Property Crime Research Articles

AN ONLINE SPACE-TIME BUDGET AND PROPENSITY FOR CYBERCRIME BY STUDENTS OF TERTIARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA

This study investigated the time budget on internet-based social networking and tendency for deviance interaction among students of various tertiary educational institutions in Jigawa state Nigeria (N=600), living in different accommodation system. The study purports to identify the common social networking platforms, and the time budget for interactions on them by the participants. The propensity for cybercrime in the social networking interactions with the mediating effect of low self-control was also tested, using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of descriptive analysis revealed that the participants mostly visit WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, and other sites. The visitation is higher among campus-based participants, followed by off-campus students, then the students that live with their families The night time is the most common moment for the participants engagement in internet-based social networking (N=239), followed by morning (N=65) then afternoon (N=64), and midnight interactions being the least (N=30). Significant number of the participants (N=202) however reported no specification for the most common time use of internet-based networking (they visit any time they wish). The inferential statistics using Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC) suggests nonexistence of association between indicators of an online interaction relating to substance abuse and property crime with measures of low self-control. However, an online sexual-related interaction (sexting) reveals weak positive association with measures of risk taking. Creating online educational development groups in social networking sites with presence of mentors’ leadership as guardians was suggested among others, to reduce the more time spent by students for illicit interactions, and instead the spaces be utilized for educational development purposes.

Financial literacy and crime incidence

Financial literacy is a determinant of individual wealth accumulation and social well-being. In this study, we examine the relationship between financial literacy and crime incidence using financial literacy data and crime data in the U.S. from 2009 to 2018. We posit that citizens’ financial literacy is negatively associated with the crime rate because financially literate citizens are better at managing their wealth and improving their economic condition. They are less likely to have unfulfilled basic needs, and thus are less prone to crimes, especially crimes driven by economic need. We find that the financial literacy of citizens is negatively associated with crime rates. Furthermore, examining on a disaggregated basis, financial literacy is negatively associated with violent crimes and property crimes. Our findings reveal the necessity of mandating financial education programs in workplaces and highlighting the role of financial literacy in corporate governance. This study is the first to empirically address the criminological consequences of low financial literacy and underline the way to improve social security by increasing people’s financial condition

The Concept of “Property Crimes” in Russian Criminal Legislation and Legal Doctrine: Background

The Concept of “Property Crimes” in Russian Criminal Legislation and Legal Doctrine: Background

Maloletnička delinkvencija kao problem savremenog društva

Juvenile delinquency is a subject of interest both internationally and nationally, due to the high frequency of this negative social phenomenon, as well as finding the most adequate ways to combat it. Juvenile delinquency arose as a consequence of illicit, unacceptable, deviant, antisocial behavior of adolescents. Juvenile delinquency is a separate form of crime, because it includes all juvenile offenders, regardless of whether the crime is property, violence or traffic crime. This scientific paper will refer, first of all, to the conceptual definition of juvenile delinquency, the factors that influence its occurrence, the legislative framework, as well as the position of juveniles in criminal proceedings.

A Socio-economic Review of the Impacts of Northwest Territories’ Inuvik to Tuktoyaktuk Highway 10

We investigate and project the likely socio-economic effects on the community of Tuktoyaktuk from completion of the all-season Highway 10 (the Inuvik-Tuktoyaktuk Highway) in Northwest Territories, Canada. Prior to the highway’s completion, Tuktoyaktuk was connected to the rest of Canada by air, winter road, and the Mackenzie River in summer. Our analysis is based on estimated relationships between community remoteness and quantifiable socio-economic metrics using the recently developed Index of Remoteness and associated agglomeration data from Statistics Canada (Alasia et al. 2017). Most notable among our results is a statistically strong relationship between agglomeration and both the mean and distribution of household and family incomes, implying that Highway 10 increases incomes across the income distribution. We find similar evidence suggesting increased rates of high school completion. We find no statistically significant relationship between agglomeration and employment participation rates. There is a positive relationship for some forms of crime but no relationship for violent or property crime rates.

