Properties Of Nanocellulose Research Articles

Recycling of TEMPO-mediated oxidation medium and its effect on nanocellulose properties

The potential of TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy)-mediated oxidation (TMO) to produce cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) is hindered using costly and environmentally harmful catalysts, limiting its large-scale implementation. To promote sustainability, the TMO medium should be reused but there is a lack of knowledge on this process. The novelty of this research is the identification of the key parameters that affect the recirculation of the TMO medium, and their impact on the quality of the oxidized pulps and CNF products. Contrary to previous hypothesis, results show that the accumulation of salts is not a key parameter; instead, the pulp consistency during oxidation plays a vital role since concentrations higher than 10 g/L led to better CNF quality. Thus, reusing 75 % of the reaction medium, when high pulp consistency is used, does not alter the CNF properties. By reusing the reaction medium up to six times, the catalyst dose is dramatically reduced by >90 % for TEMPO and 80 % for NaBr, compared to the conventional process (0.1 mmol of TEMPO/g and 1 mmol of NaBr/g without medium reuse). Additionally, the high consistency oxidation enables a reduction of >80 % in the reaction time and effluent, and thus a threefold increase in CNF production.

Nanocellulose/Nanodiamond Hybrids: A Review

Nanocellulose can be obtained from low-cost sources and has been extensively studied in the last decades due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, low weight, large specific surface area, and good mechanical and optical properties. The nanocellulose properties palette can be greatly expanded by incorporating different metals, metal oxides or carbon nanomaterials, with the formation of multifunctional hybrids. Nanocellulose–nanocarbon hybrids are emerging nanomaterials that can respond to many current challenges in areas such as water purification, energy storage and conversion, or biomedicine for drug delivery, tissue engineering, antitumor and antimicrobial therapies, and many others. Although nanocellulose–nanodiamonds hybrids are still in their infancy, these nanomaterials are extremely promising for applications requiring good thermal conductivity and mechanical strength along with optical transparency. A strong increase in the thermal conductivity of a nanocellulose film of about 150 times was obtained after the addition of 90 wt% single-crystal nanodiamonds and a 70% increase in the Young’s modulus of nanocellulose films was produced by the addition of 5 wt% nanodiamonds. Therefore, in this review, data related to the manufacturing routes, main properties, and applications of nanocellulose–nanodiamonds hybrids are presented and discussed. This review paves the way for new methods and procedures to obtain nanocellulose–nanodiamonds hybrids better adapted to practical needs.

Preparation and characterization of nanocellulose fiber (CNF) by biological enzymatic method

In this paper, using Styphnolobium japonicum, Cryptomeria fortunei and Pinus yunnanensis as raw materials, cellulose (CE) was first extracted by chemical method (CM1) and biological enzymatic method 2 (BM2), and then further prepared into nanocellulose fiber (CNF) by biological enzymatic method 1(CPM (CPM stands for cellulase and pectinase)). The CE and CNF were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, DSC and TG. The results showed that the CNF prepared by CM1-CPM was cellulose type II, CNF prepared by BM2-CPM was cellulose type I. The best crystallinity of the CNF prepared by CM1-CPM reached 74.1% ( C. fortunei CNF), the best yield was 24.0% ( S. japonicum CNF) and the minimum average diameter was 62.6 nm ( C. fortunei CNF). However, the best crystallinity of CNF prepared by BM2-CPM reached 80.1% ( C. fortunei CNF), the best yield was 27.4% ( C. fortunei CNF), and the minimum average diameter was 31.6 nm ( C. fortunei CNF). And also, the thermal degradation analysis of the CNF prepared from the three raw materials revealed that the CNF prepared by BM2-CPM had better thermal degradability. Finally, the thermal stability analysis of the C. fortunei CNF was carried out, and it was found that the residual mass of CNF prepared by BM2-CPM was 48%, while the residual mass of C. fortunei CNF prepared by BM1-CPM was 22%, which showed the C. fortunei CNF prepared by BM2-CPM had better thermal stability. Therefore, the properties of nanocellulose prepared by BM2-CPM are optimal.

