Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis Research Articles

Adherence to Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis Guideline in Medicine Unit at Soba University Hospital: A Descriptive Retrospective Study

Although several guidelines for Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis (SUP) have been published, Acid-Suppressive Therapy (AST) remains largely prescribed in hospitalized patients. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the current practice surrounding SUP in Soba University Hospital (Khartoum, Sudan). This descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based retrospective study was conducted in the medicine unit of Soba University Hospital. The sample size was 317 participants, and data were collected from medical records from January to December 2018 using a validated checklist. SPSS was applied for data analysis. The mean age of patients was 53 ± 16.8 years, and 170 (54%) of them were female. The mean duration of hospital stay was 10 ± 7.4 days. Seventy-four percent of patients who received prophylaxis did not have an indication for SUP. The majority (116; 36.5%) of patients who were administered parenteral drugs can tolerate oral medications. Overall, the dose of acid-suppressant drugs was optimal in all patients. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs), especially pantoprazole, are the dominant AST used (314; 99.1%). Moreover, 315 (99.4%) of the study population were taking medication during hospitalization and two (1%) patients were discharged with AST. The study concluded that SUP was administered to noncritically ill hospitalized patients who lacked or had few risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding. PPIs were the overwhelming choice among practitioners. Collectively, the study showed low adherence to guidelines when prescribing (AST) outside critical care settings. Therefore, there is an urgent need for implementation of practical guidelines in noncritical care settings.

Analysis of stress ulcer prophylaxis drug regimentation in surgical patients.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that more than 50% of drugs were prescribed incorrectly, including stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) drugs. Prescribing SUP drugs in incorrect doses and frequencies are considered irrational, and may affects to the effectivity of the therapy. This research aimed to assess the appropriateness of the SUP drugs regimentation in the inpatient surgery room at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. This research was cross-sectional study and conducted for 4weeks in 2019 in the inpatient surgery room of Dr. Soetomo Hospital. The population was SUP drugs that were prescribed in inpatient surgery room. Those SUP drugs with indications for the prevention of stress-induced ulcers that complied to the terms listed on the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) were included as the samples, and vice versa. The samples then assessed for their regimentation appropriateness using the dose and frequency standard of ASHP. There were 224 dose units taken as sample, from the total population of 1,404 SUP drugs. The result showed that as much as 48.2% of SUP medications were given to the patients in inappropriate regimentation. Of that number, all ranitidine injection were inappropriately regimented. On the contrary all omeprazole injection dose units were appropriately regimented, meanwhile the amount of appropriate regimentation of sucralfate suspension were 74.6%. According to ASHP standard, the SUP drugs in the inpatient surgery room at Dr. Soetomo Hospital were mostly given in inappropriate regimentation. Further research is needed to explore how will those inappropriate regimentation affect on the efficacy of therapy in the patients.

Reducing Overuse of Proton Pump Inhibitors for Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis and Nonvariceal Gastrointestinal Bleeding in the Hospital: A Narrative Review and Implementation Guide.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most commonly used medications in the world; however, these drugs carry the risk of patient harm, including acute and chronic kidney disease, Clostridium difficile infection, hypomagnesemia, and fractures. In the hospital setting, PPIs are overused for stress ulcer prophylaxis and gastrointestinal bleeding, and PPI use often continues after discharge. Numerous multifaceted interventions have demonstrated safe and effective reduction of PPI use in the inpatient setting. This narrative review and the resulting implementation guide summarize published interventions to reduce inappropriate PPI use and provide a strategy for quality improvement teams.

