Properties Of Ternary Blends Research Articles

High-Density Polyethylene-Based Ternary Blends Toughened by PA6/PBT Core–Shell Particles

ABSTRACTToughening of high-density polyethylene with core–shell polyamide-6/polybutylene terephthalate was studied in this work. It is found that the toughness of the sample high-density polyethylene/polyamide-6/polybutylene terephthalate (80/10/10) ternary blend is 43.87 kJ/m2, which is 2–3 times higher than pure high-density polyethylene. Morphology observations revealed that the addition of polybutylene terephthalate and polyamide-6 leads to the appearance of core–shell-dispersed particles in high-density polyethylene matrix, which was the main reason of toughening high-density polyethylene. And all samples are prepared by melt blending. Furthermore, the rheological behavior, crystallization, and thermal deformation properties of ternary blend was also discussed.

Correlation of the Morphological and Mechanical Properties of a Biodegradable Blend Based on Polylactic Acid

ABSTRACTA series of binary and ternary blends composed of polylactic acid (PLA), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and chitosan (CS) were prepared and characterized in terms of their morphological and mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of the prepared blends, including tensile properties and impact strength, were compared with neat PLA. In addition, the effect of incorporation of maleic anhydride-grafted linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE-g-MA) as a compatibilizing agent, and the order of mixing on the mechanical and morphological properties of the ternary blends were also studied. It was observed that addition of CS enhanced the stiffness of PLA/LDPE blends while it decreased the toughness and tensile strength. It was demonstrated that addition of LLDPE-g-MA, up to 10 wt%, had no significant compatibilizing effect. However, the mechanical results indicated that when 15 wt% of LLDPE-g-MA was loaded, it started to play a compatibilizing role and caused an improvement in the toughness properties of ternary blend.

Effect of Maleated Styrene/Ethylene-co-Butylene/Styrene on the Dispersed Particles Size and Mechanical Properties of Polyamide 6/Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)/Poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) Ternary Blends

In this study, the effect of several parameters, including composition, order of mixing, viscosity, and interfacial tension, on the phase structure and size of dispersed particles of polyamide 6 (PA6)/poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) SAN/poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) (SEBS) ternary blends was investigated. Moreover, the effect of addition of different ratios of reactive SEBS (maleic anhydride grafted-SEBS) and non-reactive SEBS at a fixed order of mixing and composition of 70/15/15 (PA6/SAN/SEBS + SEBS-g-MAH) on the mechanical properties of ternary blends was examined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that among the studied parameters, interfacial tension and viscosity of dispersed phases were the leading factors in the formation of morphology and size of dispersed droplets. Mechanical results revealed that in contrast to the expectation, formation of core/shell structure of PA6/SAN/SEBS ternary blends did not result in a significant increasing of impact strength. The highest impact strength was achieved when a 50/50 weight ratio of SEBS/SEBS-g-MAH was used.

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Poly(Trimethylene Terephthalate)/Maleic Anhydride Grafted Poly(Ethylene-octene)/Polypropylene Blends

A range of blends based on 70 wt% of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) PTT with 30 wt% dispersed phase were produced via melt blending. The dispersed phase composition was varied from pure maleic anhydride grafted poly(ethylene-octene) (POE-g-MA) over a range of POE-g-MA:polypropylene (PP) ratios. The micromorphology and mechanical properties of the ternary blends were investigated. The results indicated that the domains of the POE-g-MA are dispersed in the PTT matrix, and at the same time the POE-g-MA encapsulate the PP domains. The interfacial reaction between the hydroxyl-end group of PTT and maleic anhydride (MA) during melt blending changes the formation from “isolated formation” to “capsule formation,” where the PP domains are encapsulated by POE-g-MA. Compared to the PTT/POE-g-MA blends, mechanical properties of ternary blends, such as tensile strength and Young's modulus, were improved significantly.

Mechanical Properties of Ternary Blends of ABS + HIPS + PETG

The effect of a commercial styrene/butadiene/styrene-based compatibilizer (Styroflex) on the tensile and impact properties of ternary blends of poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) (ABS), high impact poly(styrene) (HIPS) and poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-cyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate) (PETG) was investigated. The tensile yield strengths and the moduli of the blends were of similar magnitude as the parent polymers. However, notched Charpy impact properties showed significant deviations with high synergy in ABS/PETG blends and strong antagonism in HIPS/PETG blends. Addition of Styroflex improved the impact properties of all blends containing HIPS and ABS. Dynamic mechanical analysis studies confirm the phase separated nature of ABS/PETG binary blends.

