Prophy Paste Research Articles

Biocompatibility and Enamel Remineralization Potential of Titanium-Doped Phosphate Glasses With/Without Diode Laser Irradiation

This study investigates the biocompatibility and enamel remineralization potential of titanium-doped phosphate glasses (TDPG), third-generation materials with promising applications in dentistry. The biocompatibility of TDPG paste and its components (TDPG powder and polyacrylic acid liquid) was assessed using human gingival fibroblast cells (hGF) and human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSC). Cell attachment and viability were examined at 1, 3, and 7 days, comparing results with Nupro® Prophy paste and Teethmate, commonly used desensitizers, and positive control cells in normal tissue culture medium. Furthermore, the remineralization potential of these glasses with or without the use of diode laser irradiation on white spot lesions in enamel was explored at 12- and 21-days using Raman Spectroscopy and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The remineralization potential of TDPG was compared with Nupro® Prophy paste and Teethmate. Furthermore, both sound and demineralized enamel were also used as other controls.Results indicated that cells exposed to TDPG extracts displayed similar morphology and viability to positive control cells. While all tested pastes did not show remineralizing action after 12 days, Nupro® Prophy and Teethmate exhibited such action after 21 days. However, laser application enhanced remineralization potential for all pastes at both time points, with TDPG showing comparable results to Nupro® Prophy paste and significantly higher potential than Teethmate when used with laser at 21 days.In summary, this study reveals the biocompatibility and enhanced remineralization potential of TDPG when combined with diode laser irradiation. These findings signify innovative strides in dental materials and treatment modalities, offering new possibilities for advanced dental applications.

Effect of Preventive Dental Products on Bonding Force: An in vitro Study.

Testing the effect of Fluoride, chlorhexidine, and molecular iodine applications on the mean micro-shear bond strength (SBS) of enamel in an attempt to preserve enamel integrity during the bonding process. The study was an observational case-control one in which 150 human teeth were classified into 10 groups according to the product kind and the prescribed treatment. Each group consisted of 15 teeth. Group C was the control group. Groups FP, FV, and OS utilized products that could be utilized in a professional dental setting. Group FP was treated with 1.23% NaF prophy paste, Group FV was treated with 5% NaF varnish, and Group OS was treated with Opal® Seal Fluoride releasing primer and sealant. Groups L, LF, CHX, and I were treated with mouth rinses. Group L was treated with Listerine Zero Fluoride-Free Mouthwash, Group LF with Listerine Zero 0.02% NaF Mouth Rinse, Group CHX with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate, and Group I with ioRinse RTU 100 ppm molecular iodine rinse. Groups TP and G utilized alternative remineralization products. Group TP was treated with Fluoro Calcium Phosphosilicate bioglass containing toothpaste, and Group G was treated with Curodont Protect remineralizing tooth gel. One-way ANOVA test was utilized to perform all statistical analysis in this study. For mean micro-SBS, no significant difference (P > 0.05) between any of the experimental groups was observed when compared to the control group. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between Opal Seal versus Listerine Total, Opal Seal versus Peridex, Listerine versus Listerine Total, and Listerine versus Peridex. All other experimental group comparisons revealed a nonsignificant difference (P > 0.05). As the null hypothesis (H0) assumes that changes observed in an experiment are due to chance, hence, the outcomes of this study are coherent with (H0) since the aforementioned application methods did not significantly impact the SBS of orthodontic resin cement to enamel.

Changes in Gloss Alteration, Surface Roughness, and Color of Direct Dental Restorative Materials after Professional Dental Prophylaxis.