Overexpression of a gibberellin 20-oxidase gene in poplar xylem led to an increase in the size of nanocellulose fibrils and improved paper properties

Cellulose, the major component of secondary cell walls, is the most abundant renewable long-chain polymer on earth. Nanocellulose has become a prominent nano-reinforcement agent for polymer matrices in various industries. We report the generation of transgenic hybrid poplar overexpressing the Arabidopsis gibberellin 20-oxidase1 gene driven by a xylem-specific promoter to increase gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis in wood. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and sum frequency generation spectroscopic (SFG) analyses showed that cellulose in transgenic trees was less crystalline, but the crystal size was larger. The nanocellulose fibrils prepared from transgenic wood had an increased size compared to those from wild type. When such fibrils were used as a reinforcing agent in sheet paper preparation, the mechanical strength of the paper was significantly enhanced. Engineering the GA pathway can therefore affect nanocellulose properties, providing a new strategy for expanding nanocellulose applications.

Impact of physico‐chemical properties of nanocellulose on rheology of aqueous suspensions and its utility in multiple fields: A review

AbstractNanocellulose (NC), due to its sustainable nature, high aspect ratio, superior mechanical strength, and availability of functionalizable OH groups, has been widely utilized as reinforcement in numerous fluids/plastics. The physico‐chemical properties of NC, like surface characteristics, dimensions/aspect ratio and their concentration, significantly impact the interparticle interactions, such as the extent of hydrogen bonding, van derWaalforces, hydrophobicity, electrostatic attraction/repulsion, and cellulose entanglement, and have been found to play a critical role in regulating the overall rheological characteristics of fluids. The functionalized NC aqueous suspension exhibited unique shear thinning properties, thixotropic behavior, and quick steady‐state viscosity recovery and viscoelastic properties. However, upon adding functionalized NC to other fluids, a different impact was noticed. For instance, it improved the viscosity, G′ and mechanical stability of bio‐ink; the setting time and mechanical strength of cementitious fluids; increased the filtration performance and provided a unique thermo‐thickening impact in case of water‐based drilling‐fluid; enhanced viscosity with time and heat in case of oil recovery, and so forth. Keeping in view the notable dependence of the rheology of fluids on NC additives, in the present review article, the impact of various physico‐chemical properties of NC additives on the rheological behavior of NC aqueous suspension and its utility as a rheology modifier in multiple advanced fields has been explored. This review article, compared to previous studies, warrants an update on the impact of recent NC surface functionalization/blending techniques employed and NC aspect ratio on specific properties of multiple advanced fluids.

Nanocellulose, The Origin of Natural Reinforcement in Advanced Biocomposites


 The study on nanocellulose was early reported in 1956 by Battista et al., for the term of level-off degree of polymerization of cellulose which nowadays the crystal is maintained with high aspect ratio (length/diameter) as named as cellulose nanocrystal and further, in 1983 by Turbak et al., for the term of microfibrillated cellulose which has gel-like structure and thixotropic viscosity properties, afterwards, the extraction study of nanocellulose has gaining sky rocketly in the number of publications, yet it is not commercially available in the market readily in the general bioproducts. Cellulose is the most abundant and ubiquitous linier biopolymer on earth and is found in the cell walls of plants as the origin, where it provides structural support for plants consist of glucose monomer with 1-4-β glycosidic linkage. While nanocellulose is a type of cellulose material that has been broken down into nanoscale dimensions which contain aggregation of cellulose biopolymer due to inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding within cellulose. Those nanoscales provide zero-defect, nir-dislocation, which caused high modulus strength and high tensile strength material, up to 150 GPa and 2 GPa, respectively. The remarkable properties of cellulose provide the wood as a strong, tough and smart living organism. Therefore, with nanotechnology, many scholars have seeking knowledge to mimic the biocomposite of wood to make lightweight, strong, tough, and functionalized advanced materials. The behavior of nanocellulose as reinforcing agents has been elaborated for their high surface area, surface charge for better dispersion, surface functionality, dimension and morphology, thermal expansion, crystallinity, and amphiphilicity. Beside nanocellulose properties, the key-technology to develop advanced bio-nanocomposite is the ability to handle the interface and interphase between reinforcing agent and its matrix and the choice of matrices is also important. The hierarchical structure of cellulose in wood could be the inspiration to modify the interaction of nanocellulose within composite such as hybrid, tertiary bio nanocomposite, honey-comb designed composite, or interpenetrated polymer networks composite.

