Properties Of Saliva Research Articles

NONFLUORIDATED REMINERALIZING AGENTS

Early diagnosis of dental caries is of paramount importance. If we are able to intercept caries lesion at subsurface level with the help of remineralizing agents, we can actually achieve a caries free mouth.Remineralization was ruled by fluorides from the 1960s. Since then it has been successfully remineralizing carious lesions & has certain disadvantages like it is dependant on calcium and phosphate from saliva to accomplish this. Also overuse of fluorides can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis. This made researchers to explore nonfluoridated remineralizing agents.ACP compounds are considered prime candidates for remineralization therapy due to their high solubility under oral conditions and ability to rapidly hydrolyze to form apatite. Casein phospho-peptides are responsible for the high bioavailability of calcium from milk and other dairy products. CPP have the ability to bind and stabilize calcium and phosphate in solution, as well as to bind to dental plaque and tooth enamel. CPP stabilize ACP, localize ACP in dental plaque, thereby maintaining a state of supersaturation with respect to tooth enamel, reducing demineralization. TCP is a new hybrid material & when TCP comes into contact with the tooth surface and is moistened by saliva, the protective barrier breaks down making calcium, phosphate and fluoride ions available to the tooth. Xylitol, sugar substitute especially in chewing gums which increases salivary flow rate and enhances the protective properties of saliva. Bioactive glass is made of synthetic mineral containing sodium, calcium, phosphorous and silica which are all elements naturally found in the body. Ozone can shift microbial flora from acidogenic bacteria to normal commensals allowing remineralization to occur. Nanohydroxyapatite, a bioactive and biocompatible material, functions by directly filling up the micropores in early caries lesions.On the basis of the available data authors have given an insight into different nonfluoridated remineralizing agents in this article.

Method for studying the rheological properties of parotid saliva using controlled dynamic sialometry

Relevance. Sialometry may determine the nature of x erostomia, and the results should be representativ e. The study aimed to increase the information value of the parotid gland secretory function examination by determining saliva rheological properties during the c ontrolled dynamic sialometry.Materials and methods. Twenty-two patients with xerostomia had a controlled dynamic sialometry in two stages with simultaneous saliva sampling using a Lashley capsule and a catheter. At the first stage, the capsule was on the right, the catheter was on the left; at the second stage their places were swapped. In 44 comparison pairs, the capsule parameters were the control, the catheter parameters were studied. The method of stimulated ductal sialometry according to Andreeva T.B. formed a basis of the study. The study eliminated the technological error of sialometry, the rheological state of saliva was determined by subtracting the catheter index from the capsule index. The study was approved by the ethics committee (No. 02-21 dated February 18, 21), voluntary. Difference significance was statistically assessed using the Student 's t-test. The results were significant at p ≤ 0.05.Results. The analysis of 44 comparison pairs showed a priority (t = 7.317; p < 0.001) of the number of cases with large capsule scores (n = 34; 77.3%) compared catheter (n = 7; 15.9%). Therefore, capsule sialometry is more representative. Capsule sialometry (n = 44) showed hyposalivation in 11 cases (25.0%), secretion values were normal (t = 5.416; p < 0.001) in the remaining 33 cases (75.0%). Normal rheological condition of saliva was significantly more common in the hyposalivation group – objective xerostomia (t = 1.900; p < 0.05); rheological disorders were significantly more common in the group with normal secretion - subjective xerostomia (t = 7.729; p < 0.01).Conclusion. Controlled dynamic sialometry determines the technological error and objectifies sialometry parameters; explores saliva rheological condition, which affects the performance of sialometry when using a catheter. Objective xerostomia is characterized by hyposalivation with a secondary significance of saliva rheological condition. Subjective xerostomia can occur only due to a saliva rheological disorder .

