Volatility Properties Research Articles

The Metod of Control of Influence of Temperature on Processes of Oxidation and Thermal Destruction of Full Synthetic Motor Oil ALPHA’S 5W-40 SN

The results of the study of influence of the processes of oxidation and thermal destruction on the optical properties, the kinematic viscosity, volatility and anti-wear properties of full synthetic motor oil are presented. It was found, that the processes of thermal destruction have reduced the rate of change of optical density, volatility, kinematic viscosity and anti-wear properties, however the processes of thermal destruction have dominated at the processes of oxidation, when optical density is more 0,4

Systemic-structural analysis of the machine-building enterprises economic sustainability formation mechanism

Machine-building complex is a system-forming element of Ukrainian economy. Functioning of other industries in many respects depends on the results of its activity. Harsh conditions of globalized economic environment and geopolitical changes taking place in the country have negatively affected the state of machine-building enterprises and determined the need for increasing the level of their economic sustainability. As a result of using the systemic-structural approach, which is being developed in the context of the provisions of systemic economic theory, systemic-structural analysis of economic sustainability of several machine-building enterprises was performed. The study was conducted based on a sample of 16 machine-building enterprises and covered the 2015−2016 period. Economic sustainability was analyzed by way of defining in the structure of enterprises, econometric modeling and assessing the state of four subsystems with different space and time localization and further defining the level of mutual balance. The set of individual parameters for modeling every subsystem was determined mainly by way of regrouping of baseline statistical indicators, as well as expert assessments. Using such an approach enabled to determine structural peculiarities of machine-building enterprises development during the analyzed period and their effect on formation of volatility and stability properties, which ensure their sustainability in space and time. During the analyzed period, the determined disproportions of the subsystems in the structure of enterprises had systemic nature. The identification of economic manifestations of the determined disproportions enabled to formally define non-trivial dependencies between the economic phenomena, which took place in machine building, and to define the nature of their influence on the mechanism of economic sustainability formation. The risks affecting every subsystem under study had volatile nature, that’s why the issue of systemic risk management remains relevant.

Fractal dynamics and wavelet analysis: Deep volatility and return properties of Bitcoin, Ethereum and Ripple

The substantial volatility and growth in cryptocurrencies valuations between 2009 and the end of 2017 strongly suggest that both long memory and price volatility and return spillovers should be present in these assets’ dynamics. To date, literature on the major cryptocurrencies price processes does not address jointly and comprehensively their fractal properties, long memory and wavelet analysis, that could robustly confirm the presence of fractal dynamics in their prices, and confirm or deny the validity of the Fractal Market Hypothesis as being applicable to the cryptocurrencies. This research shows that Bitcoin prices exhibit long term memory, although its trend has been reducing overtime. In fact, assessing Bitcoin, Ethereum and Ripple across the period between 2016 and 2017, focusing solely on the period prior to the crash of 2018, we can conclude that Bitcoin was better described by a random walk, showing signs of markets maturity emerging, in contrast, other cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum and Ripple present evidence of a growing underlying memory behaviour.

Editorial

Editorial

Donald Charlton Bradley. 7 November 1924—20 December 2014

Don Bradley was a twentieth-century pioneer of inorganic chemistry. He opened up the field of metal alkoxides and defined the parameters controlling the aggregative and volatility properties of this class of compounds that later dictated their use as precursors for fabrication of metal oxide thin films. His legacy also included seminal contributions to our knowledge of structure and bonding in the compound classes of metal amides and metal imides. He made highly innovative contributions in the field of metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) fabrication of III/V semiconductor thin films, both through synthesis of single source precursors and through synthesis of molecular vehicles for safe storage and delivery of pyrophoric precursors. A modest, witty and gentle man of great intellectual depth and generosity, he nurtured and encouraged the fledgling talent of his students and co-workers and enthusiastically incorporated new developments in terms of experimental and theoretical tools to provide ever deeper understanding. He was relentless in giving his time and effort to support his college, Queen Mary, and the University of London as well as scientific organizations such as the Royal Society, Royal Institution and Royal Society of Chemistry, performing a range of society- or divisional-level official roles at various times, and he even made time for board of governor roles in schools. Don was held in the highest of esteem by his friends and family, students, colleagues and fellow scientists from across the world.

A robust ink deposition system for binder jetting and material jetting

The adaptation of inkjet technology for additive manufacturing (AM) enabled the highest standards of print speed and print resolution in the industry. However, inkjet printheads impose strict limitations on ink properties. Ink compositions ex volatility, rehydration, surface tension, chemical stability, abrasiveness, and electrical properties that deviate from printhead specifications shorten its service life. Frequent and complex maintenance procedures are necessary, but replacement is the only solution to declining print quality, accruing heavy maintenance costs. This is especially limiting for AM as part quality and properties are closely dependent on ink composition. We propose an ink deposition system designed for robustness by implementing modular and dedicated components. The system deposits ink in a continuous jet. We find optimal process parameters and evaluate system performance in comparison to inkjet and material extrusion (ME). The system produces line widths between 0.3-0.5mm, indicating print resolution capabilities are comparable to commercial ME systems.