Cryoslash as an effective pre-treatment to obtain nanofibrillated cellulose using ultra-fine friction grinder with kraft pulp

Abstract Approaches to obtain nanocellulose have been extensively suggested, and among the most competitive methodologies includes mechanical defibrillation, which results in a nanocellulose gel suspension that can be used in a variety of applications. However, standard procedures results in inhomogeneous fibre sizes due to its physical approach. Pre-treatments have been suggested, such as enzymes, but their cost is a disadvantage. In this work, we suggest the use of cryoslash for bleach kraft pulp using a simple methodology of embedding the dry kraft pulp in distilled water following by freezing at −80 °C, which was slashed using a common blender and submitted to an ultra-fine friction grinder. Samples were studied at various grinding steps 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120. Overall, the energy difference required to defibrillate with cryoslash was ∼3.26 kWh/kg at 30 steps and ∼6 at 120 steps, which was similar to enzymatic pre-treatment with nanofibrils significantly smaller. Cryoslash presented a unique C–H in plane structure from nanocellulose, related to a decrease in average size of fibrils, while crystallinity and thermal properties of nanocellulose remained stable at 60 steps, but mechanical properties increased until 120 steps along with the transmittance values related to the energy consumption curve.

The Colloidal Properties of Nanocellulose.

Nanocelluloses are anisotropic nanoparticles of semicrystalline assemblies of glucan polymers. They have great potential as renewable building blocks in the materials platform of a more sustainable society. As a result, the research on nanocellulose has grown exponentially over the last decades. To fully utilize the properties of nanocelluloses, a fundamental understanding of their colloidal behavior is necessary. As elongated particles with dimensions in a critical nanosize range, their colloidal properties are complex, with several behaviors not covered by classical theories. In this comprehensive Review, we describe the most prominent colloidal behaviors of nanocellulose by combining experimental data and theoretical descriptions. We discuss the preparation and characterization of nanocellulose dispersions, how they form networks at low concentrations, how classical theories cannot describe their behavior, and how they interact with other colloids. We then show examples of how scientists can use this fundamental knowledge to control the assembly of nanocellulose into new materials with exceptional properties. We hope aspiring and established researchers will use this Review as a guide.

Advanced Flexible Materials from Nanocellulose

AbstractWith the increase of environmental pollution and depletion of fossil fuel resources, the utilization of renewable biomass resources for developing functional materials or fine chemicals is of great value and has attracted considerable attention. Nanocellulose, as a well‐known renewable nanomaterial, is regarded as a promising nano building block for advanced functional materials owing to its unique structure and properties, as well as natural abundance. Typically, its high mechanical strength, structural flexibility, reinforcing capabilities, and tunable self‐assembly behavior makes it highly attractive to fabricate flexible materials for various applications. Herein, the recent progress in the design, properties, and applications of advanced flexible materials from nanocellulose is comprehensively summarized. The preparation and properties of nanocellulose are first briefly introduced and discuss its merits in fabricating flexible materials. Then, various advanced flexible materials from nanocellulose are introduced, and the critical role of nanocellulose in constructing flexible materials is highlighted based on its intrinsic properties. After that, their applications in energy storage, electronics, sensor, biomedical, thermally insulating, photonic devices, etc., are presented. At last, the outlook of the current challenges and future perspectives for developing nanocellulose‐derived flexible materials are discussed.

Controllable preparation of nano-cellulose via natural deep eutectic solvents prepared with lactate and choline chloride

Pretreatment with deep eutectic solvent is highly desirable to improve the efficiency of the preparation of nano-cellulose and simplify the operation. The natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) composed of lactate (LA) and choline chloride (CC) was applied for the preparation of nano-cellulose under mild conditions accompanied by simultaneous esterification modifications of it. The effects of the treatment conditions on the structure and properties of nano-cellulose were investigated and explained the mechanism from the perspective of molecular simulation. The results showed that the reaction time of nano-cellulose could be shortened to 3 h, and the reaction temperature could be as low as 100 °C. The esterification of cellulose not only avoided over-hydrolysis and dissolution in the pretreatment process but also ensured the high yield of nano-cellulose (up to 75 %−89 %). The crystallinity of nano-cellulose decreased compared with the raw material due to the influence of mechanical action. The nano-cellulose fibers (NCF) and nano-cellulose crystals (NCC) with different lengths were achieved by controlling the reaction conditions of the pretreatment of NADES. The esterification modifications of NADES on cellulose during the dissolution of nano-cellulose were confirmed by molecular simulation. The nano-cellulose prepared by this system has good stability, biocompatibility, and degradability, which can be used in the fields of medicine, strengthening composite materials, and emulsion emulsifiers.