In the context of optimizing dental care for patients who are elderly, the purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface gloss (with a micro-area gloss meter) of, surface roughness (with a compact surface roughness measuring instrument) of, and color change (with a dental colorimeter) in two commercially available injectable resin-based composites (Estelite Universal Flow (EUF) and Beautifil Flow Plus F00 (BFP)) as well as two glass-ionomer cements (GC Fuji II LC CAPSULE (FLC) and GC Fuji IX GP EXTRA CAPSULE (FGP)), before and after dental prophylaxis. After 24 h, the surfaces of each specimen were polished at 2500 rpm with a prophy brush (Mersage Brush, Shofu) and one-step prophylaxis paste (Prophy Paste Pro, Directa): under 100 or 300 gf load, and for 10 or 30 s, 4× cycles of cleaning. After mechanical cleaning, conditions were found for a significant reduction in the gloss level (EUF, BFP, or FLC; p < 0.05) and a significant increase in surface roughness (BFP; 300 gf load, 10 s × four cycles of cleaning). Overall, the longer time or higher prophylaxis load tended to decrease the surface gloss. However, the observed change in surface roughness varied between the restorative materials. There was no color change post-prophylaxis.

In-vitro influence of the use of an erythritol powder through air polishing on the surface roughness and abrasiveness of various restorative materials.

The aim of this in-vitro study is to compare the prophylaxis powder Airflow® Plus to a conventional prophylaxis paste with regards to surface abrasion and roughness on four different restorative materials. A total of 80 samples were fabricated, including 20 of each investigated material. Among those were a nanocomposite (Ceram X Spectra™ ST, Dentsply), a glass ionomer cement (Ketac Fill™, 3M™), a cast metal alloy (Bio Maingold SG®, Heraeus Kulzer) and a ceramic (HeraCeram® Saphir, Heraeus Kulzer). Of each material, all samples were equally divided into two groups. Samples in one group were treated with AirFlow® Plus using the AirFlow® Prophylaxis Master (EMS, Switzerland) (Group AF) and the ones in the other group with Prophy Paste (Cleanic™, Kerr, Austria) (Group CL) on a rubber cup. Applied force amounted to 1.5 N at 2000 rpm. Under controlled reproduceable conditions, a 10-year interval with 4 application per year, a total of 200 seconds, was simulated. Size of each sample amounted to 6 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height. Half side of each sample were treated. While comparing the treated and untreated area of each sample, surface abrasion and roughness were measured using an optical 3D system. Roughness was measured based on the arithmetic roughness average of the surface (Ra) and root mean square of the surface roughness (Rq). The statistical evaluation of the data was carried out using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney-U-test, Wilcoxon-test and the Kruskal-Wallis test for group comparisons. In conclusion, the use of the rubber cup with Prophy Paste caused a significantly higher abrasion on composite, ceramic and gold compared to the AirFlow® Plus powder (p < 0.05). In group AF, the significant highest values for Ra were determined on GIC, followed by composite, gold and then ceramic in intragroup comparison. Ra on GIC was significantly higher in group AF (p < 0.05).

Which Polishing Method Is Effective for Coffee Stains? – An In-Vitro Study of Surface Roughness and Color Change

Aim: To assess the effect of three different polishing protocols on the surface roughness and color change of the enamel and compare the results with the enamel specimens exposed to coffee. &#x0D; Methods: Seventy-two bovine enamel specimens were randomly divided into two groups-Group I:only polishing,Group II:immersion in coffee solution and polishing–which were then subdivided into 3 groups according to polishing procedures as follows:polishing with rubber cup and Pumice Flour(PF),polishing with rubber cup and Prophy Paste(PP),polishing with Air Abrasion(AA). Surface roughness(Ra) and tooth color were assessed using a surface profilometer and a digital spectrophotometer. The color change was determined by the CIE L*a*b* system. SEM analysis were also performed. Statistical analyses were performed by GraphPad software. Multiple comparisons between-groups and in-groups were performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests, respectively.&#x0D; Results: At baseline measurements, no significant differences were found among groups in terms of roughness and color values(p&gt;0.05). In Group I,surface roughness values and color change were similar after polishing (p:0.393,p:0.093, respectively). In Group II,post-polishing Ra values were significantly increased in all groups(p0.05) and the highest ΔE value was detected in PP group. &#x0D; Conclusion: Following coffee immersion, enamel surfaces become rougher in all polishing protocols and the roughest surface was in PF group. In all study groups visible clinical success was achieved in terms of color, therefore dental clinicians should prefer PP in clinical practice due to the less abrasive and sufficient color change properties.

