Properties Of Slag Research Articles

Research Progress of Desulfurization Refining Slag: A Review

The development of refining slag is the core of the ladle furnace (LF) refining processes and is essential for fast and effective desulfurization refining. Desulfurization reactions are mainly determined by slag–steel interactions, which are closely related to the physicochemical properties of slags. This study reviews the research progress of desulfurization refining slag for the LF process. First, the chemical composition of the refining slag is described, and then three theories of desulfurization and the concepts of sulfide capacity and sulfur partition ratio are introduced. Second, the effects of operating parameters and slag components on desulfurization are examined. Furthermore, the microscopic analysis of the desulfurization process is performed. The prediction models of slag properties related to desulfurization are summarized. Finally, a research direction for LF desulfurization refining is proposed. The question of how to ensure the uniformity of desulfurization remains open. The industrialization of the new refining slag developed by replacing CaO with BaO or Li2O and replacing CaF2 with B2O3 should be accelerated to solve the CaF2 slag volatilization problem. One of the most pressing issues that must be addressed is improving the accuracy of the existing slag performance forecast model.

Influences on the mechanical and physical properties of hot-press moulding alkali-activated slag (HP-FRAASC) composite with various fibers

ABSTRACT In this study, we will apply the hot-press moulding method for the first time to the preparation of alkali-activated slag composites (AASC) and incorporate 1vol.-%, 3vol.-%, 5vol.-%, and 7vol.-% steel, copper, and carbon fibres into the matrix in order to investigate the characteristics of the HP-AASC and fibre reinforced (HP-FRAASC) in terms of compressive strength, flexural strength, impact toughness, and bulk density of HP-AASC and HP-FRAASC. Results show that the composites have good flexural strength, compressive strength, and impact toughness when the content of steel fibres is 5 vol.-%, copper fibres are 7 vol.-%, and carbon fibres are 1–3 vol.-%. It was observed from each sample of HP-FRAASC and HP-AASC that the HP-AASC samples had lower porosity, better density, and an easy preparation process, which can be used as a suitable preparation method for this material.

Mechanical properties of alkali-activated slag based SIFCON incorporating waste steel fibers and waste glass

This experimental study focuses on sustainable slurry infiltrated fiber concretes (SIFCONs) by utilizing alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and waste fibers. The waste fibers were high-strength steel fibers recovered from scrap tires. Additionally, waste glass was employed as a substitute for commercial sodium silicate activator, contributing to the reutilization of a waste material. Such an approach stands out for its use of various waste materials to achieve a high-performance concrete primarily composed of recycled materials. Literature survey indicate that there are no studies available on concrete primarily composed of waste or recycled materials. In this study, the molarities of the activators were selected as 8 M and 14 M based on a prior research. Due to the fiber geometry and the associated bulking effect, a maximum waste fiber content of 5 % was adopted, with increments of 1 %. Load–deflection curves of the specimens were obtained in the bending test. Various mechanical properties, including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and fracture energy, were determined for the mixtures. The mechanical properties of the alkali-activated mixtures were improved compared to those of the reference concretes. Based on the mixture proportions and materials employed, alkali-activated mixtures in the study achieved compressive strengths exceeding 120 MPa and flexural strengths approaching 30 MPa. Furthermore, significant enhancements in fracture energies were observed. The strengths of the mixtures with waste glass, however, were lower compared to the other mixtures. Nonetheless, in summary, the study shows the promising potential of waste steel fibers and waste glass for the production of alkali-activated slag SIFCON. This approach not only enhances cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and mechanical properties but also reflects a significant step towards achieving a concrete composition that relies solely on waste materials.

Effect of Minor Oxide and Residual Carbon on Coal Ash Crystallization Behavior and Slag Properties during Coal Gasification: Critical Literature Review and Thermodynamic Simulation.

