Proportion Of College Graduates Research Articles

Abstract P3-19-07: Hypofractionated and conventional whole-breast radiotherapy for breast cancer patients: Financial risk and expenditures in the U.S. 2008-2017

Abstract Background: Rising cancer care expenditures and technological advancement of shorter radiotherapy regimens have drawn significant attention to the use of hypofractionated radiotherapy in clinical care. We examine the costs of hypofractionated (HF-WBI) compared to conventional whole breast irradiation (CF-WBI) in the U.S. through 2017 and investigate the influences of patient characteristics and commercial insurance on HF-WBI use. Methods: In a retrospective study using private employer-sponsored insurance claims, a pooled cross-sectional evaluation of radiotherapy in patients with commercial insurance was performed from 2008-2017. The study population included female patients with early-stage breast cancer treated with lumpectomy and whole-breast irradiation. HF-WBI is defined as receipt of 15-24 radiation fractions and/or radiation fractions delivered between 21-31 days. CF-WBI is defined as receipt of 25-40 fractions and/or radiation fractions delivered between 39-120 days. The primary outcomes and measures were the use of HF-WBI and CF-WBI and total radiotherapy expenditures, including costs incurred by insurers and patient out-of-pocket expenses. Results: A total of 15,869 women received HF-WBI and 59,328 received CF-WBI. HF-WBI use increased from 2008 to 2017. Community-level factors like a higher proportion of college graduates and greater mixed racial composition were associated with increased HF-WBI use. No association was observed between insurance plan characteristics and the likelihood of receiving HF-WBI. The mean insurer-paid radiotherapy expenditures were significantly lower for HF-WBI vs. CF-WBI (adjusted difference $6,375, 95% CI $6,147-$6,603). The mean patient out-of-pocket expenditure for HF-WBI was $139 less than that of CF-WBI (Table 1). Geographic variation existed across U.S. states in HF-WBI use (range: 9.6%-36.2%). There was no consistent relationship across states between the utilization of HF-WBI and the corresponding average cost differences for HF-WBI relative to CF-WBI. Conclusions: If trends continue, HF-WBI will soon become the dominant form of radiation treatment in the U.S. Although HF-WBI represents significant savings to the health care system and individual patients, no evidence indicated that a financial disincentive slowed the adoption of HF-WBI. Therefore, multi-level approaches, including individuals, the community, and health policy, should be utilized to promote cost-effective cancer care. Table 1.Radiotherapy-related expenditures for breast cancer patients aged <65 yrs with commercial insurance plans.aRadiotherapy TypeDifferences, US $bCF-WBIHF-WBIa2008-2017 [Adjusted Mean (95% CI), US $b]Total costs23,286 (23,158 to 23,415)16,763 (16,583 to 16,945)6,253 (6,294 to 6,751)Insurer paid22,751 (22,623 to 22,880)16,376 (16,196 to 16,557)6,375 (6,147 to 6,603)Patient OOP costs502 (491 to 513)363 (206 to 229)139 (119 to 160)aMultivariable generalized linear models with Gamma distribution and log link, with the adjustment for year of radiotherapy, state of beneficiary health plan, age at the time of radiotherapy, type of breast cancer diagnosis, receipt of chemotherapy, Charlson comorbidity index, community education level (% in the community with a college degree or higher), and type of insurance plan. All the differences were statistically significant with p<0.0001. bAll expenditures were rounded up to the nearest dollar amount in 2017 U.S. dollars after adjusting for inflation. CF-WBI: conventional fractionated whole breast irradiation therapy. HF-WBI: hypofractionated WBI. OOP: out of pocket. CI: confidence intervals. Citation Format: Loren Saulsberry, Chuanhong Liao, Dezheng Huo. Hypofractionated and conventional whole-breast radiotherapy for breast cancer patients: Financial risk and expenditures in the U.S. 2008-2017 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-19-07.

Did local civil rights protest liberalize whites’ racial attitudes?

