fat and the ratio of the polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids, between intramuscular fat and the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, it was stated that the muscles of the thigh and roast beef of the young cattle are characterized by statistically significant differences in the proportion of fatty acids. The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids meets the recommended values concerning maintaining the health of the food consumer. Still, the ratio of the n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids poses a risk concerning cardiovascular diseases.

The Effect of Nano-Fertilization and Tube Size on the Vegetative Growth and Yield Characteristics of Two Strawberry Cultivars

The experiment was conducted in the unheated plastic house of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping / College of Agriculture / University of Tikrit in the agricultural season 2021-2022. To study the effect of nano-fertilization at a concentration of 0, 1.5, 3 g, and planting with different sizes of plastic tubes with a diameter of 4, 6, and 8 inches on the vegetative growth and yield characteristics of two strawberry varieties, Fragaria ananassa Duch, Rubygem and Albion. The results showed that there were significant differences between the studied factors, as the tube was superior. 8 inch in the characteristic of the average number of leaves, as it reached 18.00 leaf plant-1, total chlorophyll reached 47.35 SPAD, the yield per plant reached 567.31 gm plant-1, and the yield of the plastic house reached 2297.6 kilograms of plastic house-1. While the two tubes exceeded 6 inch and 8 inch in A number of traits studied, including plant length, which reached 14.56 cm and 14.75 cm, respectively, and the area of one leaf, which reached 46.72 cm2 and 47.06 cm2, respectively, while the total area amounted to 285.63 cm2 and 275.16 cm2, respectively. The cultivar Albion was significantly superior to the cultivar Rubygem in the average plant length of 13.67 cm, in the average number of leaves amounting to 12.78 leaf plant-1, in the proportion of dry matter in the leaves amounted to 49.88%, in the yield of one plant amounted to 414.08 gm plant-1, and the yield of the greenhouse It reached 1677.03 kilograms of plastic house-1, while the foliar spraying with nano-fertilizer was significantly superior to spraying with a concentration of 3 g L-1 in the total chlorophyll content of the leaves and reached 45.61 SPAD, the yield of one plant was 546.62 gm plant-1, and the yield of the greenhouse reached 2213.82 kilograms of house. Plastic-1, while the concentration exceeded 1.5 gm L-1 in the average number of leaves, which reached 13.83 plant leaves-1.

Selection and Yield Formation Characteristics of Dry Direct Seeding Rice in Northeast China.

Dry direct seeding rice (DSR) is an emerging production system because of increasing labor and water scarcity in rice cultivation. The limited availability of rice cultivars suitable for dry direct seeding hampers the widespread adoption of this cultivation method in Northeast China. This study aimed to investigate grain production and plant characteristics associated with dry direct seeding rice. We conducted a field experiment on 79 japonica rice cultivars in Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, Northeast China, in 2020 and 2021. This study found that the grain yield of the tested rice cultivars ranged from 5.75-11.00 t ha-1, with a growth duration lasting between 144-161 days across the cultivars. These cultivars were then categorized into high yielding (HY), medium yielding (MY), and low yielding (LY) based on daily yield by using Ward's hierarchical clustering method. The higher grain yield for HY compared to MY and LY was attributed to more spikelets per unit area. The HY alleviated the conflict between higher panicle density and larger panicle size by improving the seedling emergence rate and productive stem rate. It also significantly increased shoot biomass at maturity. The HY reduced the period between seeding and beginning of heading (BBCH 51) and the proportion of dry matter partitioned to the leaf at the heading stage. However, it also increased the accumulation of dry matter in the grain and the proportion of dry matter partitioned to the grain at maturity. Furthermore, the HY markedly increased the harvest index and grain-leaf ratio, which are beneficial to coordinate the source-sink relationship. A quadratic function predicted that 98 days is the optimum growth duration before heading (BBCH 51) for achieving maximum yield. In conclusion, for dry direct seeding rice, it is appropriate to select high-yielding japonica inbred rice cultivars with shorter growth duration before heading (about 93-102 day), higher panicle number (about 450-500 × 104 ha-1), more spikelet number per panicle (about 110-130), higher seedling emergence rate (about 70-75%), higher productive stem rate (about 60-70%), and greater harvest index (about 50-55%).

