Related Properties Research Articles

The impact of intellectual capital on local authorities performance in property tax reassessment: the mediating role of process innovation

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the factors influencing property tax reassessment performance in West Malaysia. It specifically examines intangible aspects, such as intellectual capital and process innovation among valuation officers. The primary concern in this study is the variability in how effectively local authorities carry out property tax reassessment, with a significant number of them not conducting revaluations regularly.Design/methodology/approachThe data was collected using self-administered and electronic questionnaires using a purposive sampling method. The 154 useable responses were further analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling in SmartPLS 4.FindingsThe result shows that process innovation mediates the relationship between structural capital and property tax reassessment performance as well as the relationship between relational capital and property tax reassessment performance. This suggests that local authority systems and policies are indirectly related to reassessment practises by introducing new methods of reassessment in the form of administration and technology. The result shows that building good relationships with stakeholders and other institutions encourages staff to develop innovative ideas for their reassessment activities, thus enhance the performance of property tax reassessment.Practical implicationsThe study provides insightful information for local authorities managers and stakeholders in crafting a better policy for periodic property tax reassessment. The study suggests the need for new administration and technological innovation in developing effective property tax reassessment strategies through the integration of organisational structure and relationship building.Originality/valueThe study developed a new model for property tax reassessment performance that incorporates intangible assets with the introduction of process innovation as a mediator.

Understanding microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from diverse food waste feedstocks

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of natural antioxidants from food waste (FW) offers an economically appealing waste management strategy. However, MAE from mixed FW has received limited attention. We characterize five single waste streams (apple, coffee, olive, tomato, and potato peel waste) and study MAE of phenolic acids from select feedstocks and mixtures. This library of materials enables us to unravel the relationship of FW composition and physical properties with dielectric properties, heating, and extractive yields. Protein, ash, and moisture contents affect dielectric properties the most. Our study unveils the significance of moisture in free (> 20 wt%) and bound states (< 20 wt%) on FW dielectric properties, heating, and target acid yields (at least 33 % enhancement). Microwaves primarily heat the solvent (dimethylformamide) due to its superior dielectric properties compared to FW (dry and moist, single and mixtures) at ≤ 0.05 solid-to-liquid ratio (g/mL). High moisture content (> 20 wt%) provides higher phenolic yields at lower temperatures (< 100 °C) and shorter times (≤ 10 min) due to enhanced heat and mass transfer by microwaves. Further, our data indicates significant interactions between mixed FW components that drive 2–3x higher yields than those predicted from a simple additive model from single component results. Our work provides new insights for developing versatile MAE strategies to treat mixed FW feedstocks.

An investigation toward adhesion characteristics of emulsified asphalt residue–aggregate interface through MD simulation

The bonding ability of emulsified asphalt residue-aggregate interface is crucial for improving the pavement performance of emulsified asphalt mixtures. The aim of the study was to explore the adhesion mechanism and characteristics of emulsified asphalt residue-aggregate interface under the different emulsifier contents using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Firstly, the emulsified asphalt residue-aggregate interface model was established, and its validity was validated through the related thermodynamic properties. Secondly, the performance-related parameters were employed to discuss the molecular arrangement features of emulsified asphalt residue components on the aggregate surface, and investigate the interfacial adhesion mechanism. Thirdly, the adhesion strength of emulsified asphalt residue-aggregate interface was calculated and evaluated by the adhesion energy. Lastly, the influence of temperature and moisture on the interfacial adhesion strength was further examined through the molecular orientation theory and the electrostatic interaction theory. The results indicate that the addition of emulsifiers could affect the aggregation behaviors and distribution characteristics of asphalt components as observed from performance-related parameters. When compared to relatively high emulsifier content (4–6 %), the molecular arrangement of emulsified asphalt residue components with relatively low emulsifier content (1–3 %) is more similar to that of the base asphalt and exhibits greater interfacial adhesion strength with aggregates. The polar components and emulsifiers in emulsified asphalt residue with relatively low emulsifier content are minor affected by the increase of temperature, which further proving that interfacial adhesion strength is higher at this condition. Meanwhile, emulsified asphalt residue with relatively low emulsifier content is confirmed to have better moisture damage resistance due to the existence of the certain number of Silica-Water(S-W) and Asphalt-Water(A-W) hydrogen bonds near interface. Moisture exhibits more significant influence on the interfacial adhesion strength between emulsified asphalt residue and aggregates according to the results of the average adhesion energy. It is advisable to apply emulsified asphalt with moderate emulsifier content during the actual production process considering the influence of moisture and temperature on the pavement performance of emulsified asphalt mixtures.

