Properties Of Threads Research Articles

New Insights on the Turin Shroud’s Body Image: Face Image at Different Wavelengths and its Double Superficiality

Various images of the face of the Turin Shroud Man, acquired at different wavelengths, from the near infrared region to the ultraviolet, have been studied and compared. A correlation as a function of the wavelength, between the penetration depth in the fabric of the incident light and the anatomic details visible on the images, is discussed based on the physical properties of linen threads and light. In addition, the backside of the Turin Shroud, in correspondence of the region of the face, has been examined, evidencing the possible presence of a second superficial image impressed on the backside. Notwithstanding the high level of scientific knowledge today reached, there is no known physical/chemical process which allows to explain all the properties of the Turin Shroud’s body image. According to our scientific knowledge, the corpse of a dead man cannot produce an energy capable to imprint on a linen cloth an image with all the microscopical and macroscopical properties discovered by analyzing the body image of the Turin Shroud, which has not yet been reproduced in any laboratory in the world. According to faith the corpse of a living Man can do it, during the resurrection, assuming a different state of matter. With this respect, the Turin Shroud can be considered as a two-thousand-old relic witnessing to the humanity, just in the age of science, the reasonableness of the faith in the resurrection.

Textiles from the Ust-Voikary Hillfort Site (Based on Materials from 2012–2016 Excavations)

The article describes 366 samples of clothing (some of them attributable), collected in 2012–2016 from cultural layers of the 15th to middle 18th centuries at the Ust-Voikary hillfort site in the subarctic zone of Western Siberia. We provide technological characteristics: size, state of preservation, color, properties of threads and fibers, interlacing system, technological errors, cut, and traces of repair. Both animal and plant fibers are present, and plain and twill weaving are attested. Ethnographic and zoological data provide information on the textile technologies used by residents of the polar zone of Western Siberia, and allow us to compare them with those known from other sites. We conclude that types of textiles for clothing remained virtually the same from the 15th to the 18th centuries. Fabrics, mostly woolen, were imported.

Computational and Experimental Characterization of Aligned Collagen across Varied Crosslinking Degrees.

Collagen-based scaffolds have been widely used in tissue engineering. The alignment of collagen fibers and the degree of crosslinking in engineering tissue scaffolds significantly affect cell activity and scaffold stability. Changes in microarchitecture and crosslinking degree also impact the mechanical properties of collagen scaffolds. A clear understanding of the effects of collagen alignment and crosslinking degrees can help properly control these critical parameters for fabricating collagen scaffolds with desired mechanical properties. In this study, combined uniaxial mechanical testing and finite element method (FEM) were used to quantify the effects of fiber alignment and crosslinking degree on the mechanical properties of collagen threads. We have fabricated electrochemically aligned collagen (ELAC) and compared it with randomly distributed collagen at varying crosslinking degrees, which depend on genipin concentrations of 0.1% or 2% for crosslinking durations of 1, 4, and 24 h. Our results indicate that aligned collagen fibers and higher crosslinking degree contribute to a larger Young's modulus. Specifically, aligned fiber structure, compared to random collagen, significantly increases Young's modulus by 112.7% at a 25% crosslinking degree (0.1% (4 h), i.e., 0.1% genipin concentration with a crosslinking duration of 4 h). Moreover, the ELAC Young's modulus increased by 90.3% as the crosslinking degree doubled by changing the genipin concentration from 0.1% to 2% with the same 4 h crosslinking duration. Furthermore, verified computational models can predict mechanical properties based on specific crosslinking degrees and fiber alignments, which facilitate the controlled fabrication of collagen threads. This combined experimental and computational approach provides a systematic understanding of the interplay among fiber alignment, crosslinking parameters, and mechanical performance of collagen scaffolds. This work will enable the precise fabrication of collagen threads for desired tissue engineering performance, potentially advancing tissue engineering applications.