A post-COVID-19 proposal to apply artificial saliva substitutes to polish the cricket ball

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused administrators to issue a major change in the playing regulations of cricket. For hygienic reasons, the historic practice of applying saliva to polish one side of the cricket ball has been banned. Fast bowlers feel that this regulation will limit their ability to swing the cricket ball. Wax-like substances have been suggested as a replacement, but the concern is that they may generate excessively high swing forces, unfairly disadvantaging the batters. Instead, we suggest that artificial polishing substances that more closely resemble the properties of saliva, such as alpha-amylase, and mucin-based and Aloe vera-based saliva substitutes could produce swing forces on the ball that are more in keeping with the traditions of the sport. Wind-tunnel experiments will be necessary to develop suitable artificial polishing agents that bowlers can use at all levels of competition.

Analyze the Heterogeneity in Sources of Plasma, Cells, in Addition Aim to Discover Saliva Degradation Markers to Enhance Saliva Diagnostic Results

Aim: Saliva carries indicators for both systemic and oral illnesses. This research intended to find saliva degradation markers in regards to enhance saliva therapy results by assessing the diversity in the sources of such biomarkers. Methods: Salivary albumin, as well as transferrin concentrations, were measured to identify inter-and intra-subject variance in salivary gingival crevicular fluid balance. Bacterial culture had been used to assess the cleanliness of obtained glandular secretions, while cell counting and optical density measurements were used to quantify the variation in epithelial cell counts. Results: Ten-fold variability in plasma-derived albumin also creatinine stages were detected, underscoring requirement for more biomarker standardization in relation to plasma supplies to saliva. In samples collected during a meal, epithelial cell numbers differed by a factor of 30. Salivary fungal levels ranged from 0 to >1,100 colony-forming components per milliliter between and across participants. Five peptides that consistently improved in strength over time in saliva samples cultured at 36°C have been found and might be investigated as "deterioration indicators." Conclusion: Considering saliva properties into consideration effectively will assist achieve the promise that this bodily fluid is ideal for dependable health care monitoring and supervision.

Stable oral lubrication enhancer obtained from thiolated polyethylene glycol and mucin

Mucins are vital components contributing to the unique lubrication properties of human whole saliva. For patients receiving medication and or treatment such as diabetes or radiotherapy, xerostomia (dry mouth) is a common with numerous and deleterious side effects. Although products exist on the market to relive the symptoms of Xerostomia there remains a drive to formulate a biocompatible lubricant that replicate the functionality offered by the natural biological environment. Herein, a combination of mucin and thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG-SH) was proposed as a new saliva substitute. Mucin and PEG-SH molecules could form hydrated layers immediately by chemisorption. Meanwhile, the chemical interactions between mucin and PEG-SH molecules also promoted the formation of a mixed layer. All the pre-formed layers could decrease friction and had the potential to decrease wear, especially mucin and PEG-SH mixed layer when compared to mucin only solutions. Further investigations of tribological mechanism implied that the excellent lubrication performance of mixed layer with long effectiveness was contributed to the friction-reducing effect of PEG/mucin molecules and the mucoadhesive property of mucin. The study provides a guide for using mucin as a mucoadhesive agent to stable lubricative polymers with low molecular weight as novel salivary substitutes for lubrication.

Assessing physical and chemical properties of saliva among tuberculosis patients on anti-tuberculosis treatment - An observational study