Efficacy and safety of stress ulcer prophylaxis in septic patients: a retrospective cohort study based on large database

To evaluate the effects and safety of stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) versus no prophylaxis in adult septic patients at risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). A retrospective cohort study was conducted, the data was extracted from Electronic Intensive Care Unit-Collaborative Research Database (eICU-CRD). All patients who received proton pump inhibitor (PPI) or H2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) or combined/sequential use for SUP within the first 48 hours of intensive care unit (ICU) admission were enrolled in the SUP group, those who did not received any SUP were enrolled in the non-SUP group. The differences of in-hospital mortality, length of ICU stay (LOS), the incidence of GIB and secondary infection complications between the two groups were compared. Propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted to balance the distributions of study variables between the two groups. Further subgroup analysis was performed according to whether SUP was used for more than 3 days. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the factors influencing the outcome of GIB and secondary pneumonia. A total of 11 413 patients were included in the final analysis, with 9 799 patients in SUP group and 1 614 in non-SUP group. A 1:1 PSM created 1 600 patients in each cohort. (1) Baseline characteristics: compared with SUP group, patients in non-SUP group were older [years old: 69.0 (56.0, 80.0) vs. 67.0 (56.0, 78.0)], acute physiology and chronic health evaluation IV (APACHE IV) score and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score were significantly lower [APACHE IV score: 65 (50, 73) vs. 72 (58, 87), SOFA score: 5 (4, 7) vs. 7 (5, 9)], higher rates of underlying diseases such as hypertension and diabetes [hypertension: 15.6% (252/1 614) vs. 12.2% (1 196/9 779), diabetes: 4.5% (72/1 614) vs. 3.3% (325/9 779), both P < 0.05], indicating that patients in the SUP group were more severe. (2) Comparison of clinical outcome: before PSM, SUP group had significantly higher in-hospital mortality [17.2% (1 688/9 799) vs. 10.9% (176/1 614)], longer LOS [days: 4.4 (2.9, 7.7) vs. 3.1 (2.5, 4.3)], and higher incidence of secondary pneumonia than non-SUP group [11.3% (1 112/9 799) vs. 6.8% (110/1 614)], with significant differences (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of GIB and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) between the two groups. After PSM, no significant differences were observed between the two groups with regard to in-hospital mortality, incidence of GIB and CDI. However, the SUP group had longer LOS [days: 3.9 (2.8, 6.6) vs. 3.1 (2.5, 4.3)], and higher incidence of secondary pneumonia [10.9% (174/1 600) vs. 6.8% (108/1 600)] compared with non-SUP group, the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that compared with SUP < 3 days group, patients in SUP ≥ 3 days group had higher disease severity score [APACHE IV score: 66 (51, 79) vs. 62 (48, 72), SOFA score: 6 (4, 8) vs. 5 (4, 7), both P < 0.05], in addition, patients in SUP ≥ 3 days group had higher in-hospital mortality, incidence of GIB and secondary pneumonia (16.4% vs. 10.7%, 6.1% vs. 1.8%, 19.0% vs. 8.6%, respectively), and longer ICU LOS [days: 6.6 (4.1, 11.8) vs. 3.5 (2.6, 5.3), all P < 0.05]. (3) Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that SUP ≥ 3 days group was associated with more GIB than that of non-SUP group [odds ratio (OR) = 1.84, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 1.07-3.08, P = 0.030], and the incidence of GIB was less in SUP < 3 days group than that of non-SUP group (OR = 0.57, 95%CI was 0.34-0.94, P = 0.020). When compared with non-SUP group, the risk of secondary pneumonia was increased both in SUP ≥ 3 days group and SUP < 3 days group (OR values were 2.95 and 1.34, 95%CI were 2.10-4.13 and 1.01-1.77, P values were < 0.001 and 0.040, respectively). Among critically ill adult patients with sepsis at risk for GIB, SUP showed no effect on reducing in-hospital mortality, the rate of GIB and CDI, but was associated with increased risk of secondary pneumonia and prolonged LOS.

Proton pump inhibitors versus histamine-2 receptor blockers for stress ulcer prophylaxis in patients with sepsis: a retrospective cohort study.