Systemic Analysis of Deformation Properties of Polymer Textile Surgical Threads

Systemic Analysis of Deformation Properties of Polymer Textile Surgical Threads

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ СУЧАСНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ У ДОСЛІДЖЕННІ МЕХАНІЧНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ТЕКСТИЛЬНИХ НИТОК

This work is devoted to the study of mechanical characteristics of textile fabrics in the process of their manufacture and processing, which is characterized by a phenomenon of heterogeneity (heterogeneity of properties in longitudinal and transverse directions). This phenomenon is due to the heterogeneity of physical, temperature, concentration, hydrodynamic, rheological and other factors. This heterogeneity increases with increasing the number of threads. Modern methods of studies of the influence of transverse uneven properties on the processes of deformation and destruction of a bundle of textile threads are generally time consuming, and they do not give quantitative information the influence of its components on the mechanical characteristics of products. Therefore, the implementation of studies regarding the study of the degree of influence of the transverse heterogeneity of the mechanical properties of textile threads on the peculiarities of the mechanics of their deformation and destruction, while with the development of forecasting methods are relevant and useful for the production of products. The authors of the article have developed a method of studying the strength of textile threads, which is characterized by the transverse heterogeneity of indicators of mechanical properties using mathematical modeling, which allows, without conducting labor intensive experimental studies, to predict its loss. The classification of indicators of mechanical properties by the degree of influence of their cross variations on the value of a break loading of a bundle of textile threads with developed prediction models developed respectively. The method of statistical imitation of tensile test was used, methods of mathematical analysis were used for the case of tightening of a bundle of textile threads. The developed mathematical model allows you to describe the influence of different variations on the break load and to classify different transverse variations of properties by the degree of influence on the characteristics of the strength of the thread bundle. The relationship between the strength realization coefficient and different transverse variations of mechanical properties is established, which made it possible to quantify the effect of heterogeneity of mechanical properties on the strength of textile filaments.

Hyposalinity stress reduces mussel byssus secretion but does not cause detachment

Environmental stressors such as salinity fluctuations can significantly impact the ecological dynamics of mussel beds. The present study evaluated the influence of hyposalinity stress on the detachment and survival of attached mussels by simulating a mussel farming model in a laboratory setting. Byssus production and mechanical properties of thread in response to varying salinity levels were assessed, and histological sections of the mussel foot were analyzed to identify the changes in the byssus secretory gland area. The results showed that hyposalinity stress (20 and 15 psu) led to a significant decrease in mussel byssus secretion, delayed initiation of new byssus production, and reduced plaque adhesion strength and breaking force of byssal threads compared to the control (30 psu) (p < 0.05). The complete suppression of byssal thread secretion in mussels under salinity conditions of 10 and 5 psu, leading to lethality, indicates the presence of a blockade in byssus secretion when mussels are subjected to significant physiological stressors. Histological analysis further demonstrated a decrease in the percentage of foot secretory gland areas in mussels exposed to low salinities. However, contrary to expectations, the study found that mussels did not exhibit marked detachment from ropes in response to the reduced salinity levels during one week of exposure. Hyposalinity stress exposure reduced the byssal secretion capacity and the mechanical properties of threads, which could be a cause for the detachment of suspension-cultured mussels. These results highlight the vulnerability of mussels to hyposalinity stress, which significantly affects their byssus mechanical performance.

Effect of Core Hole Diameter on Tensile and Fatigue Properties of the Helically Formed Internal Thread in AlSi10MnMg Cast Alloys

The manufacturing of internal thread using the helical thread forming process (Punch Tap) as a novel high-performance manufacturing technology provides high productivity by reducing the tool path, which can save manufacturing time up to 75% compared to the conventional thread forming process. For instance, cast gearboxes in the transport sector consisting of numerous internal threads can benefit from this manufacturing method to realize detachable joints. While the required core hole diameter for conventional (cut) tapping depends on the thread dimension, this diameter depends either on the material properties for the thread forming process. The proper core hole diameter according to material flow possibility enables forming of complete thread profiles, which can consequently enhance the mechanical properties of the thread. This study aims to analyze the effect of the core hole diameter on the quality of the formed threads in AlSi10MnMg cast profiles. M6 threads were formed into the pre-drilled core holes with two different diameters. CT-scan analysis indicated that reducing the core hole diameter decreases the inner volume of the formed internal thread, which is justified by better material flow and complete forming of the thread profiles. Adaptation of the manufacturing parameters according to the material properties enhanced the geometry of the formed thread profiles. This enhancement increased the tensile and fatigue strengths of the detachable joints by subjecting the four initially formed threads at the top of manufactured nuts to the static and cyclic loads.

