Properties Of Pure Titanium Research Articles

Effect of Rare Earth Lanthanum Addition on Microstructure and Properties of Pure Titanium

Effect of Rare Earth Lanthanum Addition on Microstructure and Properties of Pure Titanium

A novel approach to enhance mechanical properties of Ti substrates for biomedical applications

The present study proposes a novel approach to flat rolling in order to improve the mechanical properties of pure Ti substrates, making it a promising alternative to the Ti-6Al-4V alloy commonly used in biomedicine. Commercially pure titanium grade 4 (TiG4) was subjected to a process of multi-rotational flat rolling (MRFR) that resulted in a refinement of the microstructure and an improvement in microhardness up to values comparable to those of the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. The biggest advantage of the MRFR processing performed was that it maintained the square cross-section of the titanium product, which gives the possibility of fabricating relatively large products with improved mechanical properties for biomedical applications. The objective of this research was to compare TiG4 after MRFR processing with TiG5 (Ti-6Al-4V) to assess the influence of the processing on the properties of pure titanium. The products obtained were characterized in microstructure and chemical composition, wettability, surface energy, roughness, and stiffness; by using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, optical profilometry, and atomic force microscopy. Bacterial and cell tests were conducted to consider the potential of the proposed methodology in biomedical applications. To this end, corrosion tests in Hank’s solution were performed to simulate the conditions in the peri-implant environment.

Structures and Mechanical Properties of Pure Titanium by Different Nitriding Temperatures

The influence of different nitriding temperatures was investigated on the structures and mechanical properties of the treated specimens. Based on the research of nitriding temperature on the properties of pure titanium, the cause of the rresults can be discussed in this research. When the nitriding temperature is 1050°C, the cross-sectional hardness of the hardened layer reaches the maximum. At the same nitriding temperature, the bonding strength also reaches the maximum, which is related to the performance of the hardened layer. In summary, when the nitriding temperature is 1050°C, the nitriding of pure titanium can improve the overall performance.

Structures and Mechanical Properties of Pure Titanium by Different Boriding and Nitriding Conditions

Structure and mechanical properties of pure titanium by combined processing of boriding and nitriding with different processing temperatures in the heating furnace have been investigated. The effect of combined processing temperature for 2 h on the structure and mechanical properties of the treated specimens. As a result of the examination, combined processing at all designed temperatures resulted in the formation of titanium nitride, where the content of the nitride depended greatly on the processing temperature. When the processing temperature is 1300°C, the cross-sectional hardness of the hardened layer reaches the maximum. At the same temperature, the bonding strength also reaches the maximum, which is related to the performance of the hardened layer. Based on these results, when the processing temperature is 1300°C, the combined processing of pure titanium can improve the overall performance.

The Microstructure and Property of a Titanium-Carbon Steel Clad Plate Prepared Using Explosive Welding

The microstructure and properties of pure titanium (Ti)-carbon steel clad plate prepared using explosive welding were characterized. The bonding of the welding interface was inspected using C-scanning imaging technique. The microstructure and composition of the clad were characterized with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical and corrosion properties of the clad plate were investigated using tensile test, shearing test, and potentiodynamic polarization measurement. The results show that the pure titanium and carbon steel plate are joined successfully without visible defects. The interface wave is uniform. SEM observation and EDS analyses show that some melt blocks distribute at the interface waves vortices. Hardness testes results show that after heat treating, the hardness values in the titanium layer of the clad plate are similar to the original titanium plate, whereas the values at carbon steel layer increase from the interface to 300 μm away. Tensile and shearing test results indicate that the mechanical properties of the clad meet the requirements of ASTM B898 standard. Corrosion test shows that the Ecorr of the clad plate is more positive, and icorr is 1 order of magnitude lower compared to carbon steel material, suggesting that the corrosion resistance of clad plate is better than that of carbon steel material. These results suggest that the clad plate has good bonding quality and properties to meet the processing requirement and can be safely applicable in the petrochemical field.

Effect of ultrasonic surface deep rolling combined with oxygen boost diffusion treatment on fatigue properties of pure titanium

Ultrasonic surface deep rolling (USDR), oxygen boost diffusion (OBD), and their combination (USDR-OBD) were all used to improve the surface hardening of pure titanium. The microstructure, microhardness, and fatigue life of pure titanium treated by USDR, OBD, and USDR-OBD methods were analyzed. USDR treatment induced a severe deformation area, while OBD treatment produced a brittle oxygen diffusion zone. The USDR-OBD treated samples approached the highest hardness in comparison with other treated samples. The fatigue lives of USDR treated samples were improved, which was due to the high compressive residual stress and refined grains. However, the fatigue lives of both OBD treated samples and USDR-OBD treated samples were decreased due to premature crack initiation and rapid propagation in the oxygen diffusion zone. Finally, the fatigue fracture mechanisms of different samples were proposed.