Tailoring the peroxidase-like properties of Mo atom nanoclusters/N-MXene nanozymes for sensitive colorimetric detection of glutathione

Although nanozyme engineering has made tremendous progress, there is a huge gap between them and natural enzymes due to the enormous challenge of precisely adjusting the geometric and electronic structure of active sites. Considering that intentionally adjusting the metal-carrier interactions may bring the promising catalytic activity, in this work, a novel Mo atom nanocluster is successfully synthesized using nitrogen-doped Mxene (MoACs/N-MXene) nanozymes as carriers. The constructed MoACs/N-MXene displays excellent peroxidase-like catalytic activity and kinetics, outweighing its N-MXene and Mo nanoparticles (NPs)-MXene references and natural horse radish peroxidase. This work not only reports a successful example of MoACs/N-MXene nanozyme as a guide for achieving peroxidase-mimic performance of nanozymes for colorimetric glutathione sensing at 0.29 μM, but also expands the application prospects of two-dimensional MXene nanosheets by reasonably introducing metal atomic clusters and nonmetal atom doping and exploring related nanozyme properties.

Formulation and Evaluation of Immediate Release Tablets of Antimalarial Drug Hydroxychloroquine

The goal of the study was to develop and evaluate an immediate-release antimalarial tablet formulation for the effective management of malaria, an antimalarial drug as an active pharmaceutical ingredient using excipients. Appropriate pharmaceutical products and evaluate their properties in relation to the innovative product. The study was to develop an antimalarial formulation with in-vitro solubility properties equivalent to or better than the improved formulation. Therefore, an orally administered immediate-release tablet with a robust and reproducible formulation technique was developed. According to the study, the number of F3 definitions decreased the most and F8 had the most important medicinal properties. At 20 minutes, F4 appeared to lead the first high decay rate (98. 56%), followed closely by F5 (93.48%). The expansion of F1, F2 and F3 shows high decay rates at this time. Based on this information, one can analyze and compare the decay profiles of unmistakable definitions. Things such as composition, excipients used, and manufacturing geometry can influence degradation behavior, and this information may be necessary to optimize concentrations of substances of interest for drug delivery. It is then concluded that the definition number F5 may be an optimized detail.

Hypoxia exerts greater impacts on shallow groundwater nitrogen cycling than seawater mixture in coastal zone.

There is no doubt that hypoxia and seawater mixture are profoundly affecting the global nitrogen (N) cycle. However, their mechanisms for altering N cycling patterns in shallow coastal groundwater are largely unknown. Here, we examined shallow groundwater N transformation characteristics (dissolved inorganic N and related chemical properties) in the coastal area of east and west Shenzhen City. Results showed that common hypoxic conditions exist in this study area. Ions/Cl- ratios indicated varying levels of saltwater mixture and sulfide formation across this study area. Dissolved oxygen (DO) affects the N cycle process by controlling the conditions of nitrification and the formation of sulfides. Salinity affects nitrification and denitrification processes by physiological effects, while sulfide impacts nitrification, denitrification, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) processes through its own toxicity mechanism and the provision of electron donors for DNRA organisms. Redundancy analysis (RDA) results indicate that the influence magnitude is in the following order: DO > sulfide > salinity. Seawater mixture weakened the nitrification and denitrification of groundwater by changing salinity, while hypoxia and its controlled sulfide formation not only weaken nitrification and denitrification but also stimulated the DNRA process and promotes N regeneration. In this study area, hypoxia is considered to exert greater impacts on N cycling in the coastal shallow groundwater than seawater mixture. These findings greatly improve our understanding of the consequences of hypoxia and seawater mixture on coastal groundwater N cycling.