Investigation of effects of reactive copolymer containing maleic anhydride on thermomechanical properties of ternary blends of poly(methyl metacrylate) (PMMA)

In the present paper, the effects of reactive copolymer containing maleic anhydride on the thermomechanical properties of poly(methyl metacrylate) (PMMA) were investigated. Maleic anhydride–styrene (MA–St) and aniline maleamidic acid–styrene copolymers (AnMAA–St) were used as reactive copolymers. Multicomponent blends such as PMMA/MA–St/AnMAA–St were prepared and thermomechanical characterisation of these blends was performed by thermomechanical analysis method (TMA). The blends were prepared by changes of the weight ratios of MA–St and AnMAA–St copolymers in the blends. PMMA contents in all the blends are fixed at a weight of 75%. Consequently, it is clear that MA–St copolymer can be used for changes of the thermomechanical properties of PMMA.

Effect of blending sequence on the mechanical properties of ternary blends prepared from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Effect of blending sequence on the mechanical properties of ternary blends prepared from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Effect of mixing on dynamic mechanical properties of ternary blends of carbon black, polypropylene, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of mixing on dynamic mechanical properties of ternary blends of carbon black (CB), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polypropylene (PP). PP/EVA/CB blends were made by compounding a 70/30 wt% EVA/CB blend with PP to maintain a constant ratio between EVA and CB, using a Brabender twin screw extruder. Three blends with CB concentration 3, 5 and 7.5 wt% were studied in a dynamic rheometer. Both dynamic moduli and dynamic viscosity increased when the concentration of EVA/CB increased. The storage modulus and loss modulus of 5 and 7.5 wt% CB blends increased with the increasing number of passes in extrusion. The ratio of increase diminished when the frequency of the dynamic test increased. Multiple passes in the extruder decreased the phase size of the blends and accounted for the change of modulus. Frequency dependency was explained as the result of the slippage between the interface of EVA/CB and PP phases.

Surface modification strategies for multicomponent polymer systems. III: Effect of diblock copolymer‐modified rutile on the morphology and mechanical properties of LLDPE/PVC blends

Rutile pigment was surface-modified by the adsorption of various diblock copolymers and used as a component in two- and three-component polymer blends involving the incompatible pair of linear, low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Stress–strain analyses and electron microscopy show that the copolymer tethered to the rutile surface affects both mechanical and morphological properties of the blends. Inverse gas chromatography was used to evaluate dispersion surface energies and acid–base interaction parameters of the various solids. The mechanical and morphological characteristics of the blends can be rationalized by the concepts of acid–base and dispersion–force interaction. Of the copolymer modifiers used, the diblock based on polyisoprene and poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (PIP-P4VP) was best suited for use in LLDPE/PVC blends, ostensibly because of strong acid–base interaction between PVC and P4VP and mechanical interlocking between LLDPE and the PIP moiety. The properties of ternary blends were shown to be dependent on the method used for mixing the components. All mixing procedures used here resulted in time-dependent variations of mechanical properties, suggesting that none gave rise to equilibrium morphology in the compounds. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1891–1901, 2001

Surface modification strategies for multicomponent polymer systems. III: Effect of diblock copolymer‐modified rutile on the morphology and mechanical properties of LLDPE/PVC blends

AbstractRutile pigment was surface‐modified by the adsorption of various diblock copolymers and used as a component in two‐ and three‐component polymer blends involving the incompatible pair of linear, low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Stress–strain analyses and electron microscopy show that the copolymer tethered to the rutile surface affects both mechanical and morphological properties of the blends. Inverse gas chromatography was used to evaluate dispersion surface energies and acid–base interaction parameters of the various solids. The mechanical and morphological characteristics of the blends can be rationalized by the concepts of acid–base and dispersion–force interaction. Of the copolymer modifiers used, the diblock based on polyisoprene and poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) (PIP‐P4VP) was best suited for use in LLDPE/PVC blends, ostensibly because of strong acid–base interaction between PVC and P4VP and mechanical interlocking between LLDPE and the PIP moiety. The properties of ternary blends were shown to be dependent on the method used for mixing the components. All mixing procedures used here resulted in time‐dependent variations of mechanical properties, suggesting that none gave rise to equilibrium morphology in the compounds. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1891–1901, 2001