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) is one of the major systemic conditions which is a preventable and curable infection but remains a significant cause of death.The WHO, in its global plan to stop TB reports, that poor treatment has resulted in the evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that do not respond to treatment with the standard first-line combination of anti- tuberculosis medicines, resulting in the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in almost every country of the world.The present study was aimed to assess the physical and chemical property of stimulated and unstimulated saliva and identify if any association exist with alterations in taste perception in patients with antituberculosis medications. MethodsA total of 30 patients on anti-tuberculosis drugs were considered as cases and 30 healthy volunteers were considered as controls and included in the study. All study subjects were assessed for their physical property like flow rate, viscosity, pH and chemical property like sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorous of stimulated and unstimulated saliva. All the subjects on Anti-tuberculosis drugs were assessed for change in taste perceptions using the standard questionnaire. ResultsThere is a significant decrease in the flow rate (0.34 ± 0.06) and pH (5.89 ± 0.37) of unstimulated saliva of patients and the flow rate (0.38 ± 0.07) and viscosity (1.34 ± 0.28) of stimulated saliva among the case group compare to the control group. All the electrolytes’ concentrations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorous values were significantly altered in stimulated and unstimulated saliva of the case group compared to the control group in which p-value < 0.05 was considered. ConclusionThere are significant changes in physical and chemical properties of both stimulated and unstimulated saliva which has an effect on taste perception inpatient with anti-tuberculosis medications. Hence, salivary flow rate, pH, viscosity, and salivary electrolytes of tuberculosis patients should be considered as important parameters in guiding the diet, so that there will be an improvement in their taste perception and medication protocol, thus maintaining their nutritional status which leads to improving their health.

Saliva Crystallization Features in Young People with Different Levels of Physical Activity

The aim of the study was to estimate the features of dehydration structuring of saliva in untrained people. Methods and Results: The study included 35 untrained students (Group 1) and 38 people who regularly exercise (Group 2), who do not have any chronic diseases. The mean age of participants was 17-18 years. The crystallogenic activity and initiatory potential were evaluated for each sample of biological fluid. The crystallization of mixed saliva was studied using the method of classical crystalloscopy, and the initiating properties were studied by the method of comparative tezigraphy. A 0.9% sodium chloride solution was used as the base substance in the tezigraphic test. The conducted crystalloscopic studies have demonstrated significant differences in the crystallogenic and initiating properties of mixed saliva in people who regularly engage in physical training, compared with untrained individuals. They manifest themselves in a significant qualitative and quantitative transformation of the crystalloscopic picture of the biological fluid, including single-crystalline and dendritic components, as well as in the representation of amorphous bodies in micro-preparations of the biological medium. In the tezigraphic test, it was found that the initiatory potential of mixed saliva also undergoes significant shifts. These shifts are realized in the activation of the initiating ability of biological fluid and optimization of textural characteristics of tezigrams (reduction of cellular density and increase in uniformity) in combination with a decrease in the degree of destruction of structural picture elements and a moderate expansion of the marginal zone of micro-preparations.

Дослідження фізико-хімічних властивостей ротової рідини у працівників промислових виробництв із шкідливими чинниками