Thermochemistry of volatile metal hydroxides and oxyhydroxides at elevated temperatures

Abstract

Structure of nanoparticle aggregate films built using pulsed-mode electrospray atomization

Thin continuous films with tailored micro- and nano-structure were built from nanoparticle aggregates using pulsed-mode electrospray atomization. The aggregates were assembled in-flight and delivered to a target substrate in a dry state. We report on the processing–structure relationship for an individual aggregate and reveal how their assembly determines the structure of the film. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (P25, ~ 21 nm) were used as a model system given their importance in a wide range of applications. We describe how properties such as nanoparticle concentration, Taylor cone pulsation frequency, solvent volatility, suspension conductivity, and substrate electrical properties govern the size distribution and morphology of the aggregates. We then further report how the aggregate characteristics govern the structure of the film. Aggregates formed using electrospray possess an excess electric charge that can be maintained after they are deposited on the target substrate. This charge accumulation and its dissipation rate play a significant role in film formation. Films are thicker and exhibit a more significant periodic island structure if the dissipation rate of the accumulated charge is enhanced using a conductive substrate or by periodically deactivating the electrospray. Decreasing the separation distance increases the film thickness and island size by limiting the plume dispersion.

Fixatives Increase the Efficacy of Gel Formulations Containing Piper aduncum Linnaeus (Piperales: Piperaceae) Essential Oil as Repellenty

Piper aduncum essential oil exhibit repellency activity and has a potential to be use as an alternative for synthetic repellent such as N,N-diethyl-3- methylbenzamide, (DEET). However, the volatility properties of the essential oil decrease their persistence as a topical repellent. Study has shown that formulation of the essential oil with some fixatives may increase their effectiveness. Therefore, this study was conduct to evaluate the effectiveness of gel formulation containing P. aduncum essential oil with two fixative; vanillin and paraffin oil. Gel formulations containing P. aduncum essential oil with 5% and 10% vanillin and 6% paraffin oil was prepared and tested against Aedes aegypti in laboratory using Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) bioassay method. After 240 minute post-application, formulation containing 5% and 10% vanillin was able to provide >70% repellency percentage against mosquito while formulation containing 6% paraffin oil gives <30% repellency percentage. As conclusion, P. aduncum based repellent gel containing 5% and 10% vanillin was able to prolong the effect of P. aduncum essential oil as repellent against dengue vector in laboratory. DOI : http://dx.doi.org./10.17576/JSKM-2019-1701-02

The Role of Jumps in Volatility Spillovers in Foreign Exchange Markets: Meteor Shower and Heat Waves Revisited

ABSTRACTThis article extends the literature on geographic (heat waves) and intertemporal (meteor showers) foreign exchange volatility transmission to characterize the role of jumps and cross-rate propagation. We employ multivariate heterogenous autoregressive (HAR) models to capture the quasi-long memory properties of volatility and both Shapley–Owen R2’s and portfolio optimization exercises to quantify the contributions of information sets. We conclude that meteor showers (MS) are substantially more influential than heat waves (HW), that jumps play a modest but significant role in volatility transmission, that cross-market propagation of volatility is important, and that allowing for differential HW and MS effects and differential parameters across intraday market segments is valuable. Finally, we illustrate what types of news weaken or strengthen heat wave, meteor shower, continuous, and jump patterns with sensitivity analysis. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

&lt;b&gt;Evaluation of the density, volatility and anti-knock rating physical-chemical properties of alternative butanol/gasoline fuel blends

Butanol, popularly known as butyl alcohol, has been recently recognized by researchers from around the world as a promising component for use in blends with gasoline, because of its very similar physical-chemical properties. In this study, butan-1-ol ( n -butanol) and 2-methylpropan-1-ol (isobutanol) were blended with pure gasoline in proportions of up to 30% mass. The blends density, volatility and anti-knock rating were experimentally determined and compared with Brazilian commercial gasoline specifications. The results showed that the blends properties kept a strong dependency on the linear or branched butanol molecular structure and with the interaction effects of its hydroxyl groups. In the blends, a polynomial increase in density was observed, with a consequent volatility reduction, affecting the vapor pressure and distillation curve, especially for specified 50 and 90% evaporated temperatures (T50 and T90). Minor effects were observed at the T10 and FBP curve extremes. Octane rating and anti-knock index gains were observed, with noted increase of MON for 2-methylpropan-1-ol based blends. At the tested butanol content range, blends characteristics presented satisfactory compatibility with Brazilian gasoline specifications.