Coal-ash-associated problems seriously limit the industrial application of entrained flow coal gasification. There have been many studies of this issue. However, many problems still need to be fully understood, especially regarding the effect of minor oxides and residual carbon on the crystallization of slag in coal ash systems. Crystals formed in slag affect the slag properties, especially its viscosity. This article reviews the crystallization behavior of coal ash slag and its impact on ash fusion temperature (AFT) and temperature of critical viscosity (Tcv). A thermodynamic simulation using FactSage 7.3 thermochemical software was performed to study the effect of minor oxides (i.e., Na2O, K2O, and TiO2) and residual carbon at a temperature range of 1000-1700 °C on the phase transformation in the oxide system. The literature review reveals that the minor oxides and residual carbon in coal ash affect the AFT and the coal slag's Tcv. The thermodynamics simulation indicated that Na2O, K2O, and TiO2 tend to decrease Tcv, while the residual carbon increase Tcv.

Properties of alkali-activated slag and fly ash blended sea sand concrete exposed to elevated temperature

Alkali-activated slag and fly ash (FA)-blended seawater sea sand concrete (AASC) is a new type of concrete produced without Portland cement or river sand. The advantages of utilising industrial waste and marine resources are that they are not only eco-friendly but cost-saving. This study aimed to investigate the properties of AASC exposed to elevated temperatures. Slag and FA were activated using NaOH and water glass solutions for mixing AASC. Heating and compressive tests were conducted to analyse the thermal and compressive properties of the AASC. The results showed that the AASC with higher FA content (Type II) had fewer flaky structures and more integral interfacial transition zones than the other type of AASC (Type I) after exposure to 600 °C. Type I AASC had better mechanical performance at temperatures below 400 °C but was inferior to Type II AASC beyond 600 °C. A compressive constitutive model was proposed for AASC.

Технология утилизации и использования золошлаковых отходов для обеспечения экологической безопасности региона

Introduction. By burning coal, thermal power plants receive thermal energy and generate electrical energy. The negative side of this process is the formation of ash and slag waste. The relevance and significance of this problem is due to the fact that technogenic waste from the CHP is not processed, and current ash waste accumulates and occupies huge areas, which removes them from land use. This problem is especially relevant for Almaty, where ash and slag waste from the burning of coal from the Ekibastuz deposit in Kazakhstan is concentrated. Currently, in Kazakhstan, ash and slag waste from thermal power plants is accumulated in the amount of more than 500 million rubles, the reserves of which continue every year. The storage of ash and slag waste leads not only to the seizure of significant land areas, but also causes very significant pollution of almost all environmental components in the area of their location. Therefore, at mining enterprises that have their own thermal power plants, it is very urgent to solve the issues of reducing the burden on the environment by developing technologies for the disposal of ash and slag using them in the production of road surfaces. The purpose of the research. The study of the physico-chemical properties of ash and slag waste to reduce the anthropogenic load on the environment. Research materials. For the research, samples of Ekibastuz coal ash taken from the ash dumps of the CHPP-3 in Almaty were used. Research methods. The work was carried out using a DRON-3M diffractometer to determine the phase composition of ash and slag waste. The chemical composition of fly ash was determined by the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer EDX-8000. The granulometric composition was analyzed using an Analizette 22 MicroTec Fritsch GmbH (Germany). Microphotography of fly ash was taken using a Superprobe-733 scanning electron microscope with software. To determine the physical and mechanical properties of the bases using bitumen-ash-slag binder, the crushed stonegravel-sand mixture is initially mixed with ash-slag. From the finished bitumen – mineral mixture, samples are prepared by pressing – cylinders with a size of 5x5 cm. The ultimate strength was determined for two types of samples. The first are dry, tested immediately after receiving samples by pressing, the second are samples that are tested after water saturation. Research results and discussion. Based on the study of the physic-mechanical properties of the binder with the use of ash and slag, a technology for obtaining BZSHV has been developed. Various compositions are proposed – types of bitumen, depending on the type of base of asphalt concrete mixtures. Studies have shown that the introduction of ash and ash-slag mixtures from the burning of stone and brown coals as a mineral powder for the preparation of asphalt concrete mixtures makes it possible to obtain a material with regulatory physic-chemical characteristics. Conclusion. The results of the study of the main physic-chemical characteristics of the ash of Ekibastuz coal, selected from the ash dumps of the CHP-3 of Almaty city, are presented. It is shown that the use of ash in the manufacture of asphalt pavement will reduce the area of occupied land and the load on the environment, as well as improve the operational characteristics of the pavement. Suggestions for practical application. The results of the research can be useful in solving the environmental problem of utilization of ash and slag waste of the CHP.