English

BACKGROUND Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory reaction surrounding the hard and soft tissues of the implant that is functional in the patient's mouth. If left untreated, this might lead to further bone loss, loosening of the implant and the ultimate failure of the implant. There are many treatment modalities that have been suggested to treat periimplantitis, but there are no set guidelines or protocols for the same. Implantoplasty seems to be a viable option for treating peri-implantitis, as it involves the smoothening of the macro geometry of the supracrestal exposed implant surface thus reducing the plaque accumulation and ultimately preventing the bacterial recolonization and preventing the implant from failure. This study was done to evaluate the smoothness and the fracture resistance of the implants treated by implantoplasty and as an effective treatment for peri-implantitis. METHODS This in-vitro study was done on 5 failed implants, in which 4 were subjected to a sequence of dental burs and prophy paste and 1 implant was kept as a control. They were subjected to laser topography analysis to determine the smoothness after implantoplasty, and their fracture resistance was also checked in Instron. RESULTS Implant no. 4 subjected to both dental burs and prophy paste was considered to be the smoothest with the laser topography of 2.049 mm compared to the control that was 3.132 mm. Also, the fracture resistance between the implants and the control was similar. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion implantoplasty is a suggested treatment option for patients with periimplantitis keeping in mind the practical difficulties of the procedure. KEY WORDS Peri-Implantitis, Implantoplasty, Dental Burs, Surface Analysis

Abrasion of Pro Seal® and Opal® Seal™ by professional tooth cleaning protocols: results from an in vitro study and a randomized controlled trial.

The integrity of orthodontic surface sealants after professional tooth cleaning (PTC) has previously only been evaluated in vitro. Recently, we have shown that optical coherence tomography (OCT) can successfully be used for the longitudinal assessments of sealant thickness in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the sealant thickness after PTC in vitro and in vivo by OCT. Single-centre four-arm parallel-group randomized controlled trial. Ninety-six extracted human teeth were randomly assigned to the surface sealants Pro Seal® (PS) and Opal® Seal™ (OS) and to PTC protocols: (1) polishing with brush and prophy paste (Cleanic®) or (2) erythritol air-polishing. Sealant thickness was assessed by OCT immediately after application (baseline), after thermocycling and after polishing for totals of 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 seconds. Additionally, a clinical trial was conducted. Therefore, using a split-mouth design, quadrants of 20 patients and PTC protocols were randomized by an external randomization centre using computer generated tables to assign the surface sealants and PTC protocols. Sealant thicknesses were analysed at baseline, before and after PTC. Due to the optical properties of sealants, a complete blinding was not feasible. In vitro both sealants revealed significant layer thickness losses after both PTC protocols. PS lost 0.77 µm/s [95% CI (confidence interval): 0.67, 0.87] from air-polishing and 0.43 µm/s (95% CI: 0.37, 0.49) from polishing with brush while OS lost 0.44 µm/s (95% CI: 0.32, 0.55) from air-polishing and 0.79 µm/s (95% CI: 0.68, 0.89) from polishing with brush of layer thickness. Sealant thickness loss of was significantly higher after erythritol air-polishing for PS and after polishing with brush for OS. The results of a concurrent randomized controlled trial (RCT) were comparable to those achieved in the in vitro part of this study. Long-term surface sealant abrasion should be validated by additional RCTs. For PTC on surface sealant treated teeth, low abrasive protocols should be used. Air-polishing should be avoided on PS protected teeth and polishing with brush on OS treated teeth. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03753256.

Avoidance of Interaction between Impression Materials and Tooth Surface Treated for Immediate Dentin Sealing: An In Vitro Study.

