Introduction: The development of the business world is no longer solely the domain of adults but is also beginning to be introduced to young people. Several businesses are being started by young people under the age of twenty. This is a very encouraging development and deserves support from all relevant parties. Furthermore, several high schools have begun adding entrepreneurship courses to their curriculum. However, the curriculum certainly does not provide legal knowledge regarding the business world. This leaves a gap that must be filled immediately to prepare aspiring young entrepreneurs to run their businesses. An introduction to the law in starting a business begins with an introduction to intellectual property protection, particularly trademarks and copyrights. These two legal protections are directly related to the business world, both small and large.Purposes of The Devotion: The purpose of this devotion is to provide students with initial knowledge about intellectual property rights and the importance of such protection in the business world.Method of The Devotion: The method used is a presentation of the material followed by a question-and-answer session to provide in-depth understanding. Students are also given pre- and post-tests to gauge their understanding before and after the presentation.Results Main Findings of the Devotion: The results of this community service implementation showed that students were very enthusiastic about listening to the presentation, as indicated by the diverse questions they asked about intellectual property protection. Furthermore, there was an increase in student understanding after being given the presentation on the material.

The article examines institutional constraints on the development of the knowledge economy at the regional level in the context of Ukraine’s wartime economy. Based on the institutional theory of D. North and O. Williamson, as well as the theory of regional innovation systems by B. Cooke, the types of institutional constraints are systematised by level (national, regional, micro) and type (formal, informal, organisational). A matrix of institutional constraints has been developed, which reflects the systemic, mutually reinforcing nature of the identified dysfunctions and allows identifying the «key» constraints with the greatest structural impact: weak protection of intellectual property rights, fragmentation of the national innovation system, and mistrust between actors in the innovation process. The specifics of institutional deformations caused by full-scale armed aggression have been revealed: destruction of scientific and educational infrastructure, outflow of human capital, breakdown of network links between actors of regional innovation systems, redistribution of public funding in favour of defence spending. The asymmetric nature of the regional consequences of military aggression is substantiated: frontline regions are characterised by the destruction of innovation infrastructure, while regions receiving displaced persons have received additional resources for knowledge development. The conception of «institutional resilience» of regional knowledge systems is proposed, covering three dimensions: absorptive, adaptive and transformative capacity. The need for a «recovery with trajectory change» approach instead of a simple return to the pre-war status quo is argued. Five priorities for institutional reform to restore and develop the regional knowledge economy are substantiated: reforming the protection and commercialisation of intellectual property; decentralising the management of the science and innovation system; programmes to attract the diaspora and return scientific personnel; new formats for interregional and cross-border scientific and educational cooperation; and the formation of a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship.

This study provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of the state registration systems for real property rights in Ukraine and Montenegro, considering contemporary challenges, trends in decentralization, and digitalization of cadastral and registration processes. The aim of the study was to identify similarities and differences in the legal foundations, organizational structure, and practical functioning of the registration systems in both countries, as well as to evaluate their effectiveness.The research employed general scientific and specialized methods: analysis and synthesis to summarize legislative norms, comparative legal method to identify differences between the Ukrainian and Montenegrin models, systems approach to assess the interaction of cadastral and registration authorities, and structural-functional method to reveal features of the organization of the state land cadastre and the property registry in Montenegro. Content analysis of specialized scientific publications was used, including work dedicated to the maintenance of state surveying in Montenegro. A historical and contemporary analysis of the registration systems in both countries was conducted.The study analyzed the stages of state registration formation, including inventory data, technical inventory bureaus, and modern bodies such as the Ministry of Justice and the State Geocadastre. It identified specifics of maintaining separate registries for land plots, houses, buildings, apartments, unfinished construction objects, and their encumbrances.The development of the Montenegrin system was reviewed, starting from the 1980s, including the transformation of the land cadastre into a unified real estate registration system through the Real Estate Administration. The study highlighted the constitutive nature of property registration, integration of cadastral and registration data, public access via electronic services such as eKatastar and Geoportal, as well as specifics of land geoclassification and legalization of unauthorized construction.Key characteristics of both countries’ systems were compared in tables, reflecting: legal basis of registration, organizational structure, objects and mechanisms of registry maintenance, digitalization, publicity, protection of property rights, and procedures for legalizing unauthorized buildings.The novelty of this study lies in the comprehensive comparison of the two systems in terms of legal effectiveness, digitalization, and protection of property rights. The conclusions of the research can be used to improve the Ukrainian real estate registration model, integrate cadastral and registration processes, and enhance legal certainty, bringing it closer to European standards.Received: 10.12.2025;Accepted:15.01.2026;