Differences in Dry Matter Accumulation and Distribution Patterns between Pre-Elite Seed and Certified Seed of Virus-Free Potato

Virus-free seed potatoes are generally divided into pre-elite seeds and certified seeds. To study the differences in dry matter accumulation and distribution between pre-elite seeds and certified seeds through a field randomized block two-factor experiment, pre-elite seeds and certified seeds of four varieties were selected to explore the differences in growth characteristics between the two levels of virus-free potatoes and to find a way to improve potato seed expansion efficiency. The results showed that the growth process of pre-elite seeds was slower and the growth period was longer than certified seeds. The dry matter accumulation of pre-elite seeds in various organs was lower than in certified seeds, and the distribution ratio in the roots and stems of each variety was also lower than the certified seed, while there was no significant difference in the leaf and tuber distribution ratio. The average dry matter accumulation rate in both pre-elite and certified seeds was sorted by size of tubers &gt; leaves &gt; stems &gt; roots; however, it was significantly lower in pre-elite seeds than in certified seeds. Tuber fresh weight, tuber volume, tuber number, and the theoretical yield of certified seeds were higher than those of pre-elite seeds. Experiments have shown that appropriately prolonging the harvest time of virus-free potatoes, especially pre-elite seeds, and increasing the proportion of dry matter allocated to roots and stems by pre-elite seeds in the early growth stages can effectively increase yield.

Effects of Nitrogen Application in Recovery Period after Different High Temperature Stress on Plant Growth of Greenhouse Tomato at Flowering and Fruiting Stages

High temperatures have become a severe factor limiting growth and yield for tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) due to unfavorable, above-optimum temperatures. Temperature and nitrogen application were the main regulatory factors in tomato plant cultivation. This research was undertaken to evaluate the effects of nitrogen application and high temperature on tomato morphology, dry matter accumulation and distribution, root vitality and nitrogen content of the above ground. Tomato variety “Jinfen No. 1” was planted and exposed to 4 day/night temperature levels (25 °C/15 °C as control CKT; 30 °C/20 °C, lightly high-temperature LHT; 35 °C/25 °C, moderate high-temperature MHT; 40 °C/30 °C, severe high temperature SHT) for 7 days after five nitrogen supply levels (N1–N5: 0, 1.3, 1.95, 2.6 and 3.75 g/plant, respectively; 2.6 g/plant is the recommended nitrogen-application rate, as control CKTN4). Within conditions, there was an extremely significant difference (p &lt; 0.01) in all tomato plant parameters and an extremely significant interaction (p &lt; 0.01) between high temperatures and nitrogen supply levels, except for plant height sampling on the 1st day in the recovery period. Dry matter accumulation decreased, and the accumulation rate slowed down. Dry matter accumulation under low nitrogen treatment was higher than in high nitrogen treatment. The proportion of dry matter in leaves decreased, the proportion of dry matter in stems increased and the difference in dry matter accumulation and proportion of dry matter between different nitrogen treatments decreased. Under LHT, the root activity of the tomato was increased under all nitrogen levels, while under MHT and SHT, high nitrogen and low nitrogen supply significantly inhibited root activity. Lightly high-temperature stress can increase root activity, and LHTN4 can increase by 5.15% compared with CKTN4. Appropriate nitrogen application can alleviate the damage caused by high-temperature stress on tomato plants and enhance the resistance of tomato plants, while excessive nitrogen application will aggravate the damage degree of tomato plants. In this study, the optimal nitrogen application rates under CKT-SHT treatment were 2.6, 2.6, 1.95 and 1.3 g/plant, respectively.