Immediate dentin sealing (IDS) is an advantageous approach for realizing adhesive restorations, but it interferes with the polymerization of impression material due to the oxygen-inhibition layer (OIL), which leaves residues of impression material on the teeth. The aim of this study is to identify a clinical surface cleaning protocol after IDS in order to achieve defect-free impressions. Sixty extracted human teeth were cut to expose fresh dentin and the IDS protocol was performed. Samples were divided into six groups where different surface cleaning protocols were made before taking impressions: G1S and G1P groups, IDS and silicone (S) or polyether (P) impressions; G2S and G2P, treatment with prophy paste and impressions; G3S and G3P, final cleaning phase with surfactant agent and impressions. Teeth were evaluated with a scanning electron microscope to identify the areas (expressed in mm2) where residual impression material was present. The results demonstrate a reduction of residues in the G2 groups and the total disappearance in G3 groups with statistically significant differences between them. Superficial cleaning protocols with the prophy paste and surfactant agent lead to the elimination of the interaction with impression materials and OIL. These results suggest a safe clinical protocol for obtaining defect-free impressions after IDS.

Wear Effect of Different Abrasive Materials on Tooth Enamel : A Comparative Study

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to measure and compare mean enamel loss caused by microabrasion treatment of different abrasive materials under a fixed variable. Materials and methods: In this laboratory study, three commonly used abrasive materials were compared: Dental Pumice, Zircate® Prophy Paste, Opalustre® and a controlled group (distilled water). Hundred extracted human premolars were randomly allocated into four groups; each group was subjected to fixed pressure, time and rotational speed mimicking dental office setting. Results: Data was collected and statistically analyzed. The results of the study (p < 0.01) was statistically significant and showed that Opalustre® caused the highest mean difference in enamel loss. Followed by dental Pumice and Prophy paste in order with minimal difference between them. And the controlled group (distilled water) had the least mean enamel loss. Conclusion: microabrasion offers a great approach in treating enamel defect/staining in a minimally invasive procedure in order to achieve acceptable aesthetic results while preserving the tooth’s microstructure as much as possible. As shown in the result; Combined chemical acid with mechanical abrasive particles produce most effective results.

Effect of Dental Prophylaxis Techniques on the Surface Roughness of Resin Composites.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of dental prophylaxis techniques on surface roughness of composite resins. A total of 36 nanohybrid resin composite test specimens were fabricated and divided into three groups (n = 12). They were kept in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours and submitted to the finishing and polishing technique. For the prophylactic techniques, in group G1, a mixture of pumice stone and distilled water was used with the aid of a rubber cup; in group G2, Herjos-F prophy paste was used with a rubber cup; and in group G3, a bicarbonate jet spray was used. Afterward, all the samples were repolished using the Soflex pop-on disks. A roughness meter was used to measure surface roughness at three points in time: Before the prophylactic techniques (1st evaluation), afterward (2nd evaluation), and following repeat polishing (3rd evaluation). It was found that roughness values changed significantly between the 1st and 2nd evaluations (p < 0.05) and between the 2nd and 3rd evaluations (p < 0.05), showing that the change in roughness depended on the type of prophylactic treatment. Roughness was significantly higher after the bicarbonate jet (p < 0.05). Prophylaxis using the sodium bicarbonate jet significantly altered the roughness of nanoparticle-reinforced resin. Dental prophylaxis is the most common practice employed to remove bacterial plaque and other coatings. However, one side effect of the cleaning may be a rougher surface subject to degradation and staining. The correct use of prophylactic devices and avoiding prolonged use on resin restorations reduce surface roughness.

Rubber dam use less stressful for children and dentists

Randomised controlled trial, single centre and operator. 72 patients (6-16 years) assessed as compliant, with no allergies, not on significant medication were divided into two groups by 'drawing sealed lots'. 234 fully erupted teeth were sealed. Molars and/or premolars were sealed dependant on age. Teeth were pre-cleaned with prophy paste. In the controls, teeth were isolated with buccal and lingual cotton rolls and salivary ejector in the intervention group a rubber dam was used. The same etching, rinsing and placement protocol was used in both arms. Outcomes were: patients' subjective measures of pain using a visual analogue scale; blood pressure (before and after treatment), breath rate, pulse rate and skin resistance at five time points. The operator's pulse rate was measured and they completed a questionnaire on subjective mental and physical stress following treatment. Treatment times were recorded. The breath rate was significantly (P < 0.05) lower and the skin resistance level was significantly higher during treatment with rubber dam compared to the control group. Subjective pain perception was significantly lower for the test group. The treatment time needed for the fissure sealing procedure was 12.4% less in the test group. The authors state; '... in the hands of an experienced dentist, isolation with rubber dam is less stressful for children and adolescents than isolation with cotton rolls, and can save valuable treatment time.' The operator's stress measures were lower with rubber dam and treatment time was reduced.