The metaverse represents a foundational shift in financial service delivery, transitioning the sector into the era of Banking 6.0. This research investigates the architectural requirements and regulatory constraints of metaverse banking within the Indian ecosystem. Utilizing a multi-methodological analysis, the study identifies blockchain, 5G, spatial computing, and AI as the critical technical pillars of this shift. Empirical data from 583 respondents, alongside case studies of early adopters like Union Bank of India, indicates that adoption is primarily driven by trust—mediated by structural assurance and self-efficacy—while traditional performance metrics show diminished relevance. The study further scrutinizes the legal implications of the DPDPA 2023, VDA taxation, and the e-Rupee. Findings suggest that while transformative, significant hurdles remain regarding hardware accessibility and virtual property rights. The report concludes with a strategic roadmap for hyper-personalized financial ecosystems powered by 6G and generative AI.

The novelty of this study lies in the comprehensive comparison of the two systems in terms of legal effectiveness, digitalization, and protection of property rights. The conclusions of the research can be used to improve the Ukrainian real estate registration model, integrate cadastral and registration processes, and enhance legal certainty, bringing it closer to European standards.The article reveals the axiology of space as a component of the modern theory of land management and as a methodological response to the widespread reduction of space to geometric extension or a resource. It is substantiated that land management decisions always have not only a metric and resource-related dimension, but also a value-normative dimension, since space is a bearer of economic, environmental, social, cultural, security-related, and legal meanings and an arena of their conflicts. The purpose of the study is to conceptualize the theoretical and methodological foundations of the axiology of space in land management, to describe the mechanism of transition from values to institutional and design decisions, and to build a conceptual model of “value regimes of space.” The methodological basis consists of a systematized review of relevant scientific and framework sources, a conceptual analysis of basic categories (value, regime, legitimacy, admissibility), and a typologization of regimes supplemented by operationalization through indicator-metrics suitable for land management analytics. A definition of a value regime is proposed as a stable configuration of priorities закрепленої in institutions and practices, and a typology of regimes is presented (utilitarian-economic; environmental-protective; socially just; cultural-identification; security-related/risk-oriented; legal/procedural) with applied manifestations in land management and a set of quantitative metrics. The problem of commensurability is considered separately: it is shown that the use of a single metric for optimization models is possible only with a transparent distinction between threshold constraints (inadmissibility) and compromise criteria (weighted optimization), which opens the possibility of correct use of mathematical methods and geographic information system modeling in the design of spatial decisions. The practical value of the article lies in forming a categorically and instrumentally coherent framework for substantiating land management decisions as management of the value of space and for increasing the transparency of reconciling “benefit / irreplaceability,” “private interest / common good,” “local / general.”Received: 19.02.2026;Accepted: 03.03.2026;