Response of Grain Yield to Planting Density and Maize Hybrid Selection in High Latitude China—A Multisource Data Analysis

Identifying the relationships between the yield of rainfed maize and planting densities as well as the hybrids used is crucial for ensuring the sustainable development of the grain industry in high latitude China. In this study, we collected 108 grain yield date points from our multiyear (2017–2020) field experiments and combined 213 data points collected from 21 published papers to appraise the impact of planting density and hybrids on maize yield. It was found that grain yield forms a curvilinear relationship with plant density as it increased from 22,500 to 112,500 plants ha−1. The optimum plant density (OPD) was determined to be 72500 plants ha−1, with a maximum maize grain yield of 10.56 Mg ha−1. The interannual variability in grain yields among hybrids with different planting densities was mainly due to the differences in dry matter (DM), especially post-silking. Grain yields increased significantly with a rise in the proportion of post-silking DM to DM at maturity. In addition, both the collected literature and our field experiments showed that the OPD was positively correlated with solar radiation accumulated during the maize growth period and with each hybrid’s year of release. This study suggests that increasing plant density and selecting new hybrids with suitable growth periods are effective approaches for increasing grain yield in high latitude China.

85 Can feces be used to represent the cecal microbiota in horses?

The fecal microbiota has been accepted as representative of the microbiota of horses' large intestine, but it is important to know which compartment the fecal microbiota most resembles, since the composition of the microbiota changes in each compartment. The study's aim was to compare fecal and cecal microbiota in to determine if the former provides a reasonable approximation of the latter. The Ethics Committee on Animal Research (2057/21-FCAV/UNESP) approved this study. In a 3-way Crossover Design, 5 healthy mixed-breed horses (BW: 384 ± 9.5 kg) were fed 3 different diets: hay, fiber and oil (FO), and sugar and starch (SS). Diets with added concentrate (FO and SS) kept the proportion of dry matter from hay at 1.5%/BW and concentrate at 0.5%/BW. Rectal sampling was used to collect feces, and cecal fluid samples were obtained from a cecal cannula. The microbiota was identified using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. DADA2 was used to analyze the data (version 1.24.0). We used the Shannon index and the Chao1 index for α diversity, and Jaccard and Bray-Curtis for β diversity (abundance). DADA2 was used to assess the statistical significance of diversity metrics. Regardless of diet, the microbiota in the cecum and feces showed differences in diversity and abundance (P < 0.01). The Jaccard and Bray distances between the cecum and the feces were 57.4% and 48.4%, respectively, indicating a difference between the 2 sites studied.There was no phylum difference between diets (P > 0.01). The most abundant phyla in the cecum were Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobiota, and Desulfobacterota, which differed from the literature (Bacteroidota and Firmicutes). Proteobacteria is commonly found in the ilium, and it is possible that the phylum gained access to the cecum through extravasation of this compartment. Furthermore, the positioning of the cannula, closer to the ilium opening in the cecum, may have contributed to the finding of a greater abundance of this phylum. The Verrucomicrobiota is commonly found in the cecum, and little is known about the Desulfobacterota. In the feces, the most abundant phyla were similar to those previously reported, including Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Fibrobacterota. The large difference between the microbiota of the cecum and the feces can be attributed to the greater distance between the collection sites, as it is known that the microbiota composition changes in each compartment. The fecal microbiota is an overview of what happens in the large intestine but may not effectively represent other intestinal compartments. Finally, the fecal microbiota does not represent the cecal microbiota.

WAY TO IMPROVE THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND SANITARY AND HYGIENIC QUALITIES OF BROILER MEAT DURING THE DETOXIFICATION OF HEAVY METALS