Synthesis of Indium Complexes for Thin Film Transistor Applications Bearing N‐Alkoxy Carboxamide Ligands

AbstractBy reacting equimolar amount of trimethylindium with various N‐alkoxy carboxamidate type‐ligands in a single step reaction, new series of indium complexes (1‐3), [In(CH3)2(L)]2 (L1H= N‐methoxypropionamide (mpaH), L2H=N‐ethoxy‐2‐methyl propanamide (empaH), L3H=N‐ethoxy‐2,2‐dimethyl propanamide (edpaH)), were successfully synthesized. All complexes were fully characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy along with elemental and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses. While complex 1 and 2 were solid in room temperature, complex 3 which relatively bulkier ligand L3H was introduced was in liquid state. Among them, complex 1 was structurally characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 existed in a tetragonal I4(1)/a space group that consist of a pair enantiomers. A sharp weight loss between 130 °C and 230 °C in a single step in TGA for all complexes showed outstanding volatility properties with lowest residual mass of 10% which are a crucial factor in thin film industry.

Modeling and Forecasting the Volatility of Gas Futures Prices

We examine the ability of three different GARCH-class models, with four innovation distributions, to capture the volatility properties of natural gas futures contracts traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange. We jointly estimate the long-memory processes for conditional return and variance investigating the long-memory and persistence of long and short maturities contracts. We examine the ability of these models and distributions to forecast the conditional variance. We find that AR(FI)MA-FIAPARCH model is a better fit for short- and long-term contracts. However, there is not a single innovation distribution that provides a better fit for all of the data examined. The out-of- sample forecast of variance also provides mixed results concerning the best innovation distribution. Further, the persistence decreases as the maturity of contracts increases.

Current and Potential Biofuel Production from Plant Oils

Environmental concerns and depletion of fossil fuels along with government policies have led to the search for alternative fuels from various renewable and sustainable feedstocks. This review provides a critical overview of the chemical composition of common commercial plant oils, i.e., palm oil, olive oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, WCO, and CTO and their recent trends toward potential biofuel production. Plant oils with a high energy content are primarily composed of triglycerides (generally > 95%), accompanied by diglycerides, monoglycerides, and free fatty acids. The heat content of plant oils is close to 90% for diesel fuels. The oxygen content is the most important difference in chemical composition between fossil oils and plant oils. Triglycerides can even be used directly in diesel engines. However, their high viscosity, low volatility, and poor cold flow properties can lead to engine problems. These problems require that plant oils need to be upgraded if they are to be used as a fuel in conventional diesel engines. Biodiesel, biooil, and renewable diesel are the three major biofuels obtained from plant oils. The main constraint associated with the production of biodiesel is the cost and sustainability of the feedstock. The renewable diesel obtained from crude tall oil is more sustainable than biofuels obtained from other feedstocks. The fuel properties of renewable diesel are similar to those of fossil fuels with reduced greenhouse gas emissions. In this review, the chemical composition of common commercial plant oils, i.e., palm oil, olive oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, and tall oil, are presented. Both their major and minor components are discussed. Their compositions and fuel properties are compared to both fossil fuels and biofuels.

Volatility–Trading volume intraday correlation profiles and its nonstationary features

We analyse the statistical properties of volatility–volume cross-correlation matrices of stocks composing the DowJones Industrial Average since 2003. Using different definitions of volatility, we verify there is an intraday profile where the average values of the entries significantly increase from the opening of the trading session until its midway and it dwindles therefrom afterwards. Higher-order moments of the correlation matrix are studied and exhibit intraday profiles as well. Within the scope of the (endless) discussion “Mixture of Distributions versus Sequential Information Arrival” our results allow us to assert that both seem to be relevant in different parts of the business day.

Honeycomb-like PLGA- b-PEG Structure Creation with T-Junction Microdroplets.

Amphiphilic block copolymers are widely used in science owing to their versatile properties. In this study, amphiphilic block copolymer poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid)- block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA- b-PEG) was used to create microdroplets in a T-junction microfluidic device with a well-defined geometry. To compare interfacial characteristics of microdroplets, dichloromethane (DCM) and chloroform were used to prepare PLGA- b-PEG solution as an oil phase. In the T-junction device, water and oil phases were manipulated at variable flow rates from 50 to 300 μL/min by increments of 50 μL/min. Fabricated microdroplets were directly collected on a glass slide. After a drying period, porous two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures were obtained as honeycomb-like structure. Pore sizes were increased according to increased water/oil flow rate for both DCM and chloroform solutions. Also, it was shown that increasing polymer concentration decreased the pore size of honeycomb-like structures at a constant water/oil flow rate (50:50 μL/min). Additionally, PLGA- b-PEG nanoparticles were also obtained on the struts of honeycomb-like structures according to the water solubility, volatility, and viscosity properties of oil phases, by the aid of Marangoni flow. The resulting structures have a great potential to be used in biomedical applications, especially in drug delivery-related studies, with nanoparticle forming ability and cellular responses in different surface morphologies.