This paper examines the legal conflict between a property owner’s right of control under Article 211 of the Civil Act and the exclusive right to use a trademark under Article 89 of the Trademark Act in the context of luxury goods refurbishment. It analyzes the extent to which the burgeoning refurbishment industry can be justified under the exhaustion doctrine or whether it infringes upon the essential function of a trademark as an indicator of source. This study evaluates whether refurbishment activities constitute “processing” (Article 259 of the Civil Act) or “substantial remanufacturing” under the Trademark Act. It critically reviews the lack of clear legal standards in the Supreme Court’s decision (2024Da311181), which denied infringement by characterizing refurbishments for personal use as private services. Furthermore, it argues that the Court’s interpretation adopts an unduly narrow view of post-sale confusion, thereby weakening the protection of the trademark owner’s inherent right of trademark affixation. As an original legal criterion for establishing the boundaries of illegality, this study proposes the “Original Trademark Limitation Doctrine.” This doctrine recognizes that modifying the shape of a product through refurbishment is a legitimate exercise of property rights within the scope of the exhaustion doctrine. However, it establishes an objective standard under which infringement arises only when the aggregate amount of trademark symbols is increased beyond its original level by affixing new trademarks or re-affixing trademarks from other products. In addition, this study proposes prospective guidelines for future judicial practice, including remand proceedings before the Patent Court. These guidelines recommend exempting liability for damages for past acts due to the absence of clear legal standards, while mandating the institutionalization of refurbishment labeling to ensure transparent transactions. Ultimately, this study aims to resolve past uncertainties and achieve a fair balance between trademark protection and consumer sovereignty.

There is no doubt that the acquisition of shares in commercial companies has been gaining increasing popularity. This trend is influenced by several factors, including the relative ease with which such shares may be acquired. Consequently, during judicial enforcement proceedings, enforcement may be directed against property rights, including shares in a limited liability company. This study seeks to address selected practical issues, in particular: how the procedure provided for in Article 185 of the Commercial Companies Code is implemented and which authority conducts the sale of shares; whether enforcement against shares is initiated upon application and whether the creditor is required to submit additional motions in order to effect the sale of the shares; what rights are vested in the company and within what time limits the company should exercise the rights granted by the legislator; up to what stage an amendment to the articles of association is permissible and whether the seizure of shares limits the company in this respect. The study also examines whether a court enforcement officer may rely on a valuation prepared by the court. Keywords: enforcement proceedings, limited liability company, shares in a limited liability company, enforcement against shares in a limited liability company, sale of shares

This study examines whether single-family homes governed by homeowners associations (HOAs) generate superior investment returns compared to homes in non-HOA communities. Integrating asset-capitalization models with property rights theory, we analyze a comprehensive dataset of 163,000 residential transactions from Colorado’s Multiple Listing Service (2006–2024). We employ longitudinal regression analysis, validated by Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Oster bounds analysis, to control for selection bias and isolate the HOA effect. Our findings reveal that HOA properties consistently underperform, with amenity-based HOAs yielding 1.07 percentage points less and restriction-based HOAs 0.802 percentage points less annually than non-HOA properties (p < 0.001). Furthermore, we find that HOA fees rise 1.10 percentage points faster than inflation each year. The cumulative effect is substantial: over a typical ownership period, the appreciation gap translates to a potential equity loss of approximately $143,000 for HOA homeowners compared to non-HOA counterparts. These results suggest that HOA restrictions on property adaptation and the capitalization of escalating infrastructure costs create a compounding drag on investment value.

ABSTRACT This research investigates the technological and legal dynamics of AI on Jordanian digital news websites to balance out professional opportunities and adverse legal implications. The study uses a descriptive-analytical field approach to identify AI applications in new production and delivery (news production, personalized content offer, social media tracking interaction), their compatibility with the Jordanian legal and regulators for digital media reality. Effort t purposive sample of 120 individuals represented vital stakeholders in the Jordanian digital media users (45 journalists, 45 academics and 30 students. The results reflect the growth of AI-driven resources for newsrooms, especially in content personalization and automated news production, leading to faster production cycles and professional performance gains. But the findings also disclose some important legal issues concerning intellectual property rights, data privacy and lack of the clear legislative provisions regulating AI-generated media content Quantitative Data were analyzed by SPSS for descriptive statistical methods (frequency and percentage). The paper argues that AI has become a strategic imperative for the advancement of digital journalism in Jordan, but its adoptability and responsible use is hinged upon the creation of sound legal frameworks that balance media innovation with legal accountability and safeguarding of digital rights.