Effect of Adding Silver Element and Zirconia Ceramic on Corrosion Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Pure Titanium

In this research, all the samples are prepared using the powder metallurgy technique by adding silver element and Zirconia ceramic material to the commercially pure titanium at a different weight percent of (10, 20 and 30) to investigate the effect of adding these materials to the CP-Ti on corrosion behavior and mechanical properties. There are two sets of each type of alloys Ti-Ag and Ti ZrO2. The Preparation process was by Weighing, Mixing and Homogenizing Powders by Ball Mill, compacting at 4 tons for 1 min. and Sintering at 700 and 900 °C for 2 hrs. under a controlled atmosphere. The corrosion results showed a good corrosion resistance increases with increasing the silver content as the corrosion rate would be the best in (30% Ag) content with(0.091 mpy) at sintering temperature of 700 °C. And with a sintering temperature of 900 °C, the best result was with (30% Ag) with (0.059) mpy. In the Ti-ZrO2 alloys, the best result was with the zirconia content of (30%ZrO2) when cooled in the air with (1.347) mpy at sintering temperature of 700 °C, this results obtained in Ringer’s solution. And microstructures analysis stated that at the silver and the Zirconia content of (10-20 wt%) single phase of (α- Ti alloy), as the silver and Zirconia content increased to (30% wt), in addition to (α-phase), (Ti2Ag) intermetallic compound developed in the silver alloy microstructure and (TiZr)3O intermetallic compound developed in the microstructure of Ti- Zirconia composites and the hardness test result best hardness of...

Lactoferrin Coating Improves the Antibacterial and Osteogenic Properties of Alkali-Treated Titanium with Nanonetwork Structures

Titanium and its alloys are the main dental implant materials used at present. The biological properties of pure titanium can be further improved by surface treatment methods. Alkali treatment of pure titanium at room temperature can form nanonetwork structures (TNS) on the surface, which has better osteoinductive ability than pure titanium. However, TNS does not possess antimicrobial properties, and bacterial infection is one of the main reasons for the failure of dental implant therapy. Therefore, it was the focus of our research to endow TNS with certain antimicrobial properties on the premise of maintaining its osteoinductive ability. Because of its excellent broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and because it promotes osteoblast-like cell growth, lactoferrin (LF) was considered a promising prospect as a surface biological treatment material. In this study, bovine LF of physiological concentration was successfully coated on the surface of TNS to form the TNS-LF composite material. Results from in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that TNS-LF had better osteoinductive ability than TNS. Bacterial attachment and biofilm formation were also significantly decreased on the surface of TNS-LF. Therefore, this study has provided an experimental basis for the development of osteoinduction-antimicrobial composite implant materials for dental applications.

The Surface Morphology and Electrochemical Properties of Pure Titanium Obtained by Selective Laser Melting Method

High requirements in biomedical application are associated with biocompatibility and high corrosion resistance of metal biomaterials, which are used equally in joint and bon substitution and the healing and renewal of bone weaknesses. In this paper the surface morphology and electrochemical properties of samples manufactured by Selective Laser Melting SLM method using pure titanium Grade II powder material are explored. The tested samples were produced divided into four group, depended on the values of basic process parameters – laser power P, scanning speed SP and point distance PD. The value of energy density E delivered to the sintered material was constants and was an approximately E = 75 ± 2 J/mm3. In the paper, the pitting corrosion test by recording anodic polarization curves and electrochemical spectroscopy test were carried out. Additionally the microscopic observation and microchemical analysis by SEM/EDS analysis and material density measurements were performed too. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the laser power P and scanning speed SP have a significant affect on the obtained full density defect free material with high corrosion resistance.

Effect of sandblasting combined with femtosecond laser-etching on surface physicochemical properties of pure titanium