Tailoring oleogel-in-hydrogel pickering emulsion fluid gels as an oral delivery system for different levels of dysphagia: From microstructure to rheological properties

Dysphagia-affected populations are facing crucial challenges on oral administration of medicines and health products because of swallowing malfunction with a high risk of aspiration. The current countermeasures that relied mainly on modification of existing formulations with thickened liquids comes with potential hazards, e.g., bioavailability alterations and unsatisfactory safety. Thus, dysphagia-specific oral delivery system is in critical need of development. Herein, a swallowing dynamics-inspired, oleogel-in-hydrogel Pickering emulsion fluid gel was proposed as a versatile oral delivery system for patients with dysphagia. With the dual structure of high acyl gellan gum (HAG) fluid gel and whey protein isolate (WPI) stabilized oleogel-in-hydrogel Pickering emulsion gel, the novel system demonstrated the potential to tackle both swallowing and drug encapsulation challenges. Specifically, it displayed good shear flowability during shearing and appropriate extensional capabilities after shearing which are well-matched with swallowing dynamics to facilitate ease and safe swallowing. Moreover, the oleogel-in-hydrogel Pickering emulsion gel structure enables its versatile loading potential for both hydrophilic and lipophilic substances. Remarkably, the microstructure and the related rheological properties of this novel system could be tailored by controlling critical determinants in the formation of fluid gels, namely HAG content and process mixing rate. By adjusting these two parameters, the fluid gels could be customized as preparations with different thickness level for mild, moderate and severe dysphagia, respectively. In conclusion, this proposed approach offers a promising rheologically-tunable oral delivery system for administering bioactives to patients with different levels of dysphagia.

Soft intersection almost ideals of semigroups

The aim of this study is to present the notion of soft intersection almost left (respectively, right) ideal of a semigroup which is a generalization of nonnull soft intersection left (respectively, right) ideal of a semigroup and investigate the related properties in detail. We show that every idempotent soft intersection almost (left/right) ideal is a soft intersection almost subsemigroup. Besides, we acquire remarkable relationships between almost left (respectively, right) ideals and soft intersection almost left (respectively, right) ideals of a semigroup as regards minimality, primeness, semiprimeness and strongly primeness.

Перспектива застосування хімічних окислювачів для нейтралізації та дегазації фосфіну в морській фумігації вантажів

ABSTRACT. The transportation of grains, legumes and other regulated articles requires mandatory fumigation. Toxicological safety of fumigation team and crewmembers of the sea merchant fleet is a mandatory condition for fumigation. Hazardous waste is generated on board the ship during the work of the fumigation team. The development of a technique for phosphine residues degassing in containers, fumi-sleeves, etc. on board of a ship is an important scientific and applied task. Аim of the research. Study the possibility of application of well-known oxidizers (hydrogen peroxide, chloramine, ozone, potassium permanganate) for neutralizing and degassing of phosphine and phosphine-containing poison fumigants in marine cargo fumigation, conduct an analysis of redox reactions of degassers with phosphine and assess the toxicity of chemical reaction products. Materials and Мethods. The analysis of phosphine content was carried out by the method of stationary gas chromatography on the Tsvet-160 chromatograph, as well as by the method of electrochemical analysis using the Pac III – PH3, Accuro (Germany) and ToxyPro (USA) portable devices. An analytical review of the literature was performed, laboratory-experimental and field studies for degassing of phosphine and poisonous fumigants during marine fumigation of grain and fodder cargoes were conducted on ships of the bulk fleet and in the seaports of Odesa, Chornomorsk, and Yuzhne. The results. It is shown that, contrary to existing methods, water and its soap solutions do not have destructive and neutralizing properties in relation to phosphine and phosphine-containing preparations. Their use for phosphine degassing is impractical and dangerous. Conclusions. The application of aqueous solutions of typical oxidizers (chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and potassium permanganate) for degassing used containers from phosphine-containing preparations and fumigants on board ships can be recommended for use in national and international practice of maritime fumigation of cargo. Keywords: maritime fumigation, poison fumigants, phosphine, chemical oxidizers, degassing of containers from fumigants, simultaneous extinguishing and degassing of fumi-sleeves from phosphine fumigants

Relational properties: Definition, reduction, and states of affairs

Relational properties: Definition, reduction, and states of affairs

Simulation and optimization of binder performance in skeleton dense asphalt mixture based on deep learning