Mazumder investigates the long-term effect of protest on political attitudes. He finds that whites have more liberal views on race and are more likely to be Democrats in counties where Civil Rights protest was reported in the early 1960s. The analysis omits a crucial predictor of protest and of racial attitudes: college education. We include the proportion of adults with a college degree and the number of college students at the county level. The inclusion of these variables, along with some other contextual variables from the original dataset, cuts the effect of protest by about half. Protest is no longer statistically significant in eight out of nine combinations of outcome variables and protest measures. The size of the effect remains trivial when we shift analysis from the county to the individual level. Even accounting for the individual’s own education, the county’s proportion of college graduates is strongly associated with racial liberalism. This finding emphasizes the importance of education as a contextual variable. Our conclusion highlights two methodological lessons. First, causal inference should be paired with sustained historical inquiry that specifies plausible mechanisms. Second, statistical tests for sensitivity can induce complacency about the risk of confounding.

Gentrification and the evolution of commuting behavior within America's urban cores, 2000–2015

This study examines recent changes (2000 - ~2015) in the socio-economic/demographic make-up of U.S. urban cores (UCs), and potential associations with commuting behavior including mode and time. Based on a sample of 101 UCs and their encompassing urbanized areas (UAs), the data suggest that UCs have undergone substantial demographic change during the first fifteen years of the 21st century, with key attributes of gentrification on the rise. At the same time, commuting via transit has declined faster within UCs than within their encompassing UAs, while the proportion of workers working from home and cycling to work grew faster than any other mode. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau's decennial census and American Community Survey (ACS), a series of longitudinal regression models indicated several significant associations between common indicators of gentrification, including proportion of white/non-minority residents, home owners, young adults (18–39), household income, and proportion of college graduates, and changes in non-automotive commute modes (i.e. walking, cycling, transit). This may have implications for transportation infrastructure and policy as urban neighborhoods in the U.S. continue to undergo socio-economic/demographic change.

Abstract MP20: Ethnic Differences in Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke Diagnosis Among Blacks in the United States

Introduction: African-Americans bear a disproportionate burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease than other racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. With current globalization trends, Black immigrants from Africa and Caribbean Islands contribute to the ethnic diversity of Blacks in the U.S. Despite the diversity in socioeconomic status, culture and genetic admixture, Black immigrants are traditionally combined with African Americans, therefore limiting opportunities to understand the health of Black immigrants. Hypothesis: Ethnic differences in coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke prevalence exist among African-Americans (AAs), African-immigrants (AIs) and Afro-Caribbean (ACs). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of the 2010-2016 National Health Interview Survey. CHD and stroke diagnoses were self-reported. We performed a descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusting for demographic and health characteristics and stratified by sex. Results: We included 34,513 participants who were AAs (N=30,516), AIs (N=1,371) and ACs (N=2,626). Significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics were observed. AIs were the youngest (39 years) with the highest proportion of college graduates (51%). AAs (42%) were more likely to report hypertension diagnosis than AIs (19%) and ACs (36%) (p<0.05)Also, AAs (44%) were more likely to be overweight/obese than AIs (24%) and ACs (31%) (p<0.05). Diabetes prevalence was similar for AAs (13.7%) and ACs (12.8%), and lower for AIs (6.3%). Adjusted models showed that AAs were more likely to report CHD or stroke diagnoses than AIs and ACs (p<0.05). Sex-stratified models showed AA (4.2%) and AI (3.2%) women reporting similar rates of CHD diagnosis. (Table) Conclusion: Ethnic differences were noted in the prevalence of CHD and stroke diagnosis and risk among Blacks. Future studies should examine the health advantage of AIs and ACs to inform interventions and policy to improve the health of AAs and maintain the health of foreign-born Blacks.

A Systematic Review of the Demographic Characteristics of Participants in US-Based Randomized Controlled Trials of Mindfulness-Based Interventions