The purpose of the study was to investigate the physical and chemical properties of oral fluid in industrial workers with harmful factors. Materials and methods. To conduct this study 2 groups were formed. The main group (81 people) includes workers of three industrial productions of Ivano-Frankivsk region: workers of chemical production, glass production and workers of agro-industrial complex. The control group consisted of 60 administrative and support staff of these industries, who did not come into contact with industrial hazards. The age of the subjects was 25-55 years. Work experience at the factory was from 0.5 to 15 years. The rate of salivation, viscosity and acidity of the oral fluid were studied. Results and discussion. Already in the first year of work in the conditions of harmful production the rate of secretion of mixed saliva in the subjects of the main group was lower compared to the control, but the recorded figure of 0.540.01ml/min was within the generally accepted norm. With work experience of 1-5 years, the secretion rate of mixed saliva in the main group decreased to 0.440.02 ml/min, which is by 1.2 times lower than that with work experience of up to one year and by 1.6 times lower compared to the control. With work experience of 5-10 years, the rate of salivation in the main group increased slightly to 0.470.01 ml/min, remaining significantly lower compared to the control. The lowest salivation rate is 0.390.02 ml/min, recorded in employees with more than 10 years of experience, which is by 1.4 times lower than in the case of experience up to 1 year and by 1.5 times lower than in the control. With the increase in work experience in the main group, there was a progressive increase in the viscosity of oral fluid, the maximum value of which is 2.180.19 MPas, found in people with work experience over 10 years, which is by 1.6 times higher than indicators of the group with experience up to 1 year and by 1.6 times higher than the value of the control group. With the increase of work experience in the subjects of the main group, a decrease in the pH of oral fluid from 6.750.09 with experience up to one year to 6.34  0.03 with experience over 10 years. The pH of oral fluid in subjects with more than one year of experience was lower both compared to 1 year of experience and compared to the control. The obtained data allowed to establish the following changes in the studied parameters: the rate of salivation on average was 0.440.02 ml/min, which is lower compared to the control group (0.730.01 ml/min) by 1.7 times. The mean value of the viscosity of the oral fluid (1.820.07 MPaS) was also significantly higher than the same in the control (1.330.03 MPaS) by 1.3 times. When determining the concentration of hydrogen ions in the oral fluid of the main group, the average pH value was 6.490.05, which is by 1.04 times lower than the value of 6.770.05 in the control group. Conclusion. The results of the study revealed changes in the oral homeostasis of industrial workers exposed to occupational pathogens: a decrease in salivation may indicate a violation of the secretory function of the salivary glands under the influence of harmful factors, which naturally affects increased saliva viscosity. The predominance of acidosis in the oral cavity and the reduction of the protective properties of saliva is an important factor in creating a periodontal situation in the oral cavity of workers and aggravating the course of periodontal disease in this category of the population. The analysis of the received data allows to assume that periodontopathogenic influence of a complex of harmful production factors of industrial production is realized largely due to change of properties of oral fluid of workers

ИННОВАЦИИ ДОМАШНЕЙ ГИГИЕНЫ: ОЦЕНКА ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИХ И ОРГАНОЛЕПТИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ НОВОЙ ЗУБНОЙ ПАСТЫ С ГИДРОКСИАПАТИТОМ КАЛЬЦИЯ

The article presents an assessment of the physicochemical properties of the new therapeutic and prophylactic toothpaste “Dentaswiss Extra Whitening” and the changes in the structural and optical parameters of mixed saliva under its influence. The assessment of its organoleptic characteristics is carried out. The study was conducted at the Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and Propedeutics of Dental Diseases, at the Department of General Chemistry of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of USMU of the Ministry of Health of Russia, and at the Department of Simulation of Controlled Systems of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education of the UrFU. It was conducted among 30 volunteer patients who were the students of the Department of Dentistry (the average age of patients was 20.5±1 75 years). The results of the course application of the “Dentaswiss Extra Whitening” PP for 14 days revealed a significant clinical effect with a high cleansing (reduction of IG – 71%) and anti-inflammatory effect (reduction of the PMA index – 72%). The data of laboratory studies of physical and chemical properties showed an increase remineralizing properties of mixed saliva and restoration of tooth enamel during the course application of “Dentaswiss Extra Whitening”. The organoleptic properties of the studied toothpaste were highly appreciated by the study participants in all parameters (9.92±0.10 points).

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHANGES IN QUALITATIVE PROPERTIES OF ORAL FLUID IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL NONUNION OF THE PALATE