ObjectiveWe aimed to compare the efficacy and risks of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) versus histamine-2 receptor blocker (H2B) use for stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) in critically ill patients with sepsis and risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB).MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, we used the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III Clinical Database to identify critically ill adult patients with sepsis who had at least one risk factor for GIB and received either an H2B or PPI for ≥48 hours. Propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted to balance baseline characteristics. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality.ResultsAfter 1:1 PSM, 1056 patients were included in the H2B and PPI groups. The PPI group had higher in-hospital mortality (23.8% vs. 17.5%), GIB (8.9% vs. 1.6%), and pneumonia (49.6% vs. 41.6%) rates than the H2B group. After adjusting for risk factors of GIB and pneumonia, PPI use was associated with a 1.28-times increased risk of in-hospital mortality, 5.89-times increased risk of GIB, and 1.32-times increased risk of pneumonia.ConclusionsAmong critically ill adult patients with sepsis at risk for GIB, SUP with PPIs was associated with higher in-hospital mortality and higher risk of GIB and pneumonia than H2Bs.

Proton Pump Inhibitors Versus Histamine-2-Receptor Antagonists for Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in Critically Ill Patients: A Meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.

Stress ulcer prophylaxis has been shown to lower gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) rates. Various agents have been studied, and the optimal strategy continues to be contested. This study evaluates the efficacy between proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2-receptor antagonists. Small sample sizes and methodology flaws limited prior studies. A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomized controlled trials reporting the use of PPI and histamine-2-receptor antagonist reporting rates of GIB and standardized intensive care outcomes. Risk ratios (RR) and standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A trial sequential analysis was performed to guard against errors. A total of 14 randomized controlled trials of 28,526 patients with a mean age of 57.83±17.35 years and 30.82% females. In our pooled analysis, PPI outperformed its comparator (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.57-0.82) in clinically significant GIB. PPI re-demonstrated significant reduction in overt GIB (RR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.39-0.97). No differences between groups was noted toward all-cause mortality (RR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.00-1.10) or incidence of pneumonia (RR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.82-1.51). Duration of stay (SMD: 0.07; 95% CI: -0.04-0.17) and ventilator days (SMD: 0.01; 95% CI: -0.01-0.04) were indifferent between the groups. Among critically ill patients, PPI was associated with reduced clinically significant or overt GIB. No differences in pneumonia were seen with the use of either agent. Trial sequential analysis for clinically significant GIB ruled out the risk for false-positive results, and thereby it is unlikely that future trials will affect our conclusions.

ESIMPLER: A Dynamic, Electronic Health Record-Integrated Checklist for Clinical Decision Support During PICU Daily Rounds.

Design, implement, and evaluate a rounding checklist with deeply embedded, dynamic electronic health record integration. Before-after quality-improvement study. Quaternary PICU in an academic, free-standing children's hospital. All patients in the PICU during daily morning rounds. Implementation of an updated dynamic checklist (eSIMPLER) providing clinical decision support prompts with display of relevant data automatically pulled from the electronic health record. The prior daily rounding checklist, eSIMPLE, was implemented for 49,709 patient-days (7,779 patients) between October 30, 2011, and October 7, 2018. eSIMPLER was implemented for 5,306 patient-days (971 patients) over 6 months. Checklist completion rates were similar (eSIMPLE: 95% [95% CI, 88-98%] vs eSIMPLER: 98% [95% CI, 92-100%] of patient-days; p = 0.40). eSIMPLER required less time per patient (28 ± 1 vs 47 ± 24 s; p < 0.001). Users reported improved satisfaction with eSIMPLER (p = 0.009). Several checklist-driven process measures-discordance between electronic health record orders for stress ulcer prophylaxis and user-recorded indication for stress ulcer prophylaxis, rate of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis prescribing, and recognition of reduced renal function-improved during the eSIMPLER phase. eSIMPLER, a dynamic, electronic health record-informed checklist, required less time to complete and improved certain care processes compared with a prior, static checklist with limited electronic health record data. By focusing on the "Five Rights" of clinical decision support, we created a well-accepted clinical decision support tool that was integrated efficiently into daily rounds. Generalizability of eSIMPLER's effectiveness and its impact on patient outcomes need to be examined.