This systematic review examines the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of adults enrolled in US-based randomized controlled trials of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). We conducted a literature search using Medline, PsycINFO, and CINAHL electronic databases from the earliest available until March 2017. We found 69 randomized controlled trials that met inclusion criteria. Only one study specifically aimed to test the mindfulness interventions in racial/ethnic minority or lower socio-economic status populations and none reported their effectiveness in these populations. For the 56 articles that reported the proportion of Caucasians in their samples, 79% of all individuals were identified as Caucasian. Out of the 45 studies that reported data on other races and ethnicities, 76% of the individuals were Caucasian, 11% were African-American, 4% were Asian-American, 4% were Hispanic/Latinx, < 1% were American Indian/Native American, and 5% were reported as “other” or multi-ethnic. The three most commonly reported socio-economic characteristics were educational attainment (n = 48), employment/professional status (n = 29), and income (n = 27). The proportion of college graduates in the study samples was higher than the national average in all but one of the studies that reported this data. Most of the studies that reported employment rates had more than half of their participants employed. Of the studies that reported average income, most had more than 50% of their participants making over $40,000 a year. This review highlights the need for increased diversity in randomized controlled trials of mindfulness-based interventions as these interventions have great promise to alleviate mental and physical health problems in underserved populations.

Education and the minimum wage in the United States

ABSTRACTThis article shows that, across the US states, the level of education has a causal effect on the minimum wage. More specifically, it argues that a one-percentage point increase in the proportion of college graduates implies a 0.4–0.5% decrease in the real value of the minimum wage. This is the first article that uses System GMM in order to examine the effect of education on the minimum wage. Given the structure of the available data, this is the most appropriate econometric technique. System GMM not only controls for endogeneity and for fixed effects but also maximizes the precision of the estimates by using all the available variation in the data.

Public Interest in Veterans’ Lottery Tickets

While many states earmark lottery proceeds for education programs, a few states have started allocating portions of lottery revenues toward state-provided services for military veterans. The decision to shift funds toward veterans’ services and away from other programs creates an opportunity to study society’s willingness to help veterans when faced with real trade-offs. Using county-level data from three states, I examined public interest in veterans’ lottery tickets by analyzing consumer and voter behaviors. In two states that sold veterans’ tickets, IA and TX, a similar set of county-level variables explained variation in both veterans’ and nonveterans’ ticket sales. However, there were a few cases in which sales patterns differed across ticket categories. Election results from a statewide referendum in MO to create a veterans’ lottery ticket suggested that opposition came from counties with a large proportion of college graduates and high population densities.

Methodology series module 7: Ecologic studies and natural experiments

In this module, we have discussed study designs that have not been covered in the previous modules – ecologic studies and natural experiments. In an ecologic study, the unit of analysis is a group or aggregate rather than the individual. It may be the characteristics of districts, states, or countries. For example, per capita income across countries, income quintiles across districts, and proportion of college graduates in states. If the data already exist (such as global measures and prevalence of diseases, data sets such as the National Family Health Survey, census data), then ecologic studies are cheap and data are easy to collect. However, one needs to be aware of the “ecologic fallacy.” The researcher should not interpret ecologic level results at the individual level. In “natural experiments,” the researcher does not assign the exposure (as is the case in interventional studies) to the groups in the study. The exposure is assigned by a natural process. This may be due to existing policies or services (example, one city has laws against specific vehicles and the other city does not); changes in services or policies; or introduction of new laws (such helmet for bikers and seat-belts for cars). We would like to encourage researchers to explore the possibility of using these study designs to conduct studies.

ENDOGENOUS POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, WAGE INEQUALITY, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

The paper suggests that the political changes brought about by the increase in the proportion of college graduates in the U.S. labor force in the 1970s may have contributed to the decline in the college premium during the 1970s and its increase during the 1980s and 1990s. The study argues that the proportion of skilled workers in the labor force affected their relative importance in the political process. Thus, the increase in the proportion of skilled workers during the 1970s reduced the skill premium in the short run, but induced a change in policies that favored skilled workers and increased the skill premium in the long run.

A hybrid data envelopment analysis approach to analyse college graduation rate at higher education institutions