Characterization of organic nitrate constituents of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from nitrate-radical-initiated oxidation of limonene using high-resolution chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract. The gas-phase nitrate radical (NO3⚫) initiated oxidation of limonene can produce organic nitrate species with varying physical properties. Low-volatility products can contribute to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and organic nitrates may serve as a NOx reservoir, which could be especially important in regions with high biogenic emissions. This work presents the measurement results from flow reactor studies on the reaction of NO3⚫ with limonene using a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS) combined with a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO). Major condensed-phase species were compared to those in the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) limonene mechanism, and many non-listed species were identified. The volatility properties of the most prevalent organic nitrates in the produced SOA were determined. Analysis of multiple experiments resulted in the identification of several dominant species (including C10H15NO6, C10H17NO6, C8H11NO6, C10H17NO7, and C9H13NO7) that occurred in the SOA under all conditions considered. Additionally, the formation of dimers was consistently observed and these species resided almost completely in the particle phase. The identities of these species are discussed, and formation mechanisms are proposed. Cluster analysis of the desorption temperatures corresponding to the analyzed particle-phase species yielded at least five distinct groupings based on a combination of molecular weight and desorption profile. Overall, the results indicate that the oxidation of limonene by NO3⚫ produces a complex mixture of highly oxygenated monomer and dimer products that contribute to SOA formation.

Evaluation of 11 ionic liquids as potential extraction solvents for benzodiazepines from whole blood using liquid-liquid microextraction combined with LC-MS/MS

Ionic liquids (ILs) are becoming a trending topic in sample preparation technology, due to their low volatility, low flammability and tunable physiochemical properties. The latter affords the opportunity for creating task-specific solvents. In toxicology, these tailored ILs were not introduced yet; however, they can be significant for drug extraction purposes. This study screens 11 commercially available ILs as potential extraction media for benzodiazepines from blood samples via liquid-liquid microextraction, coupled to liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Structure-extraction relationships were deducted from recovery and matrix effect results (n = 5), allowing us to devise some of the favorable features in a tailored IL for benzodiazepine extraction. Overall, long alkyl chains are to be avoided, as they may sterically hinder desirable π-stacking interactions. For the same reason, aromatic planar cations, as imidazolium and pyridinium, were more effective in comparison with ammonium and pyrrolidinium. Furthermore, viscosity negatively impacted both recoveries and matrix effects. High viscosities limited mass transfer during dispersion and impeded electrospray ionization processes. In conclusion, this study evaluates which physicochemical features an IL should possess to efficiently extract benzodiazepines from whole blood.

Volatility Interactions Across Indian and Chinese Stock Markets

Volatility is an important component in risk return analysis of financial assets. It imparts liquidity to the financial system and also serves as an information source for rational decision making. Since the latter half of the 20th century, volatility in stock returns has been found to be time varying and exhibiting patterns and therefore, various models have been developed to capture such dynamic properties of volatility. The introduction of Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH) models by Engle in 1982 has led to a better understanding of the behaviour of stock market volatility than the traditional measures including standard deviation. The present study attempts to model various aspects including clustering, leverage effect and spillover effect of stock market volatility in Indian and Chinese stock markets during 2001-2016 using daily time-series data with Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models. Volatility has been seen to be highly persistent in both the markets. The T-GARCH model has been applied in order to assess the presence of information asymmetry that bad news impacts volatility more than good news. Our results reveal that both Indian and Chinese stock markets’ volatility shows time varying behaviour. The theoretical reasoning of the asymmetric impact of news that bad news affects volatility more than good news has been confirmed in both markets. Furthermore, the spillover effect of volatility across the two markets has been tested using the T-GARCH-X model. The results show unidirectional spillover effect of volatility from Chinese stock market to the Indian stock market. This implies that shocks from Chinese stock market impact conditional volatility in the Indian stock markets only but not vice-versa.

Evaluating downhole fractionation corrections in LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon geochronology

Abstract Among the most significant challenges in maximizing the precision and accuracy of U-Pb zircon geochronology by LA-ICP-MS is minimizing the impact of downhole fractionation, the time-dependent evolution of Pb/U ratios caused mainly by complex differences in the volatility and chemical properties of elements as they are excavated from the ablation site. To produce meaningful dates for unknown materials, downhole fractionation is typically quantified in a reference zircon and a time-based correction factor subsequently employed to yield constant Pb/U in both standard and unknown zircons. This assumes that both the reference and unknown zircon exhibit similar downhole behaviour. As a test of this assumption, downhole fractionation trends were characterized and quantified in three common zircon reference materials (Plesovice, 337 Ma; Temora-2, 417 Ma; 91500; 1065 Ma) and in three low-U (