Proton pump inhibitor use and appropriateness analysis: a snapshot from a secondary care hospital

Abstract Objectives Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have become one of the most frequently prescribed drugs since their introduction 30 years ago. Effectiveness and safety profile of PPIs has led to their overutilization and has exposed patients to a number of potential risks. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of PPIs in a secondary care hospital in the United Arab Emirates. Methods This prospective observational drug-utilization study was conducted in patients receiving treatment with PPIs and admitted to internal medicine wards of the study site. Electronic patient case records were reviewed and data on PPI prescribing was collected and analysed. Appropriateness of PPI use was assessed as per international guidelines. Key findings Out of 172 patients enrolled, 53.5% were females with median age of 57 years (34.3, 71.0). Four different PPIs were prescribed to study patients, pantoprazole (86.6%), esomeprazole (5.8%), rabeprazole (4.1%) and omeprazole (3.5%). Ninety-two (53.5%) patients were prescribed intravenous PPI, whereas 80 (46.5%) patients were given PPI in oral form. Overall, 103 (59.9%) patients had inappropriate PPI prescriptions. Of these inappropriate prescriptions, 22 patients had no clear indication for PPI use and for 16 patients; PPIs were indicated for stress ulcer prophylaxis in low-risk category. Corticosteroid use [odds ratio (OR): 4.34, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22–15.46; P = 0.023] was significantly associated with greater odds of inappropriate PPI use. Conclusions We report a high prevalence of inappropriate PPI prescribing among the hospitalized patients in our study. Inappropriate PPI prescribing is a concerning issue and collective efforts should be made to check and minimize the same.

Effect of protein composition of enteral formula on gastric content volume during continuous feeding: A randomized controlled cross-over study in healthy adults

Enteral nutrition with polymeric intact protein formula is the preferred medical nutrition strategy in critically ill patients when oral intake is insufficient. Enteral nutrition formulas are often rich in casein protein, which has coagulating properties. Coagulation in the stomach impedes gastric emptying and might result in high gastric residual volumes which are a clinical sign of gastrointestinal intolerance and a major reason to decrease or to discontinue enteral feeding. In this study the impact of protein composition of enteral formula on gastric content volume (GCV) during and after continuous feeding was tested in healthy volunteers in whom gastrointestinal conditions of critically ill patients were mimicked. An enteral formula including 4 proteins (P4) with non-coagulating properties was compared to a casein-dominant formula (Cas) with coagulating properties. Esomeprazole and codeine were administered to mimic stress ulcer prophylaxis and induce gastroduodenal motor dysfunction, both being hallmarks of critically ill patients. GCV was measured with magnetic resonance imaging during and after continuous enteral feeding (100mL/h for 4h) in a randomized single-center cross-over study. Results are provided as mean (SD). Significance level of p<0.05 was applied. Twenty subjects completed the study (14 women, 6 men, 25.8 (4.6) years old, BMI: 22.5 (1.5) kg/m2). The GCV as change from baseline at T=240 (primary endpoint) did not differ between study products (P4: 124.3 (83.4) vs. Cas: 137.1 (102.0) mL, 95% CI:-57.4, 27.0, p=0.457). During feeding and after cessation of feeding, the area under the GCV-curve (AUC0-360 GCV) for P4 and Cas was 44631.1 (15546.1) and 52822.2 (19686.1) mL∗min, respectively (p=0.061). During feeding the GCV was lower at T=180min (175.4 (64.8) vs. 205.2 (75.4) mL, p=0.038) and after cessation of feeding at T=300min (81.3 (71.1) vs. 116.3 (84.3) mL, p=0.004) and T=330min (39.9 (53.9) vs. 73.6 (81.1) mL, p=0.031). With P4 it took less time to reach half of the GCV at T=240min compared to Cas (52.8 (27.6) vs. 65.4 (29.9) min, p=0.020). In this study in which healthy volunteers received esomeprazole and codeine to mimic gastrointestinal conditions of critically ill patients, observations of secondary endpoints suggest faster gastric emptying with P4 compared to Cas, and less gastric accumulation, possibly due to the non-coagulating properties of the P4 protein blend. Considering the small effect and the possible clinical relevance of reduced intragastric accumulation of enteral nutrition, the potential impact of protein coagulation should be further investigated in relevant study populations. Registered under Netherlands Trial Register identifier no. NTR6423.