As the applications of artificial intelligence continue to burgeon across every industry, it has created a crisis in copyright law. AI challenges the foundational assumption that authorship is distinctly a human title. While courts have historically adapted to new creative technologies, the recent rejection of copyright claims in Thaler v. Perlmutter and the Ninth Circuit’s ruling in Naruto v. Slater revealed a critical gap in the legal doctrine. Current U.S. law is unclear on what circumstances human and artificial intelligence collaboration satisfy the constitutional and statutory requirement of human-centered and originality. This paper argues that courts can and should recognize intellectual property rights for artificial intelligence assisted works that exhibit a spark of human creativity, without redefining authorship. It does this by taking account of historical precedence of seminal cases like Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony and Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., and by comparing international approaches taken by China, the United Kingdom, and the European Union. The paper proposes a statutory Human Contribution test that requires three key elements, demonstrable creative direction, intellectual shaping of product, and an authorial intent to create said work. By clarifying the boundaries of authorship in AI-assisted work, this paper introduces a framework that resolves a pressing legal dilemma and ensures copyright law continues to incentivize human innovation, prevent market distortions, and fulfill its constitutional purpose to "promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts" in the age of artificial intelligence.

The role of the commercial sector in driving population health outcomes is gaining attention; yet the influence of commercial entities and practices on Indigenous health is underexplored. This case study examined the separate legal disputes between Clothing The Gaps (an Aboriginal business, social enterprise and B-Corp) and two for-profit commercial clothing companies, investigating their potential impact on Aboriginal health and wellbeing, and how Aboriginal business and advocacy can overcome powerful commercial interests. This qualitative case study combined data from interviews with key informants (n = 3) and data extracted from media articles and stakeholder submissions (n = 74) to the Senate Select Committee on the Aboriginal Flag. Data were analysed for key themes with Aboriginal researchers central to the analysis process. Findings suggest that the legal avenues taken by two non-Indigenous companies were enabled by Australia's existing legal and regulatory systems, coupled with notable resource disparities. WAM Clothing and GAP Inc. asserted their legal rights against Clothing The Gaps to protect their respective branding and profits. The 'Free The Flag' campaign demonstrated how Aboriginal business advocacy can garner public and political support to counter profit-focused commercial interests. This case study underscores the importance of recognising the impact of the commercial sector's lawful pursuit of their intellectual property on Indigenous peoples' rights, culture, health and wellbeing, and on the transformative potential of Aboriginal-led advocacy campaigns. Further work is needed to safeguard Indigenous cultural and intellectual property rights, and to investigate the diverse industries influencing Indigenous peoples' health and wellbeing. Not applicable.

Abstract Administrative agencies' ability to keep an eye on ecological conditions and enforce compliance has changed as a result of the incorporation of satellite and aerial technologies into environmental regulation. These "eyes in the sky"—drones, high-resolution satellite imagery, and sophisticated remote sensing—provide previously unheard-of accuracy in identifying environmental infractions, charting changes in land use, and evaluating the exploitation of natural resources. Although these tools improve ecological governance, they also bring up moral and legal issues with regard to property rights, privacy, and administrative overreach. The relationship between environmental monitoring and individual rights protection is examined in this doctrine analysis. It looks at statutory frameworks, pertinent administrative law principles, and constitutional restrictions, especially those related to search and seizure jurisprudence that control the gathering and application of aerial data. It illustrates how courts have struggled to define reasonable expectations of privacy in the context of technologically enhanced observation by referencing comparative case law from several jurisdictions. The study also discusses proportionality as a guiding principle, balancing possible infringements on individual autonomy against the interests of the environment as a whole. In order to guarantee that surveillance serves justifiable environmental goals without undermining fundamental liberties, it highlights the necessity of procedural safeguards like transparency in data collection, restrictions on data retention, and independent oversight mechanisms. In the end, the analysis makes the case for a balanced legal strategy that takes into account both democratic principles and the advancement of technology. Administrative environmental surveillance can be used as a tool for sustainable governance that upholds rights on the ground while keeping watchful eyes in the sky by balancing ecological stewardship with privacy protections.