According to publications in scientific periodicals, children with congenital malformations of the development are increasingly born, including those with localization on the face, head and neck. Anatomical inferiority of tissues in the area of the slit defect of the palate creates the preconditions for the formation of pathological symptom complex, which contributes to the progression of inflammatory-dystrophic changes in the oral cavity.&#x0D; The aim of the study was to study the violations of the qualitative properties of oral fluid in children with congenital nonunion of the palate in the preoperative period.&#x0D; For an in-depth examination of 58 children who were under our supervision, a group of 25 patients aged from 4 to 6 years was formed. Of these, 14 had a unilateral cleft and 11 had a bilateral cleft.&#x0D; The substrate for the study was unstimulated fraction of oral fluid. The salivation rate was studied, the concentration of hydrogen ions in it, its optical density, viscosity, α-amylase activity, levels of medium weight molecules, sialic acids, total protein, oxyproline were determined. The degree of mineralizing potential was determined by magnesium, calcium and phosphorus.&#x0D; At the time of the examination in children with unilateral clefts, a decrease in the amount of oral fluid was found, which was expressed by a decrease in the secretory activity of the large and small salivary glands by 1,3 times. The concentration of ions is visible in it and the activity of α-amylase decreased by 1.3 times. The optical density and viscosity also increased by 1,3 times, the number of medium weight molecules, the level of sialic acid and total protein increased by 1.5 times, and oxyrolin by 1.6 times.&#x0D; The analysis of indexes that showed the mineralizing potential of oral fluid mineralizing potential of oral fluid allowed to determine the fact that in patients of this group it decreased by 1,7 times and this occurred against the background of a decrease in calcium and magnesium by 1,5, with an increase in phosphorus by 1.3 times. This imbalance led to falling in calcium-phosphorus ratio by 1,8 times.&#x0D; In children with congenital malformations of the palate there is a decrease in the functional activity of large and small salivary glands, reduced buffering capacity of oral fluid, which occurs against the background of falling mineralizing potential of oral fluid, imbalance of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. This affects the calcium-phosphorus ratio, thus creating optimal conditions for demineralization of tooth hard tissues. Changes in physicochemical and biochemical properties of mixed saliva are determined, which is the basis for the prolongation and progression of pathological processes in the oral cavity that take place in them.&#x0D; The complex of treatment-and-prophylactic measures developed by us, aimed at improving the level of components of homeostasis of the oral cavity before surgery, is being tested for the future.

The role of capsaicin stimulation on the physicochemical properties of saliva and aroma release in model aqueous and oil systems

Capsaicin increases saliva production, but the impact of this additional saliva on the food matrix is unknown. This study aimed to explain the impact of capsaicin on saliva properties and in-vivo release of 14 aroma compounds in aqueous [aqu] and oil systems [oil]. To investigate the physicochemical effect from diverse properties of aroma compounds, one healthy subject participated in all the sessions to minimise large variations between individuals. Capsaicin enhanced saliva flow rate (by 172% [aqu] and 85% [oil]) and salivary protein concentration (by 142% [aqu] and 149% [oil]). Furthermore, capsaicin-in-oil stimulated saliva formed a more stable emulsion in the mouth (17% higher zeta-potential and 15% smaller particle size). In-nose release concentrations measured by APCI-MS for certain esters were reduced by capsaicin (e.g., isoamyl acetate was reduced by 65% [aqu] and 76% [oil]), which suggests that capsaicin may induce stronger oral interactions between specific aroma compounds and salivary proteins.

Influence of Electronic Cigarettes on Selected Physicochemical Properties of Saliva.

(1) Background: Electronic cigarettes are gaining more popularity not only among cigarettes smokers. Firstly, e-cigarettes were perceived as less harmful than traditional cigarettes, however, nowadays, they are arousing more controversy. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of e-cigarette usage on selected physicochemical properties of saliva. (2) Methods: The study population included 128 patients: 40 patients using e-cigarettes, 39 patients smoking traditional cigarettes, and 49 non-smoking patients (non-smokers). Laboratory tests involved verification of saliva values of pH and concentration of total protein, calcium, and phosphates. (3) Results: Among e-cigarette users, the value of pH was lower and the concentration of total protein, calcium, and phosphates was higher than in the group of non-smokers. Statistically significant differences were observed in relation to calcium. Among traditional cigarette smokers, the value of pH was lower, concentrations of total protein and phosphates were higher than in the group of non-smokers. Statistically significant differences were observed in relation to total protein. (4) Conclusions: Saliva of e-cigarette users presents changes in physicochemical composition in comparison to traditional cigarette smokers and non-smokers, however, statistically significant differences were observed only in calcium concentration. Further longitudinal studies on a larger study group should be conducted to assess the effect of observed changes in oral health.