ABSTRACTCollege graduation rates have become a primary focus in measuring institutional performance and accountability in higher education. In 2009, President Obama set a goal for the United States to have the highest proportion of college graduates in the world by 2020. With the heightened focus on transparency and accountability in higher education today, university administrators are developing internal strategies to improve graduation rates. In fact, it is not only significantly important to institutions, but also to individuals and to the nation as a whole to increase college graduation rates. In this paper, a hybrid data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach is implemented for the very same purpose by combining with the cross industry standard process for data mining (CRISP-DM) methodology. The approach is illustrated by a case study at a U.S.-based four-year public university. We identify the most important predictors of graduation which help improve graduation rates by the CRISP-DM method. It shows that Fall term grade point average (GPA), Housing status, High school and Spring term GPA were the four highest determinative factors while monetary variables and the ethnic background of the student were revealed to be the least important ones. The results also indicated that students living on campus were more likely to complete within six years. For the detailed improvement strategies for increasing college graduation rate, we use the hybrid DEA methodology (an input-oriented bounded-and-discrete-data DEA model and context-dependent DEA) to evaluate the performance of college undergraduate students. These analyses provide potentially useful information and policy support for university administrators.

Challenges and Opportunities for State Systems of Community Colleges: A Document Analysis

ABSTRACTFrom their very beginnings, the community colleges have demonstrated a commitment to their founding principles of access, affordability, and quality. However, following February 2009, when President Obama set forth the agenda for U.S. postsecondary education to have the highest proportion of college graduates in the world by 2020, priority shifted to college completion. This national agenda has posed increased challenges and opportunities for community colleges, the states, and the nation. Through a document analysis we identify the most frequently cited challenges and opportunities of the 50 state systems of community colleges.

The effect of education on the minimum wage

ABSTRACTThis research shows for the first time that the level of education has a causal, negative effect on the minimum wage. I use 2SLS, with historical educational data as an instrument for the level of education in 2010, and I find that across the US states a one percentage point greater proportion of college graduates is associated with a real minimum wage that is lower by 1.5%–1.6%. Also, in order to control for state-level omitted variables, I regress the change in the minimum wage on the change in education and I find again a negative, and significantly at the 1% level, effect. Minimum wage is a policy that is chosen by governments according to voters’ preferences. The results of this research imply that when the level of education increases voters prefer a lower minimum wage.

The State(s) of Inequality: Changes in Income Distribution in the U.S. States and Census Divisions, 1976-2008

We study the changes in the distribution of income from 1976 to 2008 in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the nine Census Divisions, using annual data from the Current Population Survey. Most jurisdictions experienced an increase in household income inequality, although there are considerable differences in the precise patterns of disequalization. Many of the jurisdictions with the largest increases in inequality were in the Northeast, while many of the jurisdictions with small increases in inequality (or even small decreases) were in the South, the Plains, and the Rocky Mountains. In most jurisdictions, we document a pattern of divergence between the top and the middle of the income distribution, but we do not find a similar degree of divergence between the middle and bottom of the distribution. Thus the increases in overall inequality in most jurisdictions were dominated by changes in the upper half of the income distribution. Jurisdictions that started with a higher level of inequality tended to have lower rates of inequality growth. On the other hand, jurisdictions with more rapid disequalization during the first half of the period under study were not more likely to have more rapid disequalization during the second half. Our regression analysis indicates that jurisdictions with a higher proportion of high-school graduates tend to have a more equal income distribution, while jurisdictions with a higher proportion of college graduates tend to be more unequal. Jurisdictions with a relatively larger share of output from the services sector tend to experience greater inequality. A higher unemployment rate tends to add to inequality, while jurisdictions in which a relatively higher percentage of income comes from transfer payments tend to exhibit lower income inequality. JEL Codes: D63, R11, R12

How do hospitalised patients with Turkish migration background estimate their language skills and their comprehension of medical information – a prospective cross-sectional study and comparison to native patients in Germany to assess the language barrier and the need for translation