The exploitation of voice identity by artificial intelligence development and user companies through voice cloning technology has caused tangible economic losses. The fundamental issue lies within the positive legal systems in Indonesia and Thailand, which experience qualification barriers. Civil instruments such as torts become paralyzed because cyber law, intellectual property, and data protection regimes fail to classify voice as a commercial property right object. Therefore, this research aims to comparatively analyze these civil law qualification barriers using the United States and the European Union as benchmarks, while simultaneously formulating a prescriptive transplantation of the right of publicity doctrine. This normative legal research utilizes the statute approach, comparative approach, and conceptual approach to comprehensively dissect domestic instruments and foreign case law. The results of the comparative analysis affirm the United States’ supremacy in recognising voice as a property right. This protection standard is refined by an ethical restriction layer in the form of an absolute prohibition as a default prohibition from the European Union. Overcoming domestic paralysis requires reconceptualizing property boundaries within the Civil Code. Recognizing voice as an intangible property will directly activate the tort lawsuit instrument. This activation aims to demand the disgorgement of profits from entities that develop artificial intelligence without authorisation and train algorithms without authorisation. This lawsuit also applies to commercial user entities conducting advertising through voice cloning. This research concludes that the adoption of the right of publicity requires the formulation of specific regulations (lex specialis) to protect personality rights. These regulations must explicitly separate corporate liability and adopt a layered consent standard. These rules must also contain a fair use exception to maintain a balance between economic property protection and freedom of expression in society.

The article analyses the common egalitarian foundations of contemporary liberal theories of social justice in the context of normative political-legal thought. The study aims to confirm the hypothesis that the dominant paradigms of contemporary Anglo-American liberal philosophy – utilitarianism, liberal egalitarianism, and libertarianism – share a commitment to the ideal of fundamental moral equality, despite profound differences in their normative conclusions.The methodology employed is a combination of conceptual analysis and comparative theory to identify the underlying assumptions of theories of justice and their implications for legal institutions.The study demonstrates that although these theoretical traditions advocate divergent positions on property rights, taxation, and redistribution, they are united by an appeal to equal concern and respect for all individuals. Utilitarianism justifies redistributive policies on the basis of maximising aggregate welfare, treating everyone’s happiness as equally significant. Liberal egalitarianism, rooted in Kantian moral theory, emphasises equal dignity and argues for institutional structures that promote fair equality of opportunity, even at the cost of substantial redistribution. Libertarianism, while opposing redistribution of income and wealth carried out by the state, invokes equality in its defence of individual autonomy, property rights, and self-ownership, rejecting coercive interference as inconsistent with equal moral status. By reconstructing the internal logic of each theory, the article argues that the disagreement among these frameworks centres not on whether equality matters, but on the appropriate “currency of equality” – whether justice requires equality of resources, opportunities, welfare, or respect for autonomy, civil rights, and self-ownership. The analysis highlights the implications of sthese disagreements for constitutional theory, legal policy, and the interpretation of socio-economic rights.The conclusion affirms the study’s hypothesis and emphasizes the necessity of an explicit democratic dialogue about the proper metric of equality in law and policymaking. Rather than relying on implicit or historically contingent legal interpretations, the paper calls for legal scholars and policymakers to engage in principled reasoning about what kind of equality legal institutions ought to embody. Such reflection is essential for designing legal institutions that are not only formally fair but substantively just.