Studying the properties of ash and slag waste for use in the manufacture of construction products

Purpose. The research purpose is to study the physical-chemical properties of ash and slag waste generated during the coal combustion at the Ekibastuz field in Kazakhstan, to determine the possibility of using waste as a secondary resource to reduce the negative human impact on the environment. Methods. The research uses the methods of X-ray phase and differential thermal analysis, as well as chemical analysis. The X-ray phase analysis makes it possible to determine the phase composition and structure of ash and slag wastes, while differential thermal analysis is used to study their behavior with temperature changes. A chemical analysis is performed to determine the composition of ash and slag. Findings. The chemical and granulometric composition of ash and slag waste from the Ekibastuz field coal combustion has been determined. Analysis of the ash chemical composition showed that its main components are silicon and aluminum oxides, as well as a significant amount of iron oxide. The results obtained confirm the possibility of using ash and slag waste as a secondary raw material to reduce the negative impact on the environment. Originality. It has been revealed that the thermal conductivity, ultimate strength and water-absorption of ceramic brick samples depend on the amount of ash added and the firing temperature. The possibility of obtaining building materials with minimum cement content has also been substantiated, which is a new and promising approach, given the high cost of cement as the main building material. Practical implications. The practical value of the research is in solving environmental problems associated with the use of ash and slag waste. Using these wastes as a secondary raw material, it is possible to reduce the anthropogenic burden on the environment, as well as the volume of ash dumps. In addition, vacant land previously occupied by ash and slag mixtures can be used for economic purposes.

Multiscale analysis of long-term mechanical and durability behaviour of two alkali-activated slag-based types of concrete

Although alkali activated concretes (AACs) are promising for reducing the carbon emissions of concrete, in order to enable their wide application it is vital to understand their long-term behaviour. Herein, we report the development of mechanical properties of a ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)-based AAC and a binary fly ash (FA) /GGBFS-based AAC exposed to 55% relative humidity and 20 °C up to the age of 5 years. For comparison, two ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concretes were monitored for 3.5 years. For the GGBFS-based AAC, after an initial decrease within the first 6 months the elastic compressive modulus stabilized, while its tensile splitting strength continued to decrease for the tested period of 5 years. The binary AAC showed a continuous decrease in its tensile splitting strength for 5 years and a reduction in its compressive strength after 2 years. No decreases in mechanical properties were observed in OPC-based concretes. To reveal underlying mechanisms, additional analyses were performed. Permanent degradation was observed in both AACs; the binary AAC mainly suffered from carbonation, and the GGBFS-based AAC showed microcracking. These cracks were probably caused by drying shrinkage and drying-induced chemical changes. Based on the measured mechanical properties of AAC, crack widths and stiffness of reinforced AAC beams under bending were analytically evaluated and compared to experiments. Decreases in bending stiffness and increases in crack width were observed for reinforced AAC beams tested at later ages. A bimodular approach is proposed to predict the reduction of bending stiffness in the studied AACs over time. These findings are relevant to understand serviceability limit states of reinforced AACs.

Effect of low-calcium and high-magnesium ferronickel slag on the microstructure and micromechanical properties of alkali-activated blended ground granulated blast furnace slag

In recent years, low-calcium and high-magnesium ferronickel slag (FNS) has been gradually used in the preparation of alkali-activated cements (AACs). An in-depth exploration of the microstructural characteristics is crucial for a thorough understanding and enhancement of the macroscopic behaviors of AACs. In this study, the microstructural composition and micromechanical properties of the alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)-FNS cements (AASF) prepared with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide as alkali activators were quantitatively studied. Backscattered electron image analysis (BSE-IA) and nanoindentation were selected to reveal the micromechanical properties of different phases in FNS particles and AASF pastes. The results show that the elastic modulus of sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) in alkali-activated FNS cement is about 17 GPa, which is similar to that of the gel phase in alkali-activated fly ash cement (AAFA) and alkali-activated metakaolin cement (AAMK), confirming that the micromechanical property of N-A-S-H gel is independent of the kind of precursor materials. The Ca/Si and Al/Si of the hydration products in AASF gradually decline as FNS is incorporated, whereas the Mg/Al steadily rises, increasing the elastic modulus of the inner hydration product (IP) phase in AASF. The reaction degree of GGBS is higher in the sodium silicate-activated AASF system, while more N-A-S-H gels are formed in the sodium hydroxide-activated AASF system. The incorporation of FNS is conducive to improving the reaction degree of GGBS, resulting in the increase of calcium silicoaluminate hydrate (C-A-S-H) content and a significant decrease in IP content in AASF.