BackgroundToday more than two million people with Turkish migration background live in Germany making them the largest ethnic minority in the country. Data concerning language skills and the perception of medical information in hospitalised patients with Turkish migration background (T) are scarce. Our study is the first to gather quantitative information on this important subject.MethodsT and hospitalised German patients without migration background (G) of our university hospital were prospectively included into a cross-sectional study and completed a questionnaire - each group in the appropriate language (T: Turkish, G: German).Results121 T and 121 G were included. Groups significantly differed in age (T: 44.9 ± 17.8, G: 56.9 ± 16.7y) and proportion of males (T: 37.2, G: 54.5%) but not regarding the proportion of college graduates (T: 19.3, G: 15.7%). The majority of T was born in Turkey (71%) and is of Turkish nationality (66%). 74% of T speak mainly Turkish at home; however, 73% speak German at work. 74.4% of T self-rated their German linguistic proficiency as “average” or better while 25.6% reported it as “very bad” or “bad”. 10.7% of T need translation in order to pursue everyday activities. T were significantly less satisfied with the physician’s information on disease and estimated to understand significantly less of what the physician told them: 46.3% of T estimated their reception of the physician’s information to be “average” or worse. 43.3% of T had the impression that it would have helped them “much” or “very much” to be aided by an interpreter at the hospital. The information transmitted while giving informed consent to invasive medical procedure was judged to be “mostly” or “completely” sufficient by the majority of T (76%) and G (89.8%). In this setting 37 of 96 T (38.5%) reported being helped by an interpreter – in most cases (64.9%) a family member.ConclusionAlthough the majority of patients with Turkish migration background have spent most of their lives in Germany (28.94 ± 10.41y) a large part of this population has limited German language skills and difficulties obtaining medical information when hospitalised.

Demand and Supply of Skilled Labor in Russia: Who Ran Faster? &lt;i&gt;Part II&lt;/i&gt;

The paper examines the dynamics in demand and supply of skilled labor in the Russian economy over the transition period of 1990—2000s. It shows that despite a huge inflow of workers with tertiary education demand for such workers grew in the Russian labor market even faster. This explains why unemployment for workers with high educational attainment remained low; why returns to education continued to be high; why a proportion of college graduates who occupied low-skilled jobs decreased rather than increased. However in the next decades the correlation between demand and supply might radically change so that the Russian economy could face massive oversupply of highly educated workforce.

Demand and Supply of Skilled Labor in Russia: Who Ran Faster? Part I

The paper examines the dynamics in demand and supply of skilled labor in the Russian economy over the transition period of 1990–2000s. It shows that despite a huge inflow of workers with tertiary education demand for such workers grew in the Russian labor market even faster. This explains why unemployment for workers with high educational attainment remained low; why returns to education continued to be high; why a proportion of college graduates who occupied low-skilled jobs decreased rather than increased. However in the next decades the correlation between demand and supply might radically change so that the Russian economy could face massive oversupply of highly educated workforce.

Higher Education Appropriations and Public Universities: Role of Medicaid and the Business Cycle

Higher Education Plays a critical role in supporting macroeconomic growth and, for individual students, represents a gateway to future economic success. Higher education also exerts significant influence on a regional and local basis, in terms of both economic and civic development. For example, the quality of a region's higher education institutions and the proportion of college graduates in the population appear to be important determinants of per capita income growth.1 Research spillovers from universities are also somewhat geographically localized.2 The status of the nation's overall higher education system and local higher education institutions is thus of crucial importance to major urban areas. In the United States, state governments historically have taken the lead in financing higher education. But over the past twenty years, state government support for higher education has gradually waned, and the share of higher education expenditures subsidized by state appropriations has declined. One result of declining state support has been the widely publicized rise in tuition at public [End Page 99] institutions.3 However, there is a second result, which is less well recognized, namely a widening gap in expenditures per student and in average faculty salaries between public and private institutions. The relative decline in spending per student at public universities appears to be exerting an adverse effect on the quality of faculty, students, and education delivered at such institutions. Since roughly three-quarters of college students are enrolled at public institutions, any decline in the relative quality of the nation's public universities could have significant implications. In this paper, we examine interactions between state appropriations for higher education and other state budget items (especially Medicaid) and the business cycle. We document the substantial decline in state support for higher education over the past two decades, explore the business cycle's effects on higher education subsidies, and compare the cyclical patterns in higher education spending with the cyclical patterns in other types of spending. We also examine the relationship between the Medicaid program and state higher education spending. In addition, we look at how declining state appropriations for higher education affect the relative quality of public higher education institutions. State Support for Higher Education The decline in state support for higher education over the past several decades manifests itself in several common measures.4 Figure 1, which shows state appropriations for higher education relative to personal income,5 demonstrates state appropriations have fallen from an average of roughly $8.50 per $1,000 in personal income in 1977, to an average of $6.80 in 2003. Since personal income amounted to $9 trillion in 2003, state appropriations would have been about $15 billion higher in 2003 if appropriations had been maintained at the ratio to personal income that existed in 1977.6 [End Page 100] Click for larger view Figure 1 State Appropriations for Higher Education per $1,000 of Personal Income, 1977–03 On a real per capita basis, state appropriations rose rapidly in the mid- to late 1980s and then fell sharply in the early 1990s.7 Beginning in the mid-1990s, higher education appropriations rebounded, but only sluggishly. In the late 1990s the rise in state appropriations accelerated, so that by 2001 state appropriations returned to approximately their level in the late 1980s. Note, however, that the 1990s recovery appears quite different from the 1980s [End Page 101] recovery. Appropriations were slower to recover during the 1990s and never exceeded their previous peak. Since 2001, appropriations have declined sharply again, repeating the earlier business-cycle patterns. The same basic pattern holds with regard to appropriations per full-time equivalent student (see figure 2). Click for larger view Figure 2 State Appropriations for Higher Education per Capita and Student, 1977–03 State appropriations also declined... collapse You are not currently authenticated. If you would like to authenticate using a different subscribed institution or have your own login and password to Project MUSE Authenticate