AB095. SOH21AS250. A systematic review on the use of prophylactic proton pump inhibitors in patients with a hip fracture and their effect on developing acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage and mortality

Background: Hip fractures represent a significant burden to every orthopaedic department. Acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage is a postoperative complication associated with increased mortality. Stress ulcer prophylaxis such as the use of proton pump inhibitors is an important measure to decrease this perioperative complication. There are no guidelines on the prescription of prophylactic proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to hip fracture patients.

#52: Role of Good Oral Hygiene in Reducing and Preventing Ventilator-associated Pneumonia (VAP) in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Abstract Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is when a patient who received mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours develops pneumonia. According to the literature, the prevalence rate of VAP in patients experiencing mechanical ventilation is 9%–68%, its resulting mortality is 30%–70%, it also extends hospital and ICU stay by 6–7 days, raises healthcare costs by $40,000 per patient. VAP is a serious complication in the critically ill one factor causing VAP is an aspiration of oral colonization which may result from poor oral hygiene care. Oral hygiene care using either a mouth rinse or with help of forceps and gauze or combination together with the aspiration of secretion can reduce the risk of VAP in these critically ill patients. Method The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of strengthening oral hygiene practices and develop cost-effective and easy to use protocols of oral hygiene for ventilator-dependent patients. This study is an observational study conducted in all intensive care unit at tertiary care hospital, 41 bedded inpatient critical care area including high dependency unit (HDU)/coronary care unit (CCU), medical intensive care unit (MICU), surgical intensive care unit (SICU), neonate intensive care unit (NICU) and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Approximately 500 patients were admitted monthly to the intensive care unit. All ventilated patients admitted to the intensive care unit are included. Intervention is done in three phases: firstly, VAP device-associated infection (DAI’s) surveillance initiated according to the CDC guideline. HAI’s surveillance was done on daily basis. Secondly, educate staff regarding DAI’s surveillance, VAP bundle, Oral care and suction technique of ventilated patient). Ongoing training and hands-on practice on mannequin and also perform sign-off on the patient first under supervision of Nurse instructor and infection control officers. Finally, VAP bundle was initiated which include elevation of head, daily sedation vacation, and assessment of readiness to extubate, daily oral hygiene care, and assessment of stress ulcer and deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis. Result Before implementation, we just calculate all pneumonia rates together not using proper guidelines. But after we follow CDC guideline for DAI’s surveillance, we trained more than 50% of critical care staff out of 93 staffs, and 90% to 95% compliance of using chlorhexidine gluconate for oral care at least per shift and also as per patient needed observed in ventilated patients. Conclusion The implementation of these changes in practices along with using chlorhexidine gluconate products has made it possible to achieve goal and staff perform work according to the best practice guideline. Oral care hygiene using chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) as an element of the ventilator bundle is supposed to decontaminate the mouth, avoid aspiration of contaminated secretion into the respiratory tract and prevent VAP.

Stress ulcer prophylaxis for critically ill children: routine use needs to be re-examined

IntroductionStress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) is commonly used in Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs). However, strong evidence for this practice is lacking and there is a dire need for paediatric randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Our aim was to assess the usefulness of SUP with omeprazole in critically ill children. Patients and methodsWe conducted a randomized, controlled open-label trial, including 144 children admitted into a PICU with a paediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (pSOFA) score of less than 16. We randomly allocated patients to SUP with omeprazole or no SUP. The primary outcome was development of upper gastrointestinal bleeding or nosocomial infection. ResultsThe incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding was 27.1%, but clinically significant bleeding developed in only 5.6% of patients. We did not find a significant difference in the incidence of bleeding between the prophylaxis and control groups (27.8% vs 26.4%; P = .85). We also did not find a significant difference between the groups in the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (9.6% vs 8.3%; P = .77). The incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) was higher in the prophylaxis group compared to the control group (30.6% vs 12.5%; P = .014). None of the patients developed Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. We did not find significant differences in mortality, length of PICU stay or duration of mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation was an independent predictor of bleeding (OR, 6.4; 95%CI, 2.73–14.9). ConclusionIn PICU patients with mild to moderate organ dysfunction, omeprazole does not seem to be useful for prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding while at the same time increasing the risk of CLABSI. Thus, we recommend restricting SUP to mechanically ventilated children.