Improved Wear Profile Modeling of Planetary Roller Screw Mechanism With Thread Optimization

Abstract A systematic process of matrices-based wear profile modeling and a new optimization approach for planetary roller screw mechanism (PRSM) was proposed in this paper to improve the anti-wear performance with varied thread geometries. The wear evolution characteristics of thread surfaces for convex–concave contact and convex–straight contact were captured by incorporating updated axial clearances originated from accumulated thread wear, which provides a new perspective to predict the wear process of PRSM. The results show that the wear depth in convex–concave contact is 22% shallower than convex–straight contact with 105 numbers of cycles, which suggests thread wear can be limited with plausible geometrical parameters. Further analysis showed that as the surface roughness increases, the true equivalent pressure, the plastic strain, and the maximum wear depth become larger. In addition, the effect of the surface textures on the tribological properties of threads is also discussed to improve the applicability of the proposed methodology.

CNT-Filled Polypropylene/Plasticized Polyvinyl Alcohol Mixtures: Rheology, Morphology, and Properties of Composite Threads

CNT-Filled Polypropylene/Plasticized Polyvinyl Alcohol Mixtures: Rheology, Morphology, and Properties of Composite Threads

METHODS AND RESULTS OF STUDYING THE STRUCTURE AND TINCTORIAL PROPERTIES OF CATGUT THREAD

Suture material used in abdominal surgery must have more or less antigenic properties so that during wound healing it could be destroyed by an immune response to rejection, which is known to involve cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and macrophages. This, in turn, can lead to the development of aseptic peritonitis. Therefore, while planning an experimental simulation of aseptic peritonitis, we decided to use catgut thread as an antigenic stimulation of the local immune system. The aim of our research was to study the morphological criteria of the microscopic structure and tinctorial properties of catgut thread. The material of the research was the sterile catgut thread sized 2/0, 0.3 mm thick, of equal lengths, which we twisted arbitrarily into flat compact globules occupying an area of approximately 1 cm2. In order to carry out a histological examination, some catgut globules were subjected to total staining with a hematoxylineosin solution and subsequent embedding of these globules in a paraffin block and making appropriate sections from it. The other half of the catgut globules were studied using the method of epoxy plastination with the production of grinds with staining by a 1% solution of methylene blue on a 1% borax and without any staining. After the total staining of the catgut globules with a hematoxylin-eosin solution, a clear acidophilic reaction was revealed, which was manifested in the intense pink color. Catgut thread has a non-uniform fibrous structure, in which dark streaks stand out, dividing it into a series of longitudinal, lighter, layered fascicles, which consist of a dense collection of thin fibrillar elements. These fibrillar elements are orderly fascicles of collagen fibers, while the dark streaks are layers of loose fibrous connective tissue. These structures can objectively be indicative of morphological criteria in the microscopic analysis of destructive changes of a catgut implant in the peritoneal cavity in an experimental animal.