Perspective: Teaching evolution in higher education.

In the past decade, the academic community has increased considerably its activity concerning the teaching and learning of evolution. Despite such beneficial activity, the state of public understanding of evolution is considered woefully lacking by most researchers and educators. This lack of understanding affects evolution/science literacy, research, and academia in general. Not only does the general public lack an understanding of evolution but so does a considerable proportion of college graduates. However, it is not just evolutionary concepts that students do not retain. In general, college students retain little of what they supposedly have learned. Worse yet, it is not just students who have avoided science and math who fail to retain fundamental science concepts. Students who have had extensive secondary-level and college courses in science have similar deficits. We examine these issues and explore what distinguishes effective pedagogy from ineffective pedagogy in higher education in general and evolution education in particular. The fundamental problem of students' prior conceptions is considered and why prior conceptions often underpin students' misunderstanding of the evolutionary concepts being taught. These conceptions can often be discovered and addressed. We also attend to concerns about coverage of course content and the influence of religious beliefs, and provide helpful strategies to improve college-level teaching of evolution.

Why Do New Technologies Complement Skills? Directed Technical Change and Wage Inequality

A high proportion of skilled workers in the labor force implies a large market size for skill-complementary technologies, and encourages faster upgrading of the productivity of skilled workers. As a result, an increase in the supply of skills reduces the skill premium in the short run, but then it induces skill-biased technical change and increases the skill premium, possibly even above its initial value. This theory suggests that the rapid increase in the proportion of college graduates in the United States labor force in the 1970s may have been a causal factor in both the decline in the college premium during the 1970s and the large increase in inequality during the 1980s.

Regionalism in the South Korean Job Market: An Analysis of Regional-Origin Inequality among Migrants in Seoul

K OREAN SOCIETY underwent a marked transformation in its industrial and urban structure during the 1970s. Under governmental policies designed to achieve maximum economic growth, the annual GNP growth rate averaged nearly 10 percent between 1970 and 1980 and the per capita GNP increased from $234 in 1970 to $1,481 in 1980.1 In 1970, manufacturing employed 14 percent of the nation's workforce but by 1980 the figure had reached 22 percent. In the meantime, the number of workers outside agriculture, forestry and fishing increased from 50 to 62 percent of the workforce and the urban population jumped from 41 to 57 percent of the country's population. People also became much more educated. By 1980 the illiteracy rate among the population between ages 6 and 60 had almost been wiped out. In that year only 7 percent of the 6 to 60 year-old population did not receive any formal education. The proportion of college graduates in the 25 to 29 age group increased from 8.7 percent to 10.4 percent among males and from 3.2 percent to 6.0 percent among females between 1970 and 1980.2 During this period, Seoul received a disproportionate share of the benefits. The nation's major banking, financial, and corporate headquarters are located there, as are 40 percent of the nation's white collar jobs.3 Three-quarters of the nation's commercial transaction take place in Seoul. In 1980, 59 percent of the city's households lived in owner-occupied homes; 92 percent owned a television set; 60 percent had a refrigerator and 37 per-