Stress ulcer prophylaxis use in critical care units at public hospitals in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Background Stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) is part of the management of critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs). However, inappropriate use of these drugs has important clinical implications such as ventilator-associated pneumonia and Clostridium difficile-associated gastrointestinal tract infections. The overuse of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) as SUP is a rapidly growing problem globally. Objectives To describe the use of SUP in three selected ICUs in Johannesburg, South Africa (SA). Methods A retrospective, descriptive, contextual study design was used. Data were collected from ICU records of adult patients admitted into these units during the study period (1 August 2013 - 31 October 2013). Results A total of 174 patients were included in the study. Of these, 156 were on SUP and only 38.5% (n=60/156) were appropriately treated with SUP according to the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists guidelines. There was an inappropriate use of SUP in over 50% of those who were treated. The most frequently prescribed SUP was histamine-2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) (51.3%; n=80/156), followed by PPIs (30.8%; n=48/156), sucralfate (17.3%; n=27/156), and a combination of PPI and H2RA (0.6%; n=1/156). Conclusion The study demonstrated overuse of SUP. The most commonly used drug for SUP was H2RA and not PPIs. This study demonstrates that the problem of SUP overuse internationally also exists locally. The development of local guidelines may help to improve the practice of SUP in SA. Contributions of the study This study showed overuse of SUP and should encourage doctors to critically evaluate why they prescribe SUP and whether it is really indicated. This should help in the adoption of practices towards appropriate use of SUP.

Predictors of gastrointestinal bleeding in adult ICU patients in the SUP-ICU trial.

In previous studies of predictors of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in the intensive care unit (ICU), most patients received pharmacological stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP). We aimed to assess associations between potential predictors of clinically important GI bleeding (CIB) and overt GI bleeding in adult ICU patients, while considering the effect and potential interaction with use of SUP. We included 3291 acutely admitted adult ICU patients with risk factors for GI bleeding randomized to SUP (pantoprazole) or placebo in the SUP-ICU trial. We used logistic regression models adjusted for allocation to SUP to estimate associations between 23 potential predictors and CIB (primary outcome) and overt GI bleeding (secondary outcome). Furthermore, we assessed associations between potential predictors and both outcomes in each allocation group and assessed potential interaction with allocation to SUP. Increasing SAPS II and SOFA scores, use of circulatory support and renal replacement therapy were associated with increased risk of CIB and overt GI bleeding; chronic lung disease was associated with increased risk of overt GI bleeding. Results for the remaining potential predictors were compatible with both no difference or increased and decreased risks. We found no strong evidence for any interaction between treatment allocation and any potential predictors. In adult ICU patients at risk of GI bleeding, severity of illness, use of circulatory support and renal replacement therapy were associated with higher odds of CIB, with no strong evidence of interaction with SUP.

P0087 / #441: FEASIBILITY OF A MULTICENTRE TRIAL OF STRESS ULCER PROPHYLAXIS IN CRITICALLY ILL CHILDREN.