In the process of modern urban development and public interest projects, displacees are increasingly demanding the "retention" of their buildings based on the perspective of "compensation for continued existence," ultimately seeking to maintain their livelihoods or business sites beyond simple monetary compensation. Although the Special Act on Public Housing (Special Act) prescribes a "retention system" as an exception to the exercise of expropriation rights by public interest project implementers, previous discussions primarily focus on economic aspects, such as retention levies. Consequently, legal research regarding the possibility of litigation against the refusal of retention remains insufficient. This study systematically clarifies the legal nature of building retention occurring in the process of public housing district development projects and seeks judicial alternatives to control the arbitrary exercise of expropriation rights by project implementers, even when the requirements for retention are met. Accordingly, the term "retention" is first legally defined as used across various laws and the retention of buildings under the Special Act confirmed to function as a specific "retention system" that serves as an exception to the exercise of expropriation rights. This analysis identifies a structural gap where current precedents deny the administrative dispositivity of refusal of retention applications under the Special Act, thereby leaving the protection of property rights solely to the discretion of the project implementer. This study calls for a shift in the perception of the existing "right to apply" logic as a requirement for recognizing the dispositivity of a refusal of retention. Moreover, since the retention of buildings is not merely a reflective interest but a means of realizing the substantive value of constitutionally guaranteed property rights, judicial control over refusal dispositions must be substantiated to protect fundamental rights. The findings can serve as a legal basis for the rational operation of the building retention system and expansion of the scope of rights remedies for displacees in public housing districts.

Abstract: In the context of digital transformation, the cultural heritage sector is implementing digitization activities and establishing digital databases of intangible cultural heritage to serve the purposes of conservation, the promotion of heritage values, and the creation of momentum for the development of cultural industries. However, existing gaps in current intellectual property laws have posed obstacles to the commercialization of digital heritage. Adopting a systemic approach and intellectual property management, this study identifies opportunities and solutions for the commercialization of digital intangible heritage in the performing arts, using the case of the Art of Đờn ca tài tử music and song base on develope national database on cultural heritage. The research also utilizes primary data from surveys of users of digital heritage formats and management entities, demonstrating that constructing an exploitation management model grounded in intellectual property rights protection, with stakeholder coordination, will unlock opportunities to foster cultural industries and effectively commercialize digital heritage. Keywords: Commercialization, Intellectual Property Assets, Intangible Cultural Heritage, National Database on Cultural Heritage, Art of Đờn ca tài tử music and song in southern Viet Nam.

Property rights protection in Uzbekistan has been supported by various legal policies and institutional frameworks; however, its practical effectiveness remains limited. This study aims to examine the underlying causes of these deficiencies, particularly focusing on the lack of doctrinal clarity, inconsistent categorization of legal remedies, and disparities in judicial practices, especially in compensation disputes and land acquisition cases. The research employs a normative legal methodology, incorporating legislative, conceptual, historical, case-based, and comparative approaches to provide a comprehensive analysis. The findings indicate that Article 164 of the Civil Code establishes a solid normative basis by recognizing the rights to own, use, manage, and protect property. Nevertheless, the historical evolution of the legal system, shaped by Islamic and customary traditions, Soviet-era state control, and post-independence reforms, has contributed to persistent inconsistencies in judicial application. The study further identifies key challenges in determining ownership, distinguishing between proprietary and obligational claims, and ensuring uniformity in judicial decisions related to compensation and public interest. Comparative insights demonstrate the importance of coherent legal interpretation, precise legal definitions, and transparent remedial mechanisms. This study concludes that strengthening the legal framework and promoting consistent judicial enforcement are essential to ensuring effective and reliable property rights protection in Uzbekistan.

Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) requires not only financial resources but also strong and capable states that can mobilise, allocate and effectively manage those resources. Although fiscal capacity is widely acknowledged as a key determinant of health systems financing, state capacity is a broader, multidimensional construct that encompasses the administrative, legal and coercive functions of the state. This study investigates how multiple dimensions of state capacity-bureaucratic quality, corruption, rule of law, military involvement in politics, government effectiveness, property rights and state fragility-are associated with key measures of health financing. We analyse an unbalanced global panel of 141 countries, including 49 low- and middle-income countries, over the period 2000-2020. Using data from established cross-country institutional and health financing sources, we estimate fixed-effects and random-effects panel regression models to assess the relationship between state capacity and the two health financing metrics: government health expenditure per capita and out-of-pocket health spending as a share of current health expenditure, used here as a proxy for financial protection. Our findings indicate that stronger state capacity is consistently associated with higher public health investment and reduced out-of-pocket spending by households. A 1 SD increase in bureaucratic quality is associated with a 2.6 percentage-point lower share of OOP health expenditure in current health spending. Similarly, 1 SD improvements in government effectiveness and property rights are associated with 1.6 and 2.8 percentage-point lower OOP shares, respectively. A 1 SD increase in rule of law, government effectiveness or property rights is associated with a 13%-31% higher level of government health expenditure (GHE) per capita, whereas a 1 SD increase in state fragility is associated with a 32% lower GHE per capita. The aggregate state capacity index is positively associated with GHE per capita, with a 1 SD increase corresponding to a 17.5% higher level of public health spending. The results underscore the critical role of state institutions in achieving sustainable and equitable health financing and highlight the importance of governance reforms in accelerating progress toward UHC across diverse national contexts.