Legal and Extralegal Factors Associated with Success on Misdemeanor Probation

Probationers make up the largest share of the correctional population in the US, with recent data indicating that one out of 72 American adults is on probation. There is limited research on probation outcomes, particularly misdemeanor probation, despite its potential disruptive life impacts for relatively minor offenses. This study asked what specific demographic and probation characteristics are associated with successful misdemeanor probation completion, using data from one county in a southern state. Data from 2016-2018 were analyzed for 6600 cases. Of these, 70.8% had successful case outcomes. Analyses showed that successful outcomes were associated with being female, Hispanic, having more than high school education, no unpaid fines, and being older. Probationers were less likely to be successful if Black, if not their first offense, and if convicted for property crimes. Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed, as is the importance of local data analysis for tailored understanding of probation at a community level.

Amendments to Chinese Criminal Law Concerning Intellectual Property Crimes

Chinese authorities have taken decisive steps to tackle violations of intellectual property (IP) rights in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The National People’s Congress (NPC) adopted a new amendment to China’s criminal law on December 26, 2020. These regulations entered into force on March 1, 2021. The article aims to draw attention to the recent developments and ways to fight against the IP infringement in China. The study focuses on the IP courts in China and then analyzes the recent amendment to Chinese criminal law. Therefore, it is based on the descriptive and dogmatic methods. The article seeks to answer the question of whether the regulations are effective and significantly prevent the spread of IP infringements in China. It brings us to the conclusion that China’s accession to the WTO was a turning point that influenced the development and the improvement of domestic IP regime. Hence, China became a country with complex, multifaceted, and contentious environment regarding IP rights. One of the most significant changes concern the establishment of IP courts across China. It is too early to determine whether these solutions are effective due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in China.

Do Searches on Google Help in Deterring Property Crime? Evidence from Indian States

Do Searches on Google Help in Deterring Property Crime? Evidence from Indian States

Evolution and trends of intellectual property crime research between 1991 and 2020

Evolution and trends of intellectual property crime research between 1991 and 2020

Vztahová vazba a copingové strategie u vězeňské populace

Objectives. The study is aimed at describing attachment and coping strategies in the prison population, and relations between these two variables were tested. Sample and setting. The sample consisted of 122 men serving middle-security sentences mainly for property crime. The attachment was determined by the Czech version of the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, and coping strategies were measured by The Stress Coping Style Questionnaire SVF 78. Hypotheses. The prisoners’ attachment and coping strategies were expected to be different from those of the normal population. The attachment anxiety and avoidance were expected to be related to coping strategies. Statistical analyses. One sample t-test and Wilcoxon one sample test were used for analyzing the differences in scores between the prison and normal population while the Pearson correlation and linear regression were used to test relations between variables. Results. Inmates were significantly different from the normal population both in their attachment and coping strategies. They exhibited higher attachment anxiety and avoidance compared to the normative sample, fearful avoidant attachment prevailed. Prisoners demonstrated higher Play Down, Distraction from Situation, Substitutional Satisfaction, Flight Tendency, Self-accusation, and Active Avoidance, they exhibited lower Guilt Denial and Rumination. Relational avoidance correlated negatively with positive coping strategies, relational anxiety correlated positively with negative coping strategies. Limitations. The main limitation of this study is the use of a non-representative sample and the self-assessment form of the methods employed.

Do Criminality and Socioeconomic Stress Hinder Economic Development of an Emerging Southeast Asian Economy?