Aims & Objectives: To assess the feasibility of enrolling patients into a large multicentre RCT of pantoprazole vs. placebo for stress ulcer prophylaxis to prevent upper GI bleeding. Methods: In this blinded, multicentre pilot RCT, mechanically ventilated children were randomized to pantoprazole 1 mg/kg or placebo once daily. We considered the trial feasible if we achieved: Effective screening: >80% of eligible patients approached for consent; timely enrollment: >80% receive their first dose within 1 day of becoming eligible; participant accrual: ≥2 per centre per month; protocol adherence: >90%. Results: We randomized 115 children in 7 PICUs. Effective screening was 69%. The 3 most frequent reasons for not approaching were physician preference for prophylaxis (33%), family refusal to meet research staff (13%), and staff availability (12%). Timely enrollment was 95%. Participant accrual was 0.7 children/centre/month. The most frequent reason for exclusion was acid suppression at home (50%), or in the PICU (26%). 41% of the parents approached agreed to participate. The 3 most frequent types of reasons given were: concerns about adding more drugs and adverse effects (33%), preferring physicians decide on therapy (21%), or being too stressed to decide (11%). Protocol adherence was 88%, the most common reason was physician prescription of open label stress ulcer prophylaxis. Conclusions: We met 2 of 4 feasibility outcomes, but enrollment remains below target. Frequent use of acid suppression, physician preferences for using stress ulcer prophylaxis, and parental hesitation are important challenges. Additional physician and parental engagement will be critical to the successful design and conduct of future similar trials.

INAPPROPRIATE USAGE OF INTRAVENOUS PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN A HIGH COMPLEXITY HOSPITAL IN BRAZIL.

Intravenous (IV) use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is advised only in cases of suspected upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) or impossibility of receiving oral medication, although there has been a persistent practice of their inappropriate use in health institutions. The purpose of our study was to measure the inappropriate use of IV PPIs in a high complexity hospital in Brazil and to estimate its costs. Retrospective study of 333 patients who received IV omeprazole between July and December of 2018 in a high complexity hospital in Brazil. IV omeprazole was found to be appropriately prescribed in only 23.4% patient reports. This medication was administered mainly in cases of suspected UGIB (19.1%) and stress ulcer prophylaxis in patients with high risk of UGIB unable to receive medication orally (18.7%). It was observed a statistically significant association between adequate prescription and stress ulcer prophylaxis in patients with high risk of UGIB unable to receive medication orally; patient nil per os with valid indication for PPIs usage; prescription by intensive care unit doctors; prescription by emergency room doctors; intensive care unit admission; evolution to death; sepsis; and traumatic brain injury (P<0.05). On the other hand, inadequate prescription had a statistically significant association with surgical ward prescription and non-evolution to death (P<0.05). The estimated cost of the vials prescribed inadequately was US$1696. There was a high number of inappropriate IV omeprazole prescriptions in the studied hospital, entailing greater costs to the institution and unnecessary risks.

INTENSIVE CARE UNIT PRESCRIPTIONS MUST FIT RISK FACTORS TO PREVENT STRESS ULCER BLEEDING.

ABSTRACT Background:The physiological stress of critically ill patients can trigger several complications, including digestive bleeding due to stress ulcers (DBSU). The use of acid secretion suppressants to reduce their incidence has become widely used, but with the current understanding of the risks of these drugs, their use, as prophylaxis in critically ill patients, is limited to the patients with established risk factors. Aim:To determine the appropriateness of the use of prophylaxis for stress ulcer bleeding in acutely ill patients admitted to intensive care units and to analyze the association of risk factors with adherence to the prophylaxis guideline. Methods:Retrospective, analytical study carried out in three general adult intensive care units. Electronic medical records were analyzed for epidemiological data, risk factors for DBSU, use of stress ulcer prophylaxis, occurrence of any digestive bleeding and confirmed DBSU. The daily analysis of risk factors and prophylaxis use were in accordance with criteria based on the Guidelines of the Portuguese Society of Intensive Care for stress ulcer prophylaxis. Results:One hundred and five patients were included. Of the patient days with the opportunity to prescribe prophylaxis, compliance was observed in 95.1%. Of the prescription days, 82.35% were considered to be of appropriate use. Overt digestive bleeding occurred in 3.81% of those included. The occurrence of confirmed DBSU was identified at 0.95%. Multivariate analysis by logistic regression did not identify risk factors independently associated with adherence to the guideline, but identified risk factors with a negative association, which were spinal cord injury (OR 0.02 p <0.01) and shock (OR 0.36 p=0.024). Conclusion:The present study showed a high rate of adherence to stress ulcer prophylaxis, but with inappropriate use still significant. In the indication of prophylaxis, attention should be paid to patients with spinal cord injury and in shock.