Altered Rheological Properties of Saliva with Aging in Mouse Sublingual Gland

Mucin in saliva plays a critical role in the hydration and lubrication of the oral mucosa by retaining water molecules, and its impaired function may be associated with hyposalivation-independent xerostomia. Age-dependent effects on salivary gland function and rheological properties of secreted saliva are not fully understood as aging is a complex and multifactorial process. We aimed to evaluate age-related changes in the rheological properties of saliva and elucidate the underlying mechanism. We performed ex vivo submandibular gland (SMG) and sublingual gland (SLG) perfusion experiments to collect saliva from isolated glands of young (12 wk old) and aged (27 mo old) female C57BL/6J mice and investigate the rheological properties by determining the spinnbarkeit (viscoelasticity). While fluid secretion was comparable in SMG and SLG of both mice, spinnbarkeit showed a significant decrease in SLG saliva of aged mice than that of young mice. There were no significant differences in GalNAc concentration between young and aged SLG saliva. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis of SLG saliva revealed that (Hex)1 (HexNAc)1 (NeuAc)1 at m/z 793.31 was the most abundant O-glycan structure in SLG saliva commonly detected in both mice. Lectin staining of salivary gland tissue showed that SLG stained strongly with Maackia amurensis lectin II (MAL II) while Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) stained little, if any, SLG. The messenger RNA expression of St3gal1 that encodes an α-2,3 sialic acid sialyltransferase SIAT4-A showed a decrease in SLG of aged mice, confirmed by a Western blot analysis. Lectin blot analysis in SLG saliva revealed that the relative signal intensity detected by MAL II was significantly lower in aged SLG. Our results suggest that spinnbarkeit decreases in SLG of aging mice due to downregulation of sialic acid linked to α-2,3 sialic acid sialyltransferase expression.

АНАЛИЗ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ СМЕШАННОЙ СЛЮНЫ МОЛОДЫХ ЛЮДЕЙ ПОД ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕМ ЖИДКИХ СРЕДСТВ ГИГИЕНЫ

Subject. Physicochemical properties of mouthwashes developed and produced by Svoboda Company for everyday use and oral hygiene maintenance.&#x0D; Objectives. To study dynamics of qualitative and quantitative physicochemical and organoleptic properties of mixed saliva in young people subjected to using hygiene and prophylactic domestic mouthwashes.&#x0D; Methodology. The study was carried out by Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and Propaedeutics of Dental Disease, by Department of General Chemistry of Ural State Medical University and by Department of Control Systems Modeling of Ural Federal University. The study involved 40 patients from dental student volunteers (male – 15, female – 25), the average age of volunteers was 18.50 ± 1.6 years. The patients were divided into two groups each containing 20 persons. Mouthwash 1 was a common hygiene oral rinse. Mouthwash 2 was a treatment and prophylactic oral rinse, all participants used the mouthwashes during 3 weeks.&#x0D; Results. The use of the reported mouthwashes contributes to increase in cleansing properties of saliva in both groups of subjects. During mouth rinse treatment, the surface tension of saliva increases. The surface tension of mixed saliva is increased by 28.9% (p ≤ 0.05) with Mouthwash 1 and by 9.5 % (p ≤ 0.05) with Mouthwash 2. The surface tension of mixed saliva of subjects of the second group becomes slightly above normal (40-60 erg/cm2; p ≤ 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion. The study of changes in physicochemical properties of mixed saliva in young people, volunteers of the two groups, subjected to liquid oral hygiene products, mouthwashes, during three weeks showed the following results: the treatment and prophylactic oral rinse (Mouthwash 2 with titanium glycerosolvate aquacomplex and sodium hyaluronate) promotes more adequate maintenance of the acid-base balance in the oral cavity, pH change of mixed saliva toward the alkaline and maintenance of the normal level (p ≤ 0.05) of buffer capacity which reduces the risk of dental caries.