The primary objective of this research is to investigate how factors such as criminal activity, social and economic pressures, and economic growth in Thailand interact with one another. In order for the study to be successful, the ARDL methodology was used. In order to conduct its analysis of the data, ARDL IV considered both the near and the far future. The work of a lot of scholars have allowed us to compile this information spanning 37 years, from 1979 to 2015. The findings demonstrated that a significant amount of focus is placed on the roles that crime serves, in particular as a barrier to the progression of economic growth. As a result of economic crime, even more money is lost, and highly skilled people are more inclined to quit their positions, making it an even more problematic situation than the gray market. The previous results imply that there is a positive association between socioeconomic stress and some features that are associated to criminal behavior. The deterrent factors, with the exception of the person's criminal background, all functioned as expected for the other variables. There was evidence to imply that there was an increase in property crime when families were unstable. The dissatisfaction, anger, and stress of the people in Thailand are represented in the socioeconomic elements that prevail in the country, as shown by the association between socioeconomic stress and variables related to crime. People come up with creative solutions to make ends meet when their quality-of-life lowers as a result of the social and economic situations in their environment. The study will help policymakers and practitioners better understand the obstacles faced by socioeconomic restrictions in emerging countries like Thailand
 

Peer Effects and Recidivism: The Role of Race and Age

Abstract Recidivism rates are a growing concern due to the high cost of imprisonment and the high rate of ex-prisoners returning back to prison. One policy-relevant and potentially important determinant of recidivism is the composition of peer inmates. In this paper, we study the role of peer effects within a correctional facility using data on almost 80,000 individuals serving time in Georgia. We exploit randomness in peer-composition over time within prisons to identify effects of peers on recidivism rates. We find no evidence of peer effects for property or drug-related crimes in the general prison population. However, we find strong peer effects when we define peer groups by race and age. Our findings indicate that homophily plays a large part in determining the strength of peer exposure among prisoners in the same facility. These results suggest that prison assignments can be used to reduce recidivism for particular groups of prisoners. (JEL K14, K40).

Examining the streets of Kabalagala’s CBD Using Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)

ABSTRACT Developing countries should explore other avenues apart from the traditional approaches of crime prevention mainly involving the criminal justice and social approaches of crime prevention that may assist in arresting crime amid resource constraints and predicted increase in population. This paper evaluates the streets of Kabalagala township Located in Kampala City, Uganda using a Defensible Space checklist and assess the perceptions of property/business owners concerning property crimes at the street level. The findings indicated that the streets of Muyenga, Gaba and Kikubamutwe were impacted by the existence of isolated areas and concealment opportunities and presented signs of poor maintenance and management of street elements which may have adversely affected effective natural surveillance and attracted criminal activity.

Crime and place: differences in spatial relationship between calls for service and recorded incidents for municipal and campus law enforcement

ABSTRACT With the advent of more law enforcement open data, researchers are exploring the use of calls for service (CFS) as a proxy for recorded incident information by law enforcement. However, indications are that law enforcement activities are mediated by the agency’s goals with its data. Using data from two different types of law enforcement agencies within the same community, CFS and incident reports for property crimes were tested for spatial association using the co-location quotient. Findings from this study show there is a modest amount of detectable clustering of CFS for the municipal law enforcement agency. However, the large university campus agency did not show any detectable spatial association for these events. This suggests that the movement towards using open data in research will need to take greater care in the selection of data to understand if assumptions about the data can be supported.

Re-Opening Dallas: A Short-Term Evaluation of COVID-19 Regulations and Crime

We investigated the relationship between COVID-19 stay-at-home regulations and property and violent crime indexes in Dallas, TX during the first 6 months of 2020. We tested for changes in property and violent crime trends using four key “intervention” dates: the stay-at-home order issued by Judge Clay Jenkins (March 24), the start of Governor Abbott’s phase one of re-opening (May 1), a second phase of more widespread re-openings (May 18), and a third phase of increased capacity limits for businesses (June 3). Our analyses point to two main findings: (1) the time between the initial stay-at-home policy and the phase one re-opening was associated with an increase in the trend of both violent and property crime (although at lower levels than pre-pandemic); and (2) the third phase of re-opening the City of Dallas was associated with higher daily counts of property and violent crime. Our findings suggest that policy makers need to consider policies not only related to police enforcement but also allocation of other social services, particularly when such a sudden policy (e.g., stay-at-home order) is implemented.