Effects of different surface treatments on the color stability of various dental porcelains

Background/purpose There is a lack of information in the few studies reporting on the stainability of dental porcelain materials. However no studies have been found that investigated effects of polishing methods and staining agents on the color stability of dental porcelains. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different polishing techniques on the color stability of various dental porcelains. Materials and methods Fifty-five specimens were prepared for each of feldspathic (Vita VMK 95, Ceramco III), low-fusing porcelain (Matchmaker), and machinable feldspathic porcelain blocks (Vitablocs Mark II). The prepared specimens were divided into 11 groups ( n = 5) representing different polishing techniques including a control (no surface treatment), glaze, and nine other groups which were finished and polished with a polishing disc (Sof-Lex), two porcelain polishing kits (NTI, Dialite II), a diamond polishing paste (Sparkle), a zirconium silicate-based cleaning and polishing prophy paste (Zircate), an aluminum oxide polishing paste (Prisma Gloss), and combinations of these. Specimens were stored for 48 hours at 37°C in a coffee solution. The color of all specimens was measured with a colorimeter before and after exposure, and color changes (ΔE) were calculated. Data were analyzed with a two-way analysis of variance, and mean values were compared by the Tukey’s honest significant difference test (α = 0.05). Results When comparing the four different porcelain materials, Ceramco III demonstrated the highest ΔE value. No significant difference was observed among the porcelain material groups of Mark II, Matchmaker MC, and VMK 95 (P = 0.074). When comparing the polishing techniques, the lowest ΔE values were observed in Group Gl for all porcelain materials tested. No significant difference was observed among Groups Sl, Di, and Pk, (P = 0.883), and these Groups demonstrated significantly higher ΔE values than Group Gl (P < 0.05). Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that feldspathic and low-fusing porcelain specimens were found to be more color-stable for glazed specimens versus polished specimens regardless of whether they were stained with the coffee solution. Glazed and polished specimens with different polishing materials demonstrated that the ΔE values were at an acceptable level for all of the porcelain materials tested (1 < ΔE < 3.7).

Effects of different polishing techniques on the surface roughness of dental porcelains

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different polishing techniques on the surface roughness of dental porcelains.Material and MethodsFifty-five cylindirical specimens (15x2 mm) were prepared for each feldspathic (Vita VMK 95, Ceramco III) and low-fusing dental porcelain (Matchmaker). Fifty-five specimens of machinable feldspathic porcelain blocks (Vitablocs Mark II), (12x14x18 mm) were cut into 2-mm-thick slices (12x14 mm) with low speed saw. The prepared specimens were divided into 11 groups (n=5) representing different polishing techniques including control ((C) no surface treatment), glaze (G) and other 9 groups that were finished and polished with polishing discs (Sof-Lex) (Sl), two porcelain polishing kits (NTI (Pk), Dialite II (Di)), a diamond polishing paste (Sparkle) (Sp), a zirconium silicate based cleaning and polishing prophy paste (Zircate) (Zr), an aluminum oxide polishing paste (Prisma Gloss) (Pg), and combinations of them. The surface roughness of all groups was measured with a profilometer. The data were analyzed with a 2-way analysis of variance, and the mean values were compared by the Tukey Honestly Significant Difference test (α=0.05).ResultsFor all porcelain material groups, the lowest Ra values were observed in Group Gl, Group Sl, Group Pk, and Group Di, which were not significantly different from each other (p>0.05).When comparing the 4 different porcelain materials, the machinable feldspathic porcelain block group (Mark II) demonstrated statistically significantly less Ra values than the other porcelain materials tested (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the VMK 95 and Ceramco III porcelain groups (p=0.919), also these groups demonstrated the highest Ra values.ConclusionSubjected to surface roughness, the surfaces obtained with polishing and/or cleaning-prophy paste materials used alone were rougher compared to the surfaces finished using Sof-lex, Dialite, and NTI polishing kit. Polishing kits and discs were found more effective than the polishing pastes used alone or combined use with Sof-lex discs, thus improving surface smoothness.