Experimental and numerical studies on dynamic mechanical properties of threads under impact loads

Experimental and numerical studies on dynamic mechanical properties of threads under impact loads

Triploidy in Mytilus edulis impacts the mechanical properties of byssal threads

Triploidy in Mytilus edulis impacts the mechanical properties of byssal threads

Производительность сил траловой системы – VI: математическое моделирование (часть III)

Performance of external longitudinal and transverse forces developed in the course of towing the trawl systems, namely, the tension and compression forces of cables, ropes and yarns of the rope-net gears in commercial fishing of the longitudinal modulus of elasticity and the transverse modulus of elasticity in the cordage products. Physical and mechanical properties of the synthetic nylon threads, ropes and nylon cords, from which most trawl systems are made, are considered. Analysis of the physical and mechanical properties of synthetic rope products and cords based on the specified parameters for possible static and dynamic loads is proposed. Algorithms for calculating the physical and mechanical properties of threads, ropes and nylon cords are proposed under the condition of constant volume and mass. Method of calculating physical and mechanical properties of the nylon threads and ropes under the condition of uncertainty gives an error not exceeding 0.4% in calculating the relative elongation δε, but the maximum error δμ in calculating Poisson's ratio μ reaches 7.12%. This proves that the formula for calculating the Poisson's ratio μ for anisotropic bodies does not allow estimating this ratio at low loads and constant volume.

The influence of structure uniformity on resonant frequency of ultra-high frequency radio frequency identification tag thread With normal mode helix dipole antenna

The stable performance of ultra-high frequency radio frequency identification (UHF RFID) tag thread with normal mode helical dipole antenna (NMHDA) was required for industrialized application. The ununiform helical pitches and helical radiuses caused by the unstable tension in the preparation process and material properties of carrying yarn probably deteriorate the performance of UHF RFID tag thread with NMHDA, while previous work focused on the properties of UHF RFID tag thread with uniform structure by finite element simulation. This work conducted numerical experiments with the actual statistical distribution of helical pitch and helical radius, i.e. normal distribution, and discussed the influence of the distributed parameters on resonant frequency. And then, the relationship between structure uniformity and resonant frequency was explored. Furthermore, the relationship was put into practice of the design of UHF RFID tag thread with stable properties. The results show that the fluctuation of resonant frequency first decreases and then increases with the increase of the mean helical pitch ( S me), and the resonant frequency decreases with the increase of the standard deviation of helical pitch ( S st) and that of helical radius ( r st). When the reactance of helical coil linearly changes with helical radius, the mean helical radius ( r me) has a negligible effect on the fluctuation of resonant frequency. The importance of the factors for the resonant frequency conforms to the following order: r me&gt; S st&gt; S me&gt; r st. Additionally, the stable reading range of prototype (14.13 ± 0.06 m) demonstrated the practice of these results in the design of UHF RFID tag thread with NMHDA.

Modeling of Elastic Properties of Twisted Polyester Textile Threads

Modeling of Elastic Properties of Twisted Polyester Textile Threads

Characteristics of Change in Properties of Aramid Threads upon Treatment of ther Surface with Low-Concentration Carbon Nanotube Suspension

Characteristics of Change in Properties of Aramid Threads upon Treatment of ther Surface with Low-Concentration Carbon Nanotube Suspension

Viscoelastic analysis of mussel threads reveals energy dissipative mechanisms.

Mussels use byssal threads to secure themselves to rocks and as shock absorbers during cyclic loading from wave motion. Byssal threads combine high strength and toughness with extensibility of nearly 200%. Researchers attribute tensile properties of byssal threads to their elaborate multi-domain collagenous protein cores. Because the elastic properties have been previously scrutinized, we instead examined byssal thread viscoelastic behaviour, which is essential for withstanding cyclic loading. By targeting protein domains in the collagenous core via chemical treatments, stress relaxation experiments provided insights on domain contributions and were coupled with in situ small-angle X-ray scattering to investigate relaxation-specific molecular reorganizations. Results show that when silk-like domains in the core were disrupted, the stress relaxation of the threads decreased by nearly 50% and lateral molecular spacing also decreased, suggesting that these domains are essential for energy dissipation and assume a compressed molecular rearrangement when disrupted. A generalized Maxwell model was developed to describe the stress relaxation response. The model predicts that maximal damping (energy dissipation) occurs at around 0.1 Hz which closely resembles the wave frequency along the California coast and implies that these materials may be well adapted to the cyclic loading of the ambient conditions.