Effect of Carbonation Treatment on the Strength and CO2 Uptake Rate of Composite Cementitious Material with a High Steel Slag Powder Content.

As a major steel producer, China is now eager to develop feasible solutions to recycle and reuse steel slag. However, due to the relatively poor hydration activity of steel slag, the quantity of steel slag used as a supplemental binder material is limited. In order to improve the cementitious properties of steel slag, the strength and carbonation degree of the high-content steel slag powder-cement-metakaolin composite cementitious material system under CO2 curing conditions were investigated. The compressive strengths of the mortar specimens were tested and compared. The carbonation areas were identified and evaluated. A microscopic analysis was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analysis (TG), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to reveal the chemical mechanisms. The results showed that CO2 curing significantly increased the early strength as the 3D compressive strength of the specimens increased by 47.2% after CO2 curing. The strength of the specimens increased with increasing amounts of metakaolin in a low water-to-binder ratio mixture. The 3D compressive strength of the specimens prepared with 15% metakaolin at a 0.2 water-to-binder ratio achieved 44.2 MPa after CO2 curing. Increasing the water-to-binder ratio from 0.2 to 0.5 and the metakaolin incorporation from 0% to 15% resulted in a 25.33% and 19.9% increase in the carbonation area, respectively. The calcium carbonate crystals that formed during carbonation filled the pores and reduced the porosity, thereby enhancing the strength of the mortar specimens. The soundness of the specimens after CO2 curing was qualified. The results obtained in the present study provide new insight for the improvement of the hydration reactivity and cementitious properties of steel slag powder.

Electromagnetic wave absorption properties of red mud-blast furnace slag based geopolymers filled with various wave-absorption materials

In this work, red mud-blast furnace slag (RM-BFS) based geopolymers with excellent electromagnetic wave absorption property is synthesized through the incorporation of wave-absorption materials. The electromagnetic absorption property of geopolymer is characterized through the arched test, in which the reflection loss of specimens is tested by vector network analyzer (VNA). The microstructure and conductivity of geopolymers are characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), concrete porous structure analyzer and conductivity tester. The crystalline phase and functional groups of geopolymers are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Compared to Portland cement concrete (PCC), wave absorption band of the geopolymer is wider and the absorption peak in high frequency band is more intense. With the optimal addition of hollow glass microsphere (HGM), Fe2O3 and graphite particles, the absorption bandwidth with reflection loss less than −5 dB are 12.4, 7.7 and 8.1 GHz, and the maximum reflection loss are −9.4, −8.4 and −8.7 dB, respectively. This study might give a clue for preparation of geopolymers with high electromagnetic wave absorption properties.

New insights into the effects of nanosilica on transmission properties and pore structure in high-volume blast furnace slag cementitious materials

This study investigated the effect of nanosilica (NS) on the properties of high-volume blast furnace slag (HVS) cementitious materials. Results showed that HVS led to inadequate early-age development of properties, such as reduced strength and transmission properties, due to increased total porosity and porosity of pore size greater than 100 nm (P100). However, the addition of 2 wt% NS increased the hydration products and decreased the P100 of HVS containing cementitious materials. NS also increased compressive strength and decreased transmission properties of water absorption, especially at higher dosages. The reduction in water absorption was mainly due to the decrease in P100 rather than overall porosity, as shown by the strong correlation between water absorption and P100. NS was an effective additive for enhancing the properties of HVS-cementitious materials by reducing the porosity of pores larger than 100 nm, while increasing the porosity of pores smaller than 100 nm, without significant effect on total porosity.