The aim of this study was to generate periodic microstructures on pure titanium surface by femtosecond laser-etching after sandblasting, and to assess the physicochemical properties of its surface. Twelve pure titanium discs with diameter of 10 mm and thickness of 4 mm were used and divided into 3 groups according to different surface treatment methods: group S (sandblasting surface), group SA (sandblasting surface with acid-etching), and group SL (sandblasting surface with femtosecond laser-etching). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the surface morphology. X-ray energy spectrum(EDS) was used to observe the surface chemical compositions. Three dimensional surface topography and surface roughness were evaluated by laser scanning confocal microscope (CLSM). The static contact angle was detected by high temperature wetting angle measuring instrument. SPSS19.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. SEM and CLSM showed well-distributed periodic and cyclic microstructure which formed second-order roughness composite structure in group SL. EDS analysis showed that the Al element on SL surface decreased (group SL 4.37%<group S 5.18%<group SA 7.27%), and the ratio of O/Ti increased (group SL 1.74>group SA 0.32>group S 0). Surface roughness analysis showed that surface roughness significantly increased in group SL [group SL (7.33±0.38)μm>group SA (1.08±0.12)μm>group S (1.05±0.14)μm](P<0.001). Static contact angle analysis showed that the static contact angle of surface was significantly reduced in group SL [group SL (34.4±2.5)°<group SA (65.0±2.9)°<group S (83.7±2.6)°] (P<0.001). Sandblasting combined with femtosecond laser-etching of pure titanium surface has excellent surface physicochemical properties and is a promising surface modification technology for titanium implant.

A Comparative Study: Effects of Two Different Surface Engineering Technologies on Tribological Properties of Pure Titanium

Two different surface engineering technologies, plasma nitriding and titanium nitride (TiN) film deposition by closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering (CFUBMS), were used to improve the tribological properties of pure titanium. Surface characteristics were evaluated by microhardness tester, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and pin-on-disc tribotester. The influence of the two surface treatments on wear resistance of titanium was investigated. After plasma nitriding or TiN film deposition by CFUBMS, the microhardness of the surface increased approximately 3 to 5 times when compared with that of untreated pure titanium and the wear resistance was improved significantly. The wear resistance of TiN film deposited titanium specimens was higher than that of plasma nitrided ones.

Antibacterial properties of pure titanium coated with silver nanoparticles

Dental implants are a safe, medically proven, aesthetic alternative to natural tooth root that are currently widely used; however, the risk of infection after surgical implantation seems to be a main concern. In this research, the pure titanium was coated by silver nanoparticles as antibacterial agent. Titanium oxide layer, in presence of a strong base solution under heat treatment turns into a layer of titanate nanotubes with a porous network structure containing sodium or potassium depending on the treatment solution. The sodium or potassium ions sited in titanate nanotubes on the surface replaced with free silver cations. This chemical process could synthesise AgNPs on titanium on which the antibacterial properties were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. The final surface was characterised with SEM and XRD tests. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of surface treated titanium tested according to standard method and as the results prove silver titanate nanotubes synthesised by KOH solution is more antibacterial than NaOH. It has been also indicated that high concentration of basic solution in hydrothermal treatment has reverse effect on improvement of antibacterial activity.

Nanostructured materials based on pure titanium and bio-soluble magnesium alloy to create surgical implants

Influence of structural state on mechanical properties of pure titanium and magnesium alloy WE43 as candidates for use as nondegradable (titanium) and degradable (WE43) medical implants was studied. By the methods of severe plastic deformation in combination with programmed heat treatment the nanostructured pure titanium and ultra-fine-grained magnesium alloy WE43 were obtained. It is shown, that grain size substantially affects not only the mechanical properties of the indicated materials but also the corrosion rate of magnesium alloy WE43 in the medium simulating biological fluid. The possibility of replacing the titanium implants by nanostructured pure titanium and future application of degradable ultra-finegrained magnesium implants is discussed

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Pure Titanium by Dynamic Plastic Deformation

Dynamic plastic deformation of commercially pure titanium in the temperature range of -100-18°C at the strain rates of 3.0×102-2.5×103, as well as at quasi-static compression were carried out by a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar technique and conventional compression testing machine respectively. The formation of deformation twins plays a key role on the accommodation of a large amount of strain produced by plastic deformation. Grain orientation has a great influence on the formation of twins. Temperature has smaller effects than strain rate on the evolutions of the microstructures and mechanical properties. The area fraction of twins and their intersections increase with the increasing strain rate and the deformation strain, resulting in refined microstructures and higher hardness values. Strain rate also leads to the change of twin shape (type). While more lenticular twins are observed in samples after quasi-static deformation, there are lots of needle-like twins with straight and long boundaries in samples processed via dynamic plastic deformation. This may imply that different twin systems operate at different strain rate. For the needle-like twins in samples after dynamic plastic deformation, the twin area fraction approaches saturation beyond the true strain of about 0.13, which is significant turning point for twinning rate. This saturated trend is not observed in quasi-static deformation.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Sintered Ti-Cu Alloys