Determination of pH in sub-nanoliter volumes: measuring the pH of mosquito saliva as extracellular environment for malaria parasite transmission

Malaria parasites await injection into the skin of a new host while being bathed in mosquito saliva, in a quiescent state. After inoculation, injected parasites are highly motile, ready to proceed to cause malaria, which kills more than ∼400,000 people annually. To better understand the switch from quiescent to motile, the physical properties of mosquito saliva is here probed directly. For the study of protein function, pH is a critical fluid parameter, as pH can conformationally change a protein from inactive to active, and pH can alter the aggregation state of protein clusters.

Evaluation of the Influence of Fixed Orthodontic Treatment Duration on the Severity of Inflammatory Gingival Enlargement (Fixed Orthodontic Induced Gingival Enlargements) and Some Properties of Saliva

Background: Inflammatory gingival enlargement is a more common clinical feature with orthodontic therapy than other features. Therefore, this study was designed to the evaluation of the influence of fixed orthodontic treatment duration on the severity of inflammatory gingival enlargement (fixed orthodontic induced gingival enlargements) and some properties of saliva. Material and Methods: The sample size comprised 145 patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment for at least 6 months aged 13 - 32 years. They were divided according to orthodontic treatment duration into three groups. Group I (n = 47) included the patients who were treated for less than 6 months, group II (n = 51) included the patients who were treated for a period of 6 - 12 months, and group III (n = 47) included the patients who were managed for more than 12 months. Data were obtained from the outpatient clinics, college of dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia, and some dental centers in Sana’a city, the Republic of Yemen. This study was conducted from October 2021 G to January 2022 G. Clinical examination was done for plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), and gingival enlargement indexes (GEI). Saliva was collected in sterile test tubes then salivary flow and pH were measured. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS (version 23) and ANOVA test to evaluate the impact of orthodontic treatment duration on the severity of inflammatory gingival enlargement and some properties of saliva. Results: The statistical analysis demonstrated the highest mean plaque index (PLI) was among groups III and I participants whereas, the highest mean gingival index and mean gingival enlargement were among groups II and III participants. The present study revealed an increase in salivary flow with decreased salivary pH values with an increase in orthodontic therapy duration. There were statistically significant differences in clinical findings and salivary flow and pH values were observed in the comparison between groups I, II and III except PLI (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There was a higher inflammatory gingival enlargement associated with a higher plaque index in patients under orthodontic treatment for more than 12 months more than the patients for less than 6 months and the patients for a period of 6 - 12 months. There were correlations between an increase of salivary flow and pH values and an increase of other variables in this study, such as plaque index, gingival index, and gingival enlargement index with an increased orthodontic therapy duration.

Effect of Oil Pulling on pH, Buffering Capacity and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Saliva in Children: A Randomised Control Study

Introduction: Saliva is emerging as a diagnostic tool in the field of dentistry. The changes in salivary composition, its physical and chemical properties determine the state of both oral and general health. Chemical plaque control measures improve oral health, by effectively controlling the microbial load in the dental plaque and these agents are thought to alter the properties of saliva. Oil pulling with edible oils has proved to be an adjunct to routine oral hygiene methods to improve oral health. Aim: To evaluate and compare the effect of oil pulling therapy with sesame oil and virgin coconut oil with Chlorhexidine (CHX) gargling and plain water gargling on pH, buffering capacity, and total antioxidant capacity of saliva. Materials and Methods: A four armed randomised controlled study was conducted in 80 female children in the age group of 12-14 years from July 2019 to December 2019 in Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Kannur Dental College, Anjarakandy, Kannur, Kerala, India. Children with mild to moderate gingivitis were selected and assigned into four groups to use different types of mouth rinsing (Group A: chlorhexidine, Group B: sesame oil , Group C: virgin coconut oil and Group D: plain water as control) for one month. Unstimulated whole saliva, collected from these participants were evaluated for the changes in pH, buffering capacity and total antioxidant capacity, at baseline and at 30 days. The data were tabulated and statistical analysis was done using ANOVA (Post-hoc), followed by Dunnet t-test, using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 25.0 version. Tukey post-hoc test was done to identify the significant pairs. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 13.4 years. Intragroup comparisons showed there were statistically significant changes in the baseline to 30th day values of gingival index, values, antioxidant capacity and buffering capacity for all the experimental groups (p&lt;0.05). Coconut oil pulling (p=0.0345) and sesame oil pulling (p=0.026) and CHX gargling (p=0.045) showed statistically significant changes in salivary buffering capacity when compared to the control. On intergroup comparisons of experimental groups, there was no statistical difference in antioxidant capacity, salivary buffering capacity and pH of the saliva (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Oil pulling with coconut oil and sesame oil had equal effectiveness as CHX on the antioxidant capacity and buffering capacity of saliva.