Specialists in poultry nutrition are researching the proper selection of feed biologically active additives with high sorption properties and enzyme preparations. They are able in the digestive tract of poultry to firmly bind salts of heavy metals and remove them from the body. The aim of the research - is to substantiate experimentally the rational use of feed additives of sorbent Elitox and multi-enzyme complex Khostazim C-500 in doses of 0,5 kg/t feed (both separately and in the complex) in diets of broiler chickens based on barley and sunflower oilcake for detoxification of heavy metals and optimization of consumer properties of poultry meat. The authors found that the joint feeding of the sorbent and the multi-enzyme complex provided the best productive effect. The chickens of the 4th experimental group were ahead of the control analogs in terms of slaughter parameters due to the elimination of xenobiotics and weight of half-gutted carcass by 10.3% (P&lt;0.05), gutted - by 10.3% (P&gt;&lt;0.05) and the value of slaughter yield - by 0.62%. In meat chickens of this group, the nutritional properties of meat improved by increasing the proportion of dry matter in femur and breast muscle samples by 1.07 (P&gt;&lt;0.05) and 1.11 % (P&gt;&lt;0.05), Protein - by 1,08 (P&gt;&lt;0,05) and 1,10 (P&gt;&lt;0,05) at simultaneous reduction of fat concentration - by 0,48 (P&gt;&lt;0,05) and 0,49 % (P&gt;&lt;0,05) correspondingly, and also due to increase of protein-vitamin concentrate value by 15,96 % (P&gt;&lt;0,05). Compared with the control analogs in poultry of the 4th group, an increase in the environmental safety of meat due to a decrease in the concentration of zinc ions in the thigh and breast muscle samples by 3.16 (P&gt;&lt;0.05) and 3.52 (P&gt;&lt;0.05) times, cadmium by 3.60 (P&gt;&lt;0.05) and 3.81 (P&gt;&lt;0.05), lead by 3.29 (P&gt;&lt;0.05) and 4.00 (P&gt;&lt;0.05) times respectively was noted.&gt;˂0.05), gutted - by 10.3% (P˂0.05) and the value of slaughter yield - by 0.62%. In meat chickens of this group, the nutritional properties of meat improved by increasing the proportion of dry matter in femur and breast muscle samples by 1.07 (P˂0.05) and 1.11 % (P˂0.05), Protein - by 1,08 (P˂0,05) and 1,10 (P˂0,05) at simultaneous reduction of fat concentration - by 0,48 (P˂0,05) and 0,49 % (P˂0,05) correspondingly, and also due to increase of protein-vitamin concentrate value by 15,96 % (P˂0,05). Compared with the control analogs in poultry of the 4th group, an increase in the environmental safety of meat due to a decrease in the concentration of zinc ions in the thigh and breast muscle samples by 3.16 (P˂0.05) and 3.52 (P˂0.05) times, cadmium by 3.60 (P˂0.05) and 3.81 (P˂0.05), lead by 3.29 (P˂0.05) and 4.00 (P˂0.05) times respectively was noted.

Substitution of fish meal with Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) meal in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): effects on growth, nutrient assimilation, and nitrogen turnover rates.

Among the wide variety of alternative ingredients aimed to substitute fish meal in aquafeeds, insect meals have been recently proposed as novel, nutritionally good dietary components. In the present study, five isoproteic and isoenergetic experimental diets formulated with varying dietary levels of Madagascar cockroach meal substituting fishmeal on a dietary protein basis (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) were supplied to.Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus) for 29days. Production parameters were compared among treatments, and the relative assimilation of the dietary nitrogen supplied by fishmeal and insect meal was estimated. To this end, nitrogen stable isotope analyses were applied to diets and fish muscle tissue. The isotopic changes elicited by the experimental ingredients were used to estimate the time required to reach isotopic equilibrium, the nitrogen turnover rates, and nitrogen residency times in muscle tissue. The latter were short and ranged from 4.7 to 6.2 d, except in diet containing 100% cockroach meal (7.8 d). No statistical differences were detected in final mean weight, specific growth, and survival rates among treatments. The relative proportions of dietary nitrogen and total dry matter supplied by insect and fish meal to growth were similar to the established dietary proportions after these were corrected for their respective apparent digestibility coefficients. The cockroach meal present in diets containing both main ingredients supplied relatively high proportions of dietary nitrogen (from 16 to 69%) to the biosynthesis of fish muscle tissue.

