Property Of Others Research Articles

Moral Judgments in Parochial and Public School Second-Graders

This study compared the moral judgments of 22 parochial school second-graders and 20 public school children of similar age and intelligence. The children were read 12 moral judgment stories of either positive consequence and negative intention or negative intention and positive consequence. Story content included either damage to personal property, damage to the property of others, or damage to persons. Analysis of variance conducted on ratings of story characters showed that public and parochial school children differed in their judgments as a function of story content. In general, parochial students made more intention-based judgments than did public school children. This tendency was especially evident in stories involving damage to persons with negative outcomes and with negative intent and positive consequence stories involving personal property damage and damage to the property of others. The data indicate that both environmental influences and the situational story context influence moral judgments. It is suggested that the group cohesiveness of the parochial school may account for the greater use of intention by these children.

Monoclonal antibody analysis of ocular basement membranes during development

As a first step in a study of the role(s) of basement membranes in ocular morphogenesis, we have produced a variety of monoclonal antibodies against native lens capsule from adult chicks, and have used these reagents to stain histologica sections of ocular tissues from 4 1 2 - to 18-day-old chicken embryos. Four different patterns of immunofluorescence were observed in sections of corneas of 18-day-old chicken embryos stained with these antibodies. The antibodies in group 1 stained the basement membranes of both the corneal epithelium and the endothelium (as well as Descemet's membrane). Those in groups 2 and 3 stained only the epithelial or endothelial basement membranes, respectively. The group 4 antibody stained the corneal stroma as well as Bowman's membrane and Descemet's membrane. The antibodies in group 1 could be further subdivided into groups 1a and 1b on the basis of temporal differences in the onset of staining in corneas from 4 1 2 - to 7-day-old embryos. Thus, this series of monoclonal antibodies appears to recognize at least five different antigenic determinants. When these antibodies were used to stain sections of eyes at different stages of development, we found that the characteristic differential staining of some basement membranes was maintained throughout development, while the staining properties of others changed. This indicates that many of the ocular basement membranes may differ from one another in composition or conformation, and that at least some of them may undergo developmental changes. We also noticed a similarity in the pattern of fluorescence associated with the basement membranes of the limbal blood vessels and the corneal endothelium that is consistent with the hypothesis that the corneal endothelium is derived from the early periocular vascular endothelium. Our observations of developing corneas also revealed that the antigen recognized by the group 4 antibody may be produced by both the corneal epithelium and the stromal fibroblasts. The suitability of monoclonal antibodies for probing basement membrane heterogeneity is discussed.

Effects of group size and proximity under cooperative and competitive conditions.

Research on coaction has concentrated on the arousal-inducing properties of others while practically ignoring the possibility that others may be a source of arousal reduction. The results of the present study support the notion that other coactors can be a source of arousal reduction as well as induction, as reflected in their performance on novel tasks. One experiment varied group size (two or four) and instructional set (competition or cooperation), while a second experiment varied proximity (close or far) and instructional set (competition or cooperation). In both experiments, a significant interaction was obtained. In the first experiment, subjects in the cooperative condition performed better in groups of four than in groups of two, while the reverse was obtained in the competitive condition. In the second experiment, subjects in the cooperative condition performed better when seated close as opposed to far apart, while opposite results were obtained in the competitive condition. Past research has demonstrated that an individual's task performance can be affected by the mere presence of others (see Cottrell, 1972, for a review). This research has involved the use of two paradigms, audience and coaction. In the audience paradigm, individuals perform a task in the presence of observers, while in the coaction paradigm a group of individuals concurrently and individually perform an identical task. Zajonc (1965) has argued that the mere presence of others increases an individual's general level of arousal which in turn increases the tendency to emit dominant responses. If the dominant responses are correct (as is presumably the case for well-learned tasks), heightened arousal results in improved performance by an individual, while if the dominant responses are incorrect (as is presumably the case for tasks that are not well-learned), arousal results in impaired performance.