As indicações da profilaxia de úlceras gástricas em pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados: uma revisão integrativa

OBJECTIVES: To determine the main indications for gastric ulcer prophylaxis in hospitalized pediatric patients and, through the analysis of scientific evidence, to point out the main complications of the indiscriminate use of this prophylaxis and to mention alternatives to the use of drugs in the prevention of stress ulcers. METHODS: We selected articles written in English and Portuguese, published between 2009 and 2019, which show the indications of stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill pediatric patients, as well as studies demonstrating the complications of gastric acid suppression therapy. The search was performed in the PubMed, LILACS and SciELO databases. RESULTS: In this integrative review, sixteen studies that met the previously established inclusion criteria were analyzed. Of the articles included in this study, four are prospective observational studies, eight are systematic reviews, seven with meta-analysis, two retrospective cohort studies, one case-control study, one expert-opinion guideline, and one case report. CONCLUSION: The indiscriminate use of stress ulcer prophylaxis is not recommended and should only be used when there is an accurate indication. However, even where therapy is recommended, the risk-benefit assessment should be assessed and caution should be exercised with acid-suppressing drugs, as this prophylaxis increases the risk of Clostridium difficile infection and pneumonia. It is also suggested the introduction of early enteral nutrition as an alternative to the use of gastric ulcer drug prophylaxis, as the evidence points to its efficacy in reducing adverse effects and maintaining gastric homeostasis.

Prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients.

This review focuses on the current literature on the epidemiology and prevention of stress-induced clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding in ICU patients. The incidence of stress-induced clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients seems to be decreasing. Observational studies and an exploratory randomized controlled trial suggest that early enteral nutrition may be effective in preventing gastrointestinal bleeding in patients who are not at high risk. Recent systemic reviews and meta-analyses indicate that proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor antagonists are more effective than placebo in preventing clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding, especially in high-risk and very high-risk patients, but do not reduce mortality. Although observational data suggested an association of proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor antagonists with Clostridium difficile infection and pneumonia, this association was not confirmed in randomized controlled trials. The incidence of stress-induced clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients seems to have decreased over time. Even though stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients has been a research focus for decades, many questions remain unanswered, such as which groups of patients are likely to benefit and what pharmacologic agent is associated with the best benefit-to-harm ratio.

Pretreatment with intestinal trefoil factor alleviates stress-induced gastric mucosal damage via Akt signaling.

BACKGROUNDStress-related gastric mucosal damage or ulcer remains an unsolved issue for critically ill patients. Stress ulcer prophylaxis has been part of routine intensive care, but uncertainty and controversy still exist. Co-secreted with mucins, intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) is reported to promote restitution and regeneration of intestinal mucosal epithelium, although the mechanism remains unknown.AIMTo elucidate the protective effects of ITF on gastric mucosa and explore the possible mechanisms.METHODSWe used a rat model of gastric mucosal damage induced by water immersion restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide-treated human gastric epithelial cell line to investigate the potential effects of ITF on damaged gastric mucosa both in vivo and in vitro.RESULTSITF promoted the proliferation and migration and inhibited necrosis of gastric mucosal epithelia in vitro. It also preserved the integrity of gastric mucosa by upregulating expressions of occludin and zonula occludens-1. In the rat model, pretreatment with ITF ameliorated the gastric mucosal epithelial damage and facilitated mucosal repair. The protective effects of ITF were confirmed to be exerted via activation of Akt signaling, and the specific inhibitor of Akt signaling LY249002 reversed the protective effects.CONCLUSIONITF might be a promising candidate for prevention and treatment of stress-induced gastric mucosal damage, and further studies should be undertaken to verify its clinical feasibility.