The purpose of this study is to simulate and optimize the performance of binder in skeleton dense asphalt mixture by using deep learning technology. Firstly, the key factors such as raw material ratio and production technology are determined by analyzing the factors affecting the properties of cementing material. Then, a multi-scale performance prediction network (MSPPN) model is constructed to effectively capture the complex relationship of cement properties. Then, the model is optimized by the optimization algorithm, and the performance is evaluated on the training set, verification set and test set. The experimental results show that the optimized MSPPN model achieves better performance on the test set, which verifies the effectiveness and robustness of MSPPN model. To sum up, this study provides an important reference for deeply understanding the influencing factors of binder performance in asphalt mixture, building an efficient and accurate prediction model and optimizing the performance of asphalt mixture, which has certain theoretical and practical significance.

Effect of Soil Texture on Soil Nutrient Status and Rice Nutrient Absorption in Paddy Soils

Soil texture affects rice nutrient uptake and yield formation by influencing soil structure, microbial activity, and soil nutrient supply capacity. Analyzing the relationship between soil texture, nutrient content, and rice agronomic traits is of great significance for precise and efficient fertilizer application. The tillage layer (0–20 cm) of 31 paddy fields in China’s main rice-producing areas was collected to perform rice pot experiments, and soil texture characteristics, physicochemical properties, microbial-related indicators, and rice agronomic traits were measured and analyzed. The results showed that these soils could be classified into four types of soil texture: loamy sandy soil, sandy loam soil, silty loam soil, and silty soil. Analysis of variance showed that the available nitrogen (AN), available potassium (AK), and available phosphorus (AP) contents were the highest in silty loam, silty, and sandy loam soils, respectively, and silt loamy soil had the highest CEC. Principal component analysis (PCA) also showed that soil physicochemical properties can be distinguished to a certain extent according to soil texture types. For the relationship of soil texture parameters and soil physicochemical properties, soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), AN, ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), and microbial carbon (MBC) contents were positively correlated with soil clay content, AK was positively correlated with silt content, and soil phosphorus status was significantly related to pH. Mantel’s test revealed significant correlations between rice N, P, and K nutrient status, dry matter accumulation, and yield, and soil available nutrient content, MBC, pH, and soil texture parameters. Structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that sand affected soil available nutrients by regulating pH, while clay can positively influence soil available nutrients by affecting soil organic matter mineralization and microbial activity, thus influencing nutrient absorption and yield formation in rice. Overall, in rice production, the silty and silty loam paddy soil with fine texture and higher clay content facilitates the mineralization of soil organic matter and the activity of soil microbes, resulting in more available soil nutrients, which benefits the rice absorption and accumulation of nutrients. Furthermore, a higher content of clay also promotes the distribution of dry matter to the panicle, thereby promoting rice yield formation.

Equivalence and Similarity Refutation for Probabilistic Programs

We consider the problems of statically refuting equivalence and similarity of output distributions defined by a pair of probabilistic programs. Equivalence and similarity are two fundamental relational properties of probabilistic programs that are essential for their correctness both in implementation and in compilation. In this work, we present a new method for static equivalence and similarity refutation. Our method refutes equivalence and similarity by computing a function over program outputs whose expected value with respect to the output distributions of two programs is different. The function is computed simultaneously with an upper expectation supermartingale and a lower expectation submartingale for the two programs, which we show to together provide a formal certificate for refuting equivalence and similarity. To the best of our knowledge, our method is the first approach to relational program analysis to offer the combination of the following desirable features: (1) it is fully automated, (2) it is applicable to infinite-state probabilistic programs, and (3) it provides formal guarantees on the correctness of its results. We implement a prototype of our method and our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our method to refute equivalence and similarity for a number of examples collected from the literature.