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Rationale of mechanical plaque control

Patients who have received extensive periodontal treatment also demonstrate a high susceptibility to periodontal disease. Maintenance of periodontal health following therapy includes a lifelong supportive care consisting of daily removal of the microbial plaque by the patient, supplemented by professional care in an individually designed programme. Mechanical supragingival plaque control by self care is of utmost importance. The goal is to create a positive attitude by information and motivation to give the patient knowledge and confidence. The patient should be advised to use appropriate aids and technique. A soft brush, an interspace brush, interdental tooth brushes or tooth picks are recommended in periodontal patients. Professional tooth cleaning involves removal of supragingival plaque from all tooth surfaces using mechanically driven instruments and fluoride prophy paste and, when indicated, removal of calculus and subgingival plaque. Disclosing solution is used to visualize the plaque to the patient and to the clinician in order to reinforce instruction in oral hygiene. Oral hygiene measures alone seem to have limited effect on subgingival microflora in cases of severe disease. In shallow and moderately deep pockets a good plaque control can change the subgingival flora towards a more "healthy" composition. Subgingival plaque removal is performed with hand- and/or ultrasonic instruments. Cracks within the cementum, grooves, fissures, resorption lacunae, furcations may create difficulties in cleaning the root surface. Ultrasonic instrumentation has a beneficial effect in creating a smooth surface without extensive removal of cementum. Besides, the cavitational activity contributes to plaque removal which makes the instrument further suitable during maintenance therapy. The result of the debridement is assessed on the healing response in the tissues. The frequency of maintenance visits must be given on an individual basis according to the needs of every special patient. The visit includes plaque evaluation (disclosion), oral hygiene instruction, probing depth measurements, registration of bleeding on probing, scaling (plaque removal) if indicated, tooth polishing, fluoride application and radiographs if indicated. The goal is to identify and treat signs of recurrence of periodontal disease in order to prevent further loss of attachment.

Effectiveness of open flap root debridement with rubber cups, interdental plastic tips and prophy paste. An SEM study.

This study was designed to ascertain whether conservative cleaning of surgically-exposed root surfaces can achieve complete plaque removal. 10 single-rooted teeth (40 surfaces) from 4 patients with advanced periodontitis were included in the study. After flap reflection, the root surfaces were cleaned using only rubber cups, EVA plastic tips and prophy paste. No attempt was made to remove calculus. Immediately after treatment, the teeth were extracted. Then root surfaces were systematically examined in the scanning electron microscope to detect any residual bacteria (plaque). 27 of the 40 treated root surfaces were plaque-free. On the other 13 root surfaces, only a few isolated small islands of plaque were detected. On the other hand, relatively extensive areas of the root surfaces exhibited calculus. Bacterial plaque accumulation was routinely observed on the rough calculus surfaces and at the periphery of the hard deposits. These results demonstrate that the instruments used in this study can successfully remove plaque from exposed root surfaces. However, subgingival calculus that is firmly attached to root surfaces virtually always harbors plaque bacteria; such deposits require more aggressive instrumentation (scalers, curettes) for removal.

Effects of various agents in cleaning cut dentine.

The effectiveness of various agents in cleaning cut dentine surfaces was investigated. Attempts to remove the smeared layer of dentine after the preparation of a cavity showed that a polyacrylic acid (Durelon liquid) gave the best result, flour of pumice or a prophylaxis paste (Prevodontic) used with a rubber cup were effective, but 3% hydrogen peroxide and a cavity cleaner (Cavilax) were not. The only effective agents following the use of a zinc oxide eugenol temporary cement were the flour of pumice and prophy paste.