Compatibilizers for recycling of the plastic mixture wastes. II. The effect of a compatibilizer for binary blends on the properties of ternary blends

In this article, we discuss the effect of a compatibilizer for binary blends on the properties of ternary blends composed of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), or polystyrene (PS) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) virgin polymers with a simulated waste plastics fraction. Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), ethylene–propylene rubber (EPR), and their 1/1 (w/w) mixture were tested as compatibilizers for the HDPE/PP/PVC ternary blend. CPE, styrene-ethylene-propylene block copolymer (SEP), or their 1/1 (w/w) mixture were tested as compatibilizers for the HDPE/PS/PVC ternary blend. The composition of the ternary blends were fixed at 8/1/1 by weight ratio. The amount of the compatibilizer was 3 phr. Rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties were measured. For the 8/1/1 HDPE/PP/PVC ternary blends, the tensile strength was slightly decreased, but the impact strength was significantly increased by adding EPR, CPE, or their mixture. EPR exhibited the most significant impact modification effect for the ternary blends. In a similar way, for 8/1/1 HDPE/PS/PVC ternary blends, on adding SEP, CPE, or their mixture, the tensile strength was slightly decreased, but the impact strength was noticeably increased. It was found that the SEP worked much better as an impact modifier for the ternary blends than CPE or the SEP/CPE mixture did. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 1048–1053, 2000

The morphology and properties of ternary blends of polyamides, a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer and a compatibilizer

Relationships between the properties of ternary blends of polyamides, a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) (poly(ester amide)) and a maleic anhydride grafted polyolefin are studied under various processing conditions. Thermal properties show the compatibility in the ternary blend. The shear viscosity of a ternary blend is slightly lower than that of a binary blend. The morphology of the dispersed TLCP phase varies between droplets and oriented fibrils when the drawing is weak, and is highly correlated with changes in tensile properties. Though there are some morphological differences depending on the matrix thermoplastics (nylon 6, nylon 66 or nylon 46), it is commonly observed that addition of the compatibilizer induces better adhesion at the interface as well as lower interfacial tension, and hence enables the deformation of the dispersed phase into elongated and fibril shapes, even when the viscosity of the TLCP is much lower than that of the matrices. Fibril development is favored in the strong elongational flow which was possible because the compatibilizer stabilizes the extrudate. In all cases, it is manifest that, whenever applicable, extension is a decisive factor for TLCP fibril formation that is necessary for a significant improvement in tensile modulus and strength. There exists, however, an optimum compatibilizer amount and optimum die exit temperature, both of which provide more uniform morphology and more fibril shapes which contribute to enhanced tensile properties.

Effect of NR and EPDM on the rheology of HDPE/PP blends

We studied melt-rheological properties of ternary blends of polypropylene and high-density polyethylene with an elastomer (natural rubber or ethylene-propylene-diene), at several blending ratios and shear rates. Measurements made on a cone-plate rheometer are presented and discussed as a function of blend composition. The effect of the shear rate on the viscosity and flow curve is discussed in terms of the exponent of the power low for a non-Newtonian liquid. The addition of an elastomer to the polyolefins blends changes the shape of the viscosity-composition curve; this change is discussed in terms of the possible morphology of the blend.

Morphology, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of PA1O1O/PP-g-ATBS/PP Blends

The modification of polypropylene (more precisely, a propylene/ethylene random copolymer containing 10% ethylene) has been accomplished by melt grafting of acrylamide tertiary butyl sulfonic acid(ATBS) initiated with a radical initiator. The resulting PP-g-ATBS was used to prepare ternary blends of PA1O1O/PP-g-ATBS/PP and binary blends of PA1010/PP. The size of domains of PP in ternary blends is much smaller than that in binary blends. It was found that mechanical properties of ternary blends obviously surpassed that of binary blends. These behavior could be contributed to chemical interactions between sulfonic acid groups of PP-g-ATBS and end amino group of PA1010. Thermal and rheological analysis were performed to confirm the possible chemical reactions taken place during the blending process.