The use of titanium for medical and dental applications is on the rise because of their excellent biocompatibility. However, some properties of pure titanium are not sufficient. Alloying with copper can improve mechanical properties needed for dental use. A recent research on Ti-Cu cast alloy indicated that ductility decreased with increasing copper concentration, but addition of copper improved grindability and wear resistance, with lower corrosion resistance. The objective of this research is to study sintering of Ti-Cu alloys; their microstructure and hardness, and the effect of copper content to their sintered density. Ti-Cu alloys were produced via powder metallurgy. Titanium powder was mixed with copper powder with chemical composition of 2, 4, 7 and 10 wt%. Lubricant was added in alloy powder with 0.5% of total weight, followed by cold compaction under 254 MPa pressure. Debinding and sintering was carried out at 400oC for 0.5 hr and 1000oC for 1 hr respectively in argon atmosphere. Condition with highest density was found in 10wt%Cu composition; having highest hardness of 317 Hv. Differential thermal analysis of Ti-15Cu under N2 atmosphere showed exothermic reaction at 1078oC. Phase formation of the sintered alloys followed the Ti-Cu equilibrium phase diagram.

230 熱応力を利用した引張り試験法による純チタン薄板の力学的性質評価(OS4-4 熱応力,熱ひずみ,OS4 実験力学手法の新展開3)

230 熱応力を利用した引張り試験法による純チタン薄板の力学的性質評価(OS4-4 熱応力,熱ひずみ,OS4 実験力学手法の新展開3)

Effects of ultra-high purification and addition of interstitial elements on properties of pure titanium and titanium alloy

Various properties of pure titanium and titanium alloys with ultra- high purity prepared by melting raw titanium made by improved iodide process have been examined. Effects of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon addition to pure titanium and SP-700 alloy on tensile properties were investigated, and strengthening effect and ductility variation due to these elements were evaluated. The strength of pure titanium and SP-700 alloy markedly decreased with the increase of purity, the yield strength of pure titanium containing oxygen of 40 ppm being reduced to 100 MPa. The recrystallization temperature of cold rolled ultra-high purity titanium was extremely low, 553 K, a small amount of oxygen and iron doping markedly increased this temperature.

Amorphization Effects on Pure Titanium Using C+, O+ and Cr+ Ion Implantation

In this work, the influence of the amorphization effect of C +, O + and Cr +, implantation on the friction and wettability properties of pure titanium (grade 2) has been studied. Doses from 1×1017 to 5×1017 ions cm-2 at multiple energies of 50 to 190 keV have been used. Additionally, pin-on-disk tribological tests using Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMWPE) pins under lubricated conditions and wettability measurements of implanted and unimplanted titanium samples were carried out. We found, that the more suitable material for the wettability and hence wear resistance is C + implanted titanium, because of its higher surface energy than the unimplanted titanium corresponding energy. Friction tests on monoenergetic 180 keV C + and O + modified titanium with 1×1017 ions cm-2 have showed an essentially reduced friction compared to samples implanted with the same dose but at multiple energies. A reduction of the wettability by about 7% and the friction coefficient by about 18% was observed for carbon implanted titanium with a dose of 1×1017 C + cm-2; this effect corresponds to a good correlation between wettability and friction coefficient after C + implantation in titanium. It was concluded that the reduction of the friction coefficient with monoenergetic C + implanted titanium is 3.7 times lower compared with those of pure titanium. This important result could extend the average lifetime of orthopaedic components of approximately 2 orders of magnitude.

Laser nitriding of pure titanium with Ni, Cr for improved wear performance

Titanium and its alloy suffer from galling, seizing, ploughing and adhesion during sliding contacts. A laser nitriding method to improve the tribological properties of pure titanium was investigated in this study. Before laser nitriding, a layer of nickel and chromium was plasma sprayed onto the surface of pure titanium in order to prevent the formation of cracks and pores during laser treatment. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) and image analyser were used to optimize the laser processing parameters and analyse the coating microstructure. X-ray diffraction (XRD), a Talysurf 5 tester and microhardness tester were used to analyse the phase crystallinity, surface roughness and micro-hardness of the laser treated coating. A ball-on-flat reciprocating wear machine was used to evaluate the sliding and fretting wear behaviours of both untreated and laser treated specimens. Results showed a substantial improvement in wear resistance after laser treatment which can be attributed to a significant improvement in hardness and corrosion resistance as well as a decrease in friction properties of nitrided layers.

The Preparation and Properties of Pure Titanium

Ductile titanium of high purity is produced by decomposing titanium iodides, formed by the action of iodine vapor upon the crude metal, on a hot filament. The construction and operation of glass units producing 300 to 600 grams of titanium per run in the form of rods of 0.3–0.4 inch diameter are described. This metal has a hardness of about 90 Vickers as deposited, and it can be cold worked drastically by swaging or rolling. Working and mechanical properties have been investigated.