Effects of photochemical aging on the molecular composition of organic aerosols derived from agricultural biomass burning in whole combustion process

Biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOA) are key components of atmospheric particulate matter, yet the effects of aging process on their chemical composition and related properties remain poorly understood. In this study, fresh smoke emissions from the combustion of three types of agricultural biomass residues (rice, maize, and wheat straws) were photochemically aged in an oxidation flow reactor. The changes in BBOA composition were characterized by offline analysis using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The BBOA molecular composition varied dramatically with biomass type and aging process. Fresh and aged BBOA were predominated by CHO and nitrogen-containing CHON, CHN, and CHONS species, while with very few CHOS and other non‑oxygen species. The signal peak area variations revealed that individual molecular species underwent dynamic changes, with 77–81 % of fresh species decreased or even disappeared and 33–46 % of aged species being newly formed. A notable increase was observed in the number and peak area of CxHyO≥6 compounds in aged BBOA, suggesting that photochemical process served as an important source of highly oxygenated species. Heterocyclic CxHyN2 compounds mostly dominated in fresh CHN species, whereas CxHyN1 were more abundant in aged ones. Fragmentation and homologs oxidation by addition of oxygen-containing functional groups were important pathways for the BBOA aging. The changes in BBOA composition with aging would have large impacts on particle optical properties and toxicity. This study highlights the significance of photochemical aging process in altering chemical composition and related properties of BBOA.

Soil organic carbon sequestration under Araucaria angustifolia plantations but not under exotic tree species on a mountain range

ABSTRACT Plantation forests can be efficient C sinks in biomass and soil organic carbon (SOC), but the latter depends on many factors, including climate. Tropical humid, mountain areas have cooler temperatures, slowing microbial decomposition, and thus can store considerable SOC. However, the effects of forest plantations on SOC of these montane areas are still poorly studied. Here, we aimed to assess changes in SOC, and related soil properties, after conversion of native rainforest to plantations of five tree species, with rotation cycles varying from 7 to 30 years, on the Mantiqueira Range, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We measured SOC contents and stocks (0.00-0.40 m layer) under a native montane rainforest (control) and plantations of Eucalyptus, Pinus, Cunninghamia, Cupressus and Araucaria, all planted in 3 × 3 m spacing, at an altitude of ca. 1,300 m, marked by humid and cool climate, where SOC contents are naturally high. Soil organic carbon varied from 55 g kg -1 under Eucalyptus to 105 g kg -1 under Araucaria (0.00-0.05 m layer), decreasing in depth (0.20-0.40 m) to the still high values of 20-40 g kg -1 . Soil organic carbon stocks for the top 0.20 m were also high, reaching ca. 140 Mg ha -1 under Araucaria, significantly higher value than the native forest (ca. 90 Mg ha -1 , p&lt;0.05), which did not differ from the other species. Soil organic carbon stocks were not affected in the 0.20-0.40 m soil layer, whereas soil structure patterns changed under some species, without however resulting in bulk density changes, and pH decreased under Araucaria. Such data showed large SOC stocks under montane native forests can not only be preserved upon conversion to forest plantations, but considerable SOC sequestration can be achieved in 30-years rotation cycles plantations of indigenous Araucaria angustifolia, marked by more open canopies and greater understory biomass.

On some kinds of ω-balancedness and (*) properties in certain semitopological groups

In this article, we discuss some relationships of ω-balancedness and (⁎) properties which were introduced for giving characterizations of subgroups of topological products of certain para(semi)topological groups. We mainly get the following results.If G is a regular ω-balanced locally ω-good semitopological group with a q-point, then Ir(G)≤ω if and only if Sm(G)≤ω. If G is a regular strongly paracompact semitopological group with a q-point and Sm(G)≤ω, then G is completely ω-balanced if and only if G has property (⁎). If G is a regular paracompact ω-balanced locally good semitopological group with a q-point and Sm(G)≤ω, then G has property (w⁎) if and only if G has property (**). If G is a regular metacompact semitopological group with a q-point and Sm(G)≤ω, then G is MM-ω-balanced if and only if G is M-ω-balanced.We show that a semitopological group G admits a homeomorphic embedding as a subgroup of a product of metrizable semitopological groups if and only if G is topologically isomorphic to a subgroup of a product of semitopological groups which are first-countable paracompact regular σ-spaces and is topologically isomorphic to a subgroup of a product of Moore semitopological groups.