Saliva as a propitious diagnostic biofluid, biomarker, and bodies first line of defense against COVID-19: A review.

ABSTRACTThis review aims to recognize the role of saliva not just as a transmitting agent of COVID 19, but also comprehend its role in the diagnosis, and as a biomarker. A systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed database and eligible studies were included if they addressed the key issues i.e saliva as a diagnostic aid. As of January 10, 2021, a total of 309 articles across the PubMed database were identified of which 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. They were carefully examined for the type of study, sample size, parameters used, sample collection technique, and conclusions drawn. Diagnostic properties of saliva, the role of ACE 2 receptors, antibody formation ability, and antiviral characteristics were also explored. Comparisons among methods of sample collection like nasopharyngeal swabs and oropharyngeal swabs to saliva were also investigated. The observations and important deductions among the different studies were compared. Results indicated that saliva could be a reliable and financially viable option in both testing viral titers as well as marking for bio analytes due to its propitious specificity and sensitivity results reported in most of the studies. However, the inferences drawn from many of these studies should be interpreted with caution due to small sample sizes, inadequate detailing on the sample handling, laboratory processing, and rush in Corona-related publication. Scientific research with larger sample sizes, in diverse populations and age groups, at different phases of disease progression of COVID-19 are essential to reach any conclusion regarding its multi-facet use in the future.

Effects of cystic fibrosis on the oral cavity

Cystic fibrosis is a complex, lethal, multi-system autosomal recessive disease resulting from mutations on chromosome 7 that cause dysfunction of an ion channel located on epithelial surfaces. Pulmonary disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in CF. The specific dental manifestations of the disease may result from the condition itself or from complications of treatment. This study presents the dental problems observed in patients with cystic fibrosis and reported in the literature. Particular attention was paid to dental caries, disturbances in the mineralization of hard dental tissues, gingivitis and changes in the content and properties of saliva.

A secret of salivary secretions: Multimodal effect of saliva in sensory perception of food.

Saliva plays multifunctional roles in oral cavity. Even though its importance for the maintenance of oral health has long been established, the role of saliva in food perception has attracted increasing attention in recent years. We encourage researchers to discover the peculiarity of this biological fluid and aim to combine the data concerning all aspects of the saliva influence on the sensory perception of food. This review presents saliva as a unique material, which modulates food perception due to constant presence of saliva in the mouth and thanks to its composition. Therefore, we highlight the salivary components that contribute to these effects. Moreover, this review is an attempt to structure the effects of saliva on perception of different food categories, where the mechanisms of salivary impact in perception of liquid, semi-solid, and solid foods are revealed. Finally, we emphasize that the large inter-individual variability in salivary composition and secretion appear to contribute to the fact that everyone experiences food in their own way. Therefore, the design of the sensory studies should consider the properties of volunteers' saliva and also carefully monitor the experimental conditions that affect salivary composition and flow rate.