Modifications to reaction mechanisms, phase assemblages and mechanical properties of alkali-activated slags induced by gypsum addition

Alkali-activated slags (AASs) are often reported to exhibit fast settings, undermining their utilisation as sustainable binders from a technological point of view. Although gypsum was shown in previous studies to change the setting time of AASs, understanding the mechanism behind the changes in the reactivity and microstructure of the AASs in the presence of gypsum remains unclear which limits its utilisation in AASs. For the activator conditions used in this research (i.e., Na2O/raw material = 4.5 % and SiO2/Na2O = 1.0), gypsum was observed to dissolve quickly in the system, promoting the precipitation of portlandite and thenardite phases which led to a reduction in the pH of the pore solution causing a slow dissolution of slags. Furthermore, gypsum addition increased the setting time and delayed the compressive strength development of the paste, accompanied by a reduction in the total measured heat. The description of the changes in phase assemblages and kinetic of the system provided here is fundamental for predicting the behaviour of gypsum in AASs and promoting the industrial wide-uptake of AAS technology.

Composition and Properties of Titanium-Containing Blast Furnace Slags

Composition and Properties of Titanium-Containing Blast Furnace Slags

Enhancing the properties of alkali-activated slag through dry ice addition: Investigation of hydration products and performance characteristics

To study the effect of dry ice on the performance of alkali-activated binders, we added dry ice to an alkali-activated slag (AAS). The addition amount was set to 5%, 10%, and 15% of the slag mass, depending on the amount of CO2 emitted by the material used in the preparation process. Microscopic experiments were performed to analyze the effect of dry ice on the hydration products of the AAS paste; transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the morphology of the hydration products. Furthermore, experimental tests for the compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and electrical resistivity were performed. The results showed that compared with the content of the overall reaction products, the effect of dry ice on the reaction rate was more evident. The addition of dry ice slowed the hydration of the AAS, and the production of the hydration products, such as calcium aluminum silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) gels, was significantly reduced in the early stage (1 d). Experiments on the strength showed that adding more than 5% dry ice degraded the early mechanical properties of the AAS. However, the mechanical properties of the AAS with dry ice added in the middle (3 and 7 d) and late (28 d) stages rapidly improved because the dry ice was added to the AAS to form potassium and calcium carbonate. In the middle (3 and 7 d) and late (28 d) stages, CO32− underwent a carbonation reaction to form carbonate compounds, enhancing the mechanical properties of the AAS.

Research on macro-microscopic mechanical evolution mechanism of cement-stabilized steel slag

In this paper, the chemical composition, phase composition, physical properties and expansibility of steel slag in Xinjiang, China are analyzed, and the feasibility of steel slag as pavement base material is demonstrated. At the same time, through the tests of unconfined compressive strength, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and nuclear magnetic resonance, the relationship between macroscopic strength and microstructure of cement-stabilized steel slag at different ages is discussed and compared with that of cement-stabilized macadam. The results show that the mechanical properties of steel slag aged more than one year can fully meet the requirements of relevant specifications for all kinds of pavement base. Compared with cement-stabilized macadam, the compressive strength of cement-stabilized steel slag at the age of 7 d, 14 d and 28 d increased by 15.4%, 22.0% and 23.7%, respectively. Due to hydration and pozzolanic action, the C–S–H content in the interfacial transition zone of cement-stabilized steel slag is higher, while the contents of Ca(OH)2 and AFt are lower. Due to the internal curing effect of steel slag, the interfacial transition zone width of cement-stabilized steel slag at the age of 7 d and 28 d decreased by 9.4% and 31.0% respectively compared with cement-stabilized macadam; with the increase of curing time, the adsorption porosity of cement-stabilized steel slag increased, while the amount of seepage pore and migration pore decreased significantly, and the pore span and total porosity decreased by 47.7% and 7.29%, respectively.

Determination of the Basic Geotechnical Parameters of Blast-Furnace Slag from the Kremnica Region.

