This first phytochemical investigation on the leaves and stems of Machilus salicina Hance led to the isolation of thirteen compounds, including lupeol (1), betulin (2), meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid (3), isoguaiacin (4), nectandrin B (5), kaempferol (6), taxifolin (7), (2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-3′,4′-methylenedioxy-flavan (8), cinnacassin N (9), 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde (10), 3-[p-hydroxyphenyl]-propionic acid amide (11), N-acetyltyramine (12), and N-cis-feruloyltyramine (13). The types of the compounds involved lupane triterpenoids (1 and 2), lignans (3–5), flavonoids (6–8), 1,3-diarylpropanoid (9), indole (10) and amides (11–13). Among them, compounds 1, 2 and 9–12 had never been isolated from the genus Machilus. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was also summarized.