Effect of high laser scanning speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured 316L

AbstractDue to its ease of processing, the stainless steel 316L is a widely used material for the laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) process. Compared to other additive manufacturing technologies PBF-LB/M has a lot of advantages such as design freedom and high resolution of details. However, PBF-LB/M also has some disadvantages, such as a reduced build-up rate. In general, 316L provides a wide range of parameter settings used for PBF-LB/M. In this study, the manufacturing limits were approached allowing a maximum build-up rate along with a high relative density &gt; 99% without compromising the required mechanical properties. Microstructure analyses as well as tensile tests were performed to validate this approach. This article also provides insights on defects and relative density for scanning speed above 3000 mm/s. Furthermore, it was shown that the scanning speed has a major influence on the grain size and on the texture of the specimens. For the first time, the relative density, microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured 316L were determined in relation to each other for high scanning speed. A set of parameters has been found that works best with a laser power of 285 W and a scanning speed of 1250 mm/s which results in a specimen relative density of 99.2%, a yield strength of 425 MPa, a tensile strength of 586 MPa and a build-up rate of 4.64 mm3/s. The findings can be further used to enhance the mechanical properties of PBF-LB/M 316L in terms of high build-up rates.

Structural Characteristics, Electronic Properties, and Coupling Behavior of 12-4-12, 12-3-12, 12-2-12 Cationic Surfactants: A First-Principles Computational Investigation and Experimental Raman Spectroscopy

In this study, we present a comprehensive first-principles computational investigation focused on the structural characteristics, electronic properties, and coupling integrations of three cationic Gemini surfactants: 12-4-12, 12-3-12, and 12-2-12 ((CH3(CH2)11)(CH3)2-N+-(CH2)n-N+(CH3(CH2)11)(CH3)2, where n = 2, 3, or 4). By employing Density Functional Theory (DFT) computations, we aimed to gain insights into the fundamental aspects of these surfactant molecules, and the intermolecular interactions among these surfactant molecules. We examined different conformers of each surfactant, including parallel, wing, and bent conformers, and compared their relative stability and properties. We elucidated that the complex structural characteristics, electronic properties, and molecular arrangements of the surfactants vary according to the number of carbon atoms in the central spacer. We also conducted experimental Raman spectroscopy on the three surfactants to compare the results with our computational findings. Furthermore, we computed the coupling behaviors of different conformers of 12-4-12 surfactants in order to gain insights into their coupling mechanism.

Collaborative denoised graph contrastive learning for multi-modal recommendation

Graph neural networks, with their capacity to capture complex hierarchical relations, are extensively employed in multi-modal recommendation. Previous graph-based multi-modal recommendation studies primarily focus on integrating multi-modal features that capture the neighbor relations as auxiliary information. However, such methods heavily rely on graph structure properties for collaborative relations. Furthermore, while the massive implicit feedbacks alleviate the data sparsity issue, the drawback is that they are not as reliable in accurately reflecting users true interests. We propose a Collaborative Denoised Graph Contrastive Learning framework named CDGCL for multi-modal recommendation. Specifically, we present a novel modality-aware item representation with contrastive learning to capture the modality-aware collaborative relations. Besides, we develop a Multi-Policy Denoised module (MPD) to filter out irrelevant interactions. Extensive experiments that include cold-start and warm-start experimental scenarios demonstrate the superiority of CDGCL over baselines.

Comparative analysis of new, mScarlet-based red fluorescent tags in Caenorhabditis elegans.

One problem that has hampered the use of red fluorescent proteins in the fast-developing nematode C. elegans has been the substantial time delay in maturation of several generations of red fluorophores. The recently described mScarlet-I3 protein has properties that may overcome this limitation. We compare here the brightness and maturation time of CRISPR/Cas9 genome-engineered mScarlet, mScarlet3, mScarlet-I3 and GFP reporter knock-ins. Comparing the onset and brightness of expression of reporter alleles of C. elegans golg-4, encoding a broadly expressed Golgi resident protein, we found that the onset of detection of mScarlet-I3 in the embryo is several hours earlier than older versions of mScarlet and comparable to GFP. These findings were further supported by comparing mScarlet-I3 and GFP reporter alleles for pks-1, a gene expressed in the CAN neuron and cells of the alimentary system, as well as reporter alleles for the panneuronal, nuclear marker unc-75. Hence, the relative properties of mScarlet-I3 and GFP do not depend on cellular or subcellular context. In all cases, mScarlet-I3 reporters also show improved signal-to-noise ratio compared to GFP.