De doodstraf in het Scheldedepartement en de provincie Oost-Vlaanderen in de Franse en Hollandse tijd, 1796-1830

Summary The French revolutionary legislature imposed capital punishments for a number of serious crimes such as gang robbery, murder, poisoning, parental murder, infanticide, homicide and theft, arson and coin counterfeiting. These capital punishments reached their peak in the years 1798-1803, being the last two years of the Directoire and the first years under Napoleon. A total of 231 death sentences were handed down in the Scheldt Department and the Province of East Flanders, 70 in default and 161 contradictory, of which 129 were executed. Most death sentences were imposed for a property crime. Crimes against individuals then came only second.

Victimization experience does matter: Testing the effect of different types of victimization on fear of crime among adolescents

The aim of the present study is to thoroughly examine the relationship between adolescent fear of crime and a wide variety of offences which commonly affect children. The analysed data comes from the Urban Youth Victimization Survey conducted among 9th grade students in the Czech Republic. The results unequivocally demonstrate that victimization experience, when measured properly, substantially affects adolescent fear of crime. All analysed types of victimization are associated with fear of crime, though the strongest effects were found for cyber-victimization and bullying rather than conventional violent and property crimes. Furthermore, a poly-victimization scale was revealed to be a highly effective tool for capturing overall victimization by using a single summary measure.

From Both Near and Far: Examining the Diverse Regions of Origin for Immigration and Its Relationship with Crime Across United States Communities, 2015

Despite a robust literature examining how immigration impacts community rates of crime, only a handful of studies have explored the heterogeneity of the foreign-born population. Using data for the year 2015 for over 1,000 incorporated census places in the United States, we examine how the diverse regional origins of immigrants from Latin America, Asia, Europe, and Africa are associated with community rates of crime. Findings reveal that (1) immigration is negatively associated with violent and property crime and (2) these negative associations are stronger – more protective – in places with more diverse immigrant populations. Moreover, (3) region-specific immigration is either not associated or negatively associated with crime, but (4) varies in magnitude in important ways, suggesting that immigration differs in its relationship with crime depending on sending region.

How do Covid-19 stay-at-home restrictions affect crime? Evidence from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

How do changes in mobility impact crime? Using police precinct-level daily crime statistics and shootings data from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, we estimate that extortion, theft, and robberies decrease by at least 41.6% following COVID-19 mandated stay-at-home orders and changes in mobility in March 2020. Conversely, we find no change in violent crimes, despite fewer people being on the streets. To address the relationship between crime and mobility, we use cellphone data and split the precincts into subgroups by pre-Covid-19-related restrictions mobility quintiles. We estimate a similar average decrease in extortion regardless of a precinct’s previous activity level, but find that the decrease in theft and robberies is substantially higher for the more mobile precincts while it disappears for the least mobile precincts. Using daily cellphone mobility data aggregated at the police precinct level, we find that changes in mobility while the stay-at-home order is in place only have a meaningful effect on robberies, which increase in likelihood when a precinct’s mobility ranking is higher than the previous day. Together, these results suggest that the stay-at-home order and associated decline in mobility strongly affected extortion and property crimes while not interfering with the dynamics of violent crime. These findings support the hypothesis that violent and property crime follow different dynamics, particularly where there is a bigger impact of organized criminal groups.

Mayoral Party Affiliation and Property Crime Rates in America's Most Populated Cities

This paper examines the role played by the party affiliation of a mayor and property crime rates in America’s 100 largest cities in 2019. The authors analyze the validity of claims made by former President Trump that Democratic cities have higher rates of property crime than Republican cities. Property crime rates (in general) and burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft rates (in particular) are compared in cities with a Democratic mayor to those with a Republican mayor. When all 100 largest cities are grouped together, there are significantly higher property crime rates in cities with Democratic mayors. But, when cities are arranged by size (top 20, 21 – 50, and 51 – 100), there is generally no evidence of a connection between mayoral political party and property crime rates in cities run by Democrats compared to cities run by Republicans.