Effectiveness of Different Groups of Preparations for Pre-Sowing Treatment of Winter Wheat Seeds

The first stage of modernizing cultivation of the main grain crops lies in the exogenous use of natural growth regulators and nanofertilisers for pre-sowing seed treatment. Special attention is paid to the quality of winter wheat seed material, given the high probability of seed germination in stressful climatic conditions and the need to form winter-hardy crops. Therewith, this study is relevant because modern requirements for agronomic biofortification of plant products make provision for the introduction of environmentally safe, effective, and cost-effective measures in the cultivation of agricultural crops. The use of preparations based on fulvic acids and growth regulators is an effective way to regulate the morphogenesis and productivity of winter wheat. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with such preparations as Fulvohumin (chelated fertiliser), 1-naphthyl-acetic acid (auxin) and succinic acid (biogenic growth stimulator, adaptogen) on germination and biometric parameters of seedlings. The study involved the use of laboratory and statistical methods. It was found that pre-sowing soaking in 1% Fulvohumin solution increased the energy of seed germination, seedlings contained a large proportion of dry matter, compared to seed treatment with 0.025% succinic acid solution or 1-naphthyl-acetic acid. In terms of germination energy and raw root mass of 7-day shoots, a combination of Fulvohumin and 1-naphthyl-acetic acid was effective. The largest total length and crude weight of 7-day seedlings were after joint seed treatment with Fulvohumin and succinic acid. According to the totality of seedling formation data, complex pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with Fulvohumin is recommended together with succinic acid and 1-naphthyl-acetic acid. Treatment exclusively with 1-naphthyl-acetic acid was ineffective. These studies are promising for programming field seed germination and mathematical modelling of winter crop growth at the initial stages of ontogenesis in the field

Effects of Molybdenum Fertilizer Combined with Bacillus subtilis Strain on the Growth of Chinese Cabbage and the Content of Nitrate in Soil

With increasing nitrogen application in soil, the problem of nitrate accumulation in soil and vegetable bodies has become increasingly serious. In this study, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) Strain11 was isolated and studied for its effects in combination with Molybdenum (Mo) on the growth of Chinese cabbage and soil nitrate content. The results showed that the strain effectively increased the growth, height, and moisture content of Chinese cabbage by 27% and 2.5%, respectively, compared to the control. Mo application alone reduced soil nitrate accumulation and increased root length, height, chlorophyll content, and moisture content of Chinese cabbage, with an optimal rate of 0.8–1.2 mg/kg soil. The application of Mo fertilizer in combination with the Bacillus strain was the most effective in increasing plant height and root length of Chinese cabbage, which were 1.49 times and 1.68 times that of the control, respectively. The proportion of dry matter, the average fresh weight, and the dry weight under this treatment were 9.01%, 5.83 g/plant, and 0.53 g/plant, respectively, higher than the rest. At harvest, the highest ammonium-nitrogen content in this treatment group was 8.56 mg/kg, and the soil nitrate reduction reached 40.68%. In conclusion, Mo fertilizer at a rate of 0.8 mg Mo/kg soil, in combination with B. subtilis Strain11, was recommended for the remediation of nitrate-contaminated soils.

In silico Analyzes of miRNAs Associated with Root and Tuber in S. commersonii

Potato is an industrial plant that is produced and consumed globally due to its cheapness, high yield in the unit area, high nutritional values. It is used in many different fields. It has been stated that wild species with various characteristics can be used in studies to increase productivity because they have greater rate of genetic variation than their domesticated relatives. One of the wild species of potato found in nature is S. commersonii Dunal. It is more resistant to many stresses than cultivated potato S. tuberosum L. Also, its tuber has better quality due to the fact that it contains a higher proportion of dry matter. With the aim of determining the effects of miRNAs in tuber production and root characteristics relation we aimed to detect miRNAs in two transcriptome libraries of S. commersonii. In this study miRNAs were evaluated for the first time in the wild potato transcriptome data using in silico analysis. A number of miRNAs were identified, and their potential roles in tuber were discussed.