Currently, in China, criminal cases have been continuously declining for nearly a decade, and the sense of security among the public has remained high. These are achievements in building a safe China. However, some criminal cases that have caused a sensation throughout the country have also occurred, causing a great impact on people's fear of crime. This study explores the fear of crime among residents of Inner Mongolia, China, by examining factors such as risk identification, environmental design, and social control. Using a questionnaire survey of 402 residents, the research reveals high levels of victimization experience, concerns over safety in schools and workplaces, and significant fear of robbery. The study highlights the impact of media coverage on crime fear and evaluates the effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design and formal social control measures. Based on the findings, an action plan is proposed to enhance crime prevention strategies and reduce the fear of crime. Respondents are generally concerned about the insecurity in schools or workplaces, and the highest risk assessment is for robbery crimes that infringe on both personal and property rights. At the same time, it is widely agreed that too many details of criminal cases have been disclosed by the media. The evaluation of disorder can be divided into spatial disorder and social disorder, with graffiti, dilapidated roads, and fighting being highly valued. In Inner Mongolia, China, crime prevention through environmental design has been well applied. This is mainly reflected in the installation of sufficient street lights and electronic monitoring equipment, as well as the implementation of good entrance control in residential areas. The effective execution of formal social control is achieved by prompt and concentrated police patrols and the extensive creation of police rooms. Studies indicate notable differences in risk recognition, environmental structuring, and social regulation based on gender, age, and experiences of victimization, with rural males, aged 36 to 45, who have suffered victimization over four times, assigning higher evaluations. There is a strong interconnection among these three elements. Stemming from these results, an action plan has been formulated to curb crime through the amplified use of crime fear. A proposed action plan has been developed based on research findings to prevent crime by strengthening the application of fear of crime.

The advancement of neural networks in developing technologies for generating information objects rooted in humanity’s scientific and artistic heritage has intensified scholarly debate regarding the nature of computer-generated products, their eligibility for copyright protection, and the rightful ownership of such copyrights. This issue is exacerbated by the sociocultural landscape becoming inundated with an unbounded quantity of content artifacts characterized by ambiguous legal statuses. Such saturation adversely affects the efficacy of intellectual property rights protection for human authors and impedes their capacity to utilize publicly accessible information for creative endeavors. The article critically examines the feasibility of automatic copyright protection amid the extensive generation of quasi-creative forms. The analysis centers on the legal conditions under which the creator of a generated artifact qualifies as a competent subject and the neural network-generated output qualifies as a protected work. It scrutinizes the legal capacity of claimants asserting authorship alongside the protectability of the alleged works in accordance with intellectual property doctrine criteria. The primary objective is to enhance the copyright acquisition mechanism to fulfill the institution’s goals within the emergent technological paradigm. The study introduces the concept of performative authorship, advocating for replacing the prevailing principle of automatic protection with a formal registration procedure for copyright conferral. A verification process is proposed for assessing the author’s legal capacity against defined criteria. Legal attributes distinguishing potentially protectable content generation outcomes from those disqualified as protected works are delineated. The paper hypothesizes and substantiates that the creative act evidences an inherently human inseparability of intellect and coordinated motor activity, culminating in the manifestation of a work in tangible form — a phenomenon defined here as the objectivation motor activity of creativity. The conclusion advocates broadening the doctrinal aims of copyright law to include the protection of the human author as an additional institutional objective.