Imparting ion-exchange properties to fibrous polycaproamide materials by chemically initiated graft copolymerization

The study of the types and properties of surgical threads, as well as the experience in the production of suture surgical material and its use shows that the most promising for surgical practice are threads with antimicrobial properties. Of the methods for fixing medicinal compounds with chemical bonds for suture materials, the most expedient is their attachment by the reaction of ion-exchange interaction. Since polycaproamide (PCA) practically does not contain functional groups, a preliminary modification stage is required to impart ion-exchange properties to PCA fibrous materials. One of these stages of modification is the process of graft polymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) in order to create active groups on the fiber, for example, peroxide or hydroperoxide. Modification of chemical fibers by graft copolymerization with inogenic monomers is one of the widespread methods of obtaining fibrous ion exchangers. Principles, new approaches and technologies for imparting ion-exchange properties to fibrous polycaproamide materials by chemically initiated graft copolymerization have been developed. Regularities in the production of fibrous PCA of sorption active materials by chemical initiation by a redox system (Fe2++H2O2) located in a modifying bath, as well as by pre-oxidation of fiber PCA in order to create peroxide and hydroperoxide groups on the fiber, are revealed.

Meeting on February 26, 1933

1) Ave.-Assoc. E. D. Ruzsky made a report on the shortcomings of submerged silk sutures applied to the aponeurosis during laparotomy. The report was based on 4 cases of the appearance of late after a month or more inflammatory infiltrates in the skin wound with the formation of fistulous passages and the expelling of silk sutures after well, even by primary intention, of the healed abdominal wall incisions during laparotomies. The suppuration lasted for a long time from 7 months. up to 2 years, until all the sutures came out, and the patients remained disabled all this time. The speaker sees the reason for these complications in the properties of silk threads, namely, in their non-absorbability, porosity and ability to drain. In view of all this, he does not advise using silk as a ligature material for suturing the aponeurosis of the abdominal walls during laparotomy.

THE INFLUENCE OF RIGIDNESS AND CONSTANCY ON THE ASSESSMENT OF WEAR RESISTANCE OF TEXTILE MATERIALS

The article examines the indicators of stiffness and immutability of cotonine-containing and mixed tissues of different fibrous composition. Their influence on hygienic properties of sewing clothes is analyzed. Fabrics for summer clothes should be stiff enough, as this affects the underwear space. At the same time, the presence of lignin in the bast fibers gives the cotton-containing fabrics increased rigidity, which negatively affects the draping of the fabrics and the sewing of products in silhouette. Stiffness, relief and heterogeneity of flax fiber gives mixed cotton-containing fabrics the optimal structure for the manufacture of clothing in the summer range. The permanence of the fabric affects the quality of the product, its service life and consumption costs. Among the important factors that affect the rate of indelibility of the fabric is the composition of raw materials and the type of finish. To increase the coefficient of immutability, fabrics with a content of more than 50% of cellulose fibers must be subjected to final finishing by mechanical or chemical means (low-folding or low-setting treatment). It is the rigidity of the material that affects its ability to resist bending. It is established that with increasing content in the composition of cotonine-containing fabrics of polyester and cotton fibers, the conditional stiffness decreases. It is proved that the stiffness of textile materials is influenced by their fibrous composition, structure, properties of fibers and threads, as well as the structure and processing of the material itself. The ability of a textile material to restore its original appearance depends on the elastic properties and elastic deformations with a rapid period of relaxation. Elongation at the time of breaking linen and hemp yarn does not exceed 3%, cotton – 6%. The share of elastic deformation in the total elongation of the fibers is insignificant. Therefore, products made of natural cellulose fabrics are not resistant to wrinkling. The addition of polyester fibers increases the elasticity of tissues and immutability. The reasons for the increase in the coefficient of immutability are: fabric shrinkage after the first cycles of washing, accompanied by an increase in the linear density of the fabric; reducing the degree of polymerization of cellulose, and, as a consequence, the destruction of cellulose fibers and leaching from the surface of the textile material.