A decisive aspect of site evaluation for construction is the presence of anthropogenic materials occurring in the geological environment. The geotechnical properties of blast-furnace slag were investigated as a potential substitute for aggregates in the construction industry. The basic geotechnical parameters of the slag were determined, which are critical for evaluating its stability, environmental impact, and usability in geotechnical construction. The research focused on monitoring the physical and mechanical properties of the two samples, and also included mineralogical analysis. The obtained results demonstrated that the slag belongs to the category of poorly graded gravel, G2/GP, and gravel with an admixture of fine-grained soil, G3/G-F. In addition, other important parameters, such as the water disintegration of the slag aggregate, the minimum and maximum bulk densities, the California bearing ratio (CBR), the oedometric modulus (Eoed), and shear tests (the angle of internal friction φ and cohesion c), were determined. The results from this paper provide important information for the proper management of blast-furnace slag so to minimize its environmental impact and achieve sustainability in the mining industry. At the same time, it enables a better understanding of the use of slag as a substitute for aggregates in geotechnical tasks. Despite its local importance in relation to the investigated case, the presented study has significant educational and scientific value for the construction sector, where it is necessary to evaluate anthropogenic activities and materials.

Microstructural analysis of slag properties associated with calcite precipitation due to passive CO2 mineralization

CO2 mineralization in slag has gained significant attention since it occurs with minimal human intervention and energy input. While the amount of theoretical CO2 that can be captured within slag has been quantified based on slag composition in several studies, the microstructural and mineralogical effects of slag on its ability to capture CO2 have not been fully addressed. In this work, the CO2 uptake within legacy slag samples is analyzed through microstructural characterization. Slag samples were collected from the former Ravenscraig steelmaking site in Lanarkshire, Scotland. The collected samples were studied using X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) to understand the distribution and geometry of pore space, as well as with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to visualize the distribution of elements within the studied samples. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to study the minerals distribution. The samples were also characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and the amount of captured CO2 was quantified using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Our results demonstrate that CO2 uptake occurs to the extent of ∼9–30 g CO2/ kg slag. The studied samples are porous in nature, with pore space occupying up to ∼30% of their volumes, and they are dominated by åkermanite-gehlenite minerals which interact with the atmospheric CO2 slowly at ambient conditions. EDS and EBSD results illustrate that the precipitated carbonate in slag is calcite, and that the precipitation of calcite is accompanied by the formation of a Si-O-rich layer. The provided analysis concludes that the porous microstructure as well as the minerals distribution in slag should be considered in forecasting and designing large-scale solutions for passive CO2 mineralization in slag.

Application of Steel Slag as an Aggregate in Concrete Production: A Review.

Steel slag is a solid waste produced in crude steel smelting, and a typical management option is stockpiling in slag disposal yards. Over the years, the massive production of steel slags and the continuous use of residue yards have led to vast occupation of land resources and caused severe environmental concerns. Steel slag particles can potentially be used as aggregates in concrete production. However, the volume stability of steel slag is poor, and the direct use of untreated steel slag aggregate (SSA) may cause cracking and spalling of concrete. The present research summarizes, analyzes, and compares the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of steel slags. The mechanism and treatment methods of volume expansion are introduced, and the advantages, disadvantages, and applicable targets of these methods are discussed. Then, the latest research progress of steel slag aggregate concrete (SSAC) is reviewed. Using SSA leads to an increase in the density of concrete and a decrease in workability, but the mechanical properties and durability of SSAC are superior to natural aggregate concrete (NAC). Finally, future research in this field is proposed to motivate further studies and guide decision-making.

Fracture toughness evaluation of ground granulated blast furnace slag concrete using experimental study and machine learning techniques

The relationship between mix design and fracture properties of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) concrete is complex and influenced by many factors, such as mixture composition. This study evaluates the fracture toughness under mode-I, mode-II, and mixed-mode, performed on centrally straight-notched Brazilian discs. An experimental program generated an extensive database of the fracture toughness of GGBFS mortar, consisting of 143 specimens with different mix designs under different loading angle conditions. Then, a combination of support vector regression (SVR) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA) as hyperparameter tuner was conducted to develop models for fracture toughness. The SVR algorithm was trained with Radial Basis Function (RBF), polynomial, sigmoid, and linear kernel functions. Based on the Taylor diagram, the models demonstrated robust performance in predicting fracture toughness. The performance metrics indicate that the RBF function is the most reliable model, with R2-score 0.95 and 0.94 for KIC and KIIC, respectively. The importance score of input features was determined with the permutation importance function. The angle between the crack and loading direction is the most influential parameter in the models.