Psychiatry as a Tool of the State

Psychiatry as a Tool of the State

The Marginal Peasant in Rural Brazil

IN DESCRIBING the structure of their agricultural economy, Brazilian writers customarily distinguish four major types of crop and livestock establishments. First, there is the plantation which is the large estate devoted to the production of a single crop, a large part of which finds its way to foreign markets. In many cases, considerable amounts of capital are invested in processing equipment and to some extent in agricultural machinery, and, here, wage-earning agricultural labor is widely employed. Good examples of plantation agriculture are the large sugar cane, coffee, cacao, and rice fazendas. Second, there is the cattle ranch producing beef cattle for sale to meat packing and meat drying plants. Small numbers of workers are employed, the principal investment being in land and livestock. In this class, we would also find the sheep ranches. Third, there is the Minas-type ranch-farm, where cattle are not only raised for beef but the cows are milked to produce cheese and creamthe whey and skim milk being used for feeding hogs. Corn is produced for hog feed, along with rice and beans as subsistence crops. Fourth, there is the small operator who may be an owner or a renter who produces food crops and often a cash crop, using the labor of himself, his family, and sometimes laborers. The family-type farms of the German, Italian, Polish, Ukranian, and Japanese immigrants belong to this type, but it can be found in other parts of Brazil as well. The type of land use varies from modern farming methods, found to some extent in the south, to the most primitive fire agriculture which exists in all parts of the country. Although not meriting the title of establishment, there is also a fifth type of operation, namely, that of the individual who lives on and cultivates small patches of land on the property of others under a bewildering array of tenure regulations. He is the small subsistence producer, rogeiro, who cultivates such primary food crops as corn, rice, beans, and manioc, and raises a few hogs and chickens, and sometimes owns a riding mule or horse. He is the shifting slash-and-burn cultivator, the historic prototype of the Brazilian food producer. Originally he was the agregado, or retainer or near-serf. Today, he can be a squatter, a sharecropper, or an agricultural laborer, depending upon the wishes of the owner. Thus, strictly speaking, he is not a renter, sharecropper, or permanent agricultural laborer, although he might exercise these functions on, occasion. It it this fifth type which I would like to call the marginal peasant; although he is nothing like the peasant of Europe or Asia. If you took away his hogs and chickens he would be like the wild Indian; for he practices the most primitive kind of agriculture in the world. But his livestock and his dependence upon the market, although limited, bring him into the outer

Guiding Principles for State Air Pollution Legislation

THE AIR SUpplY of our communities Thas been shown to be limited in its capacity to serve as a receptor for air-borne waste products. We now recognize it as a limited resource, and it is now known that abuse of our air supply can have harmful effects on health, comfort, and property. Air pollution control efforts, therefore, are now beginning to be based on the premise that no one has the right to use the atmosphere as a receptor of wastes in a manner which will adversely affect the health, comfort, or property of others. It is recognized too that economic, social, and technical factors are concerned in air pollution control efforts and must be considered in the application of controls and in the appropriate modification of such controls. Since the end of World War II, the increasing interest in the conservation of our air resource has been reflected to some extent by the development of state legislation. Within the last decade, more than 20 states have modified or adopted new legislation on air pollution, and a total of 28 states now have such legislation. Legislative activity at the local level has also increased during this period, and at the national level, Congress has enacted legislation providing for the Public Health Service program of research and technical assistance in air pollution.' It is generally accepted that responsibility for administration of a program for the prevention and abatement of air pollution should be at that level of government capable of dealing with the problem in its entirety. While this may indicate the desirability of air pollution control programs at a local or regional level, due consideration should also be given to the role of the state. It is essential that jurisdictional boundaries be established coincidental with natural geographical and topographical features which may affect air pollution conditions in any local area. The goal of air pollution legislation should be to maintain a reasonable degree of purity of our air resouirces consistent with:

The Library World Volume 54 Issue 7

IT is rare nowadays to discover in the annual or other reports of libraries any reference to current losses of books. There are many sides to this, as to every problem. Formerly it was held that a loss of one volume in an issue of a thousand was a reasonable loss; this our readers know. We do not recall a pronouncement based upon a count of stock and circulation recently. As our pages, and those of other library journals, have shown, the check and control of losses is a really costly business. Nevertheless, as long as we can remember, it has been impressed on librarians that we are custodians of a certain form of public property which we are expected to keep for as long in safety as that property retains its value. It can also be asserted that the discovery of whereabouts in the accounts of a bank a single shilling is missing may occupy hours of staff‐time; it is probably necessary to make it, and this was done a few years ago, and maybe is done now. To pose this problem nowadays, when there is so much else to be done, may be a little tactless. In the present conditions of public regard, or want of it, for the property of others, especially communal property, our eagerness to serve our people without let or hindrance, and the consequent removal of all barriers, wickets and entrance checks even in very busy libraries of large size—are we sure that we are absolved from all responsibility for the care of books?

Teaching Children to Cooperate

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsElizabeth Vernon HubbardSince cooperation is a social technique that must be learned, what guidance can teachers and parents give to assure that it is learned? Mrs. Hubbard, former teacher of first grade in the Winnetka, Illinois, public schools, discusses three important factors which are fundamental in teaching children to cooperate: working together in committees, respecting the property of others, and understanding between parents and teachers. Mrs. Hubbard is the author of “Your Children at School—How They Adjust and Develop” (John Day Company) for which Beta Pi Chapter of Kappa Delta Pi of New York University recently awarded her a certificate of merit for “the most outstanding contribution to science and the fine arts for the scholastic year 1941-42.”

The Ethical Standards of the Architects and the Procedure for Their Enforcement

IT has been said that in the Decalogue we have all the law that is in the province of legislatures and courts to maintain, and that while such bodies may determine arbitrarily what men shall not or must not do, all the wisdom of the world has not been able to determine wisely what men shall do except that they must render justice and respect the rights and property of others. If this is true of government in general, it should furnish the criterion by which to fix the limitations of canons of ethics which are mandatory upon us in our professional relations. Apart from such influence upon standards of practice as state registration laws may tend to exert, the architectural profession in general is governed chiefly by the ethics of the individual and by public opinion. The exception to this is found where practitioners have entered into an association