Mechanical properties of cellulose‐based multiscale composites: A review

AbstractNanocellulose, which is cellulose in the form of nanostructures, has emerged as one of the most significant green materials of our time in recent years because of their appealing and exceptional characteristics such as abundance, high aspect ratio, improved mechanical capabilities, renewability, and biocompatibility. The present review mainly covers the effect of different properties of nanocellulose on the mechanical properties of nanocellulose‐based multiscale composites. Our review article covers the classification of nanocellulose structures, extraction of Nanocellulose, and mechanical properties of cellulose‐based multiscale composites such as tensile, flexural and impact, followed by the applications of nanocellulose‐based multiscale fiber reinforced polymer composites. There is a demand in the industry for an efficient alternate material to man‐made synthetic materials with superior mechanical properties. Nano cellulose‐based multiscale composites can be an efficient alternative to meet sustainability goals without compromising performance.

Review of Functional Aspects of Nanocellulose-Based Pickering Emulsifier for Non-Toxic Application and Its Colloid Stabilization Mechanism.

In the past few years, the research on particle-stabilized emulsion (Pickering emulsion) has mainly focused on the usage of inorganic particles with well-defined shapes, narrow size distributions, and chemical tunability of the surfaces such as silica, alumina, and clay. However, the presence of incompatibility of some inorganic particles that are non-safe to humans and the ecosystem and their poor sustainability has led to a shift towards the development of materials of biological origin. For this reason, nano-dimensional cellulose (nanocellulose) derived from natural plants is suitable for use as a Pickering material for liquid interface stabilization for various non-toxic product formulations (e.g., the food and beverage, cosmetic, personal care, hygiene, pharmaceutical, and biomedical fields). However, the current understanding of nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsion still lacks consistency in terms of the structural, self-assembly, and physio-chemical properties of nanocellulose towards the stabilization between liquid and oil interfaces. Thus, this review aims to provide a comprehensive study of the behavior of nanocellulose-based particles and their ability as a Pickering functionality to stabilize emulsion droplets. Extensive discussion on the characteristics of nanocelluloses, morphology, and preparation methods that can potentially be applied as Pickering emulsifiers in a different range of emulsions is provided. Nanocellulose's surface modification for the purpose of altering its characteristics and provoking multifunctional roles for high-grade non-toxic applications is discussed. Subsequently, the water-oil stabilization mechanism and the criteria for effective emulsion stabilization are summarized in this review. Lastly, we discuss the toxicity profile and risk assessment guidelines for the whole life cycle of nanocellulose from the fresh feedstock to the end-life of the product.

Sources, Chemical Functionalization, and Commercial Applications of Nanocellulose and Nanocellulose-Based Composites: A Review.

Nanocellulose is the most abundant material extracted from plants, animals, and bacteria. Nanocellulose is a cellulosic material with nano-scale dimensions and exists in the form of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), and nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC). Owing to its high surface area, non-toxic nature, good mechanical properties, low thermal expansion, and high biodegradability, it is obtaining high attraction in the fields of electronics, paper making, packaging, and filtration, as well as the biomedical industry. To obtain the full potential of nanocellulose, it is chemically modified to alter the surface, resulting in improved properties. This review covers the nanocellulose background, their extraction methods, and possible chemical treatments that can enhance the properties of nanocellulose and its composites, as well as their applications in various fields.

The Frontiers of Functionalized Nanocellulose-Based Composites and Their Application as Chemical Sensors.

Chemical sensors are a rapidly developing technology that has received much attention in diverse industries such as military, medicine, environmental surveillance, automotive power and mobility, food manufacturing, infrastructure construction, product packaging and many more. The mass production of low-cost devices and components for use as chemical sensors is a major driving force for improvements in each of these industries. Recently, studies have found that using renewable and eco-friendly materials would be advantageous for both manufacturers and consumers. Thus, nanotechnology has led to the investigation of nanocellulose, an emerging and desirable bio-material for use as a chemical sensor. The inherent properties of nanocellulose, its high tensile strength, large specific surface area and good porous structure have many advantages in its use as a composite material for chemical sensors, intended to decrease response time by minimizing barriers to mass transport between an analyte and the immobilized indicator in the sensor. Besides which, the piezoelectric effect from aligned fibers in nanocellulose composites is beneficial for application in chemical sensors. Therefore, this review presents a discussion on recent progress and achievements made in the area of nanocellulose composites for chemical sensing applications. Important aspects regarding the preparation of nanocellulose composites using different functionalization with other compounds are also critically discussed in this review.

Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites for Sustainable Applications: A Review.

Nanocellulose has emerged in recent years as one of the most notable green materials available due to its numerous appealing factors, including its non-toxic nature, biodegradability, high aspect ratio, superior mechanical capabilities, remarkable optical properties, anisotropic shape, high mechanical strength, excellent biocompatibility and tailorable surface chemistry. It is proving to be a promising material in a range of applications pertinent to the material engineering to biomedical applications. In this review, recent advances in the preparation, modification, and emerging application of nanocellulose, especially cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), are described and discussed based on the analysis of the latest investigations. This review presents an overview of general concepts in nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for sustainable applications. Beginning with a brief introduction of cellulose, nanocellulose sources, structural characteristics and the extraction process for those new to the area, we go on to more in-depth content. Following that, the research on techniques used to modify the surface properties of nanocellulose by functionalizing surface hydroxyl groups to impart desirable hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance, as well as their characteristics and functionalization strategies, were explained. The usage of nanocellulose in nanocomposites in versatile fields, as well as novel and foreseen markets of nanocellulose products, are also discussed. Finally, the difficulties, challenges and prospects of materials based on nanocellulose are then discussed in the last section for readers searching for future high-end eco-friendly functional materials.

APPROACHING SUSTAINABILITY: NANOCELLULOSE REINFORCED ELASTOMERS—A REVIEW

ABSTRACTAwareness of the environmental implications of conventional reinforcing fillers and the urge to reduce the carbon footprint have lead researchers to focus more on natural and sustainable materials. Nanocellulose from multitudinous sources finds use in elastomer engineering because of its distinctive properties, such as renewability, sustainability, abundance, biodegradability, high aspect ratio, excellent mechanical properties, and low cost. Green alternatives for conventional fillers in elastomer reinforcing have gained considerable interest to curb the risk of fillers from nonrenewable sources. The differences in properties of nanocellulose and elastomers render attractiveness in the search for synergistic properties resulting from their combination. This review addresses the isolation techniques for nanocellulose and challenges in its incorporation into the elastomer matrix. Surface modifications for solving incompatibility between filler and matrices are discussed. Processing of nanocomposites, various characterization techniques, mechanical behavior, and potential applications of nanocellulose elastomer composites are also discussed in detail.

Prediction of cellulose micro/nanofiber aspect ratio and yield of nanofibrillation using machine learning techniques

Predictive monitoring of two key properties of nanocellulose, aspect ratio and yield of nanofibrillation, would help manufacturers control and optimize production processes, given the uncertainty that still surrounds their influential factors. For that, 20 different types of cellulosic and lignocellulosic micro/nanofibers produced from spruce and pine softwoods, and by different pre-treatment and fibrillation techniques, were used as training and testing datasets aiming at the development and evaluation of three machine learning models. The models used were Random Forests (RF), Linear Regression (LR) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), broadening the scope of our previous work (Santos et al. in Cellulose 29:5609–5622, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04631-5). Performance of these models were evaluated by comparing statistical parameters such as Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and R². For the aspect ratio and the yield of nanofibrillation, inputs were chosen among these easily controlled or measured variables: Total lignin (wt%), Cellulose (wt%), Hemicellulose (wt%), Extractives (wt%), HPH Energy Consumption (kWh/kg), Cationic Demand (µeq/g), Transmittance at 600 nm and Consistency index (Ostwald-De Waele’s k). In both cases, the ANN models trained here provided satisfactory estimates of aspect ratio (MAPE = 4.54% and R2 = 0.96) and the yield of nanofibrillation (MAPE = 6.74% and R2 = 0.98), being able to capture the effect of the applied energy along the fibrillation process. RF and LR models resulted in correlation coefficients of 0.93 and 0.95, respectively, for aspect ratio, while for yield of nanofibrillation the correlation coefficients were 0.87 and 0.92.

The Effect of Acid Hydrolysis Parameters on the Properties of Nanocellulose Extracted from Almond Shells

ABSTRACT The effects of acid hydrolysis parameters (acid type, acid concentration, reaction time, and temperature) on the properties of nanocellulose (NC) extracted from almond shells were investigated. The highest percentage yield of NC obtained from each type of acid was 71.8% using 25% w/v sulfuric acid at 50°C for 60 min, followed by 71.1% with 50% w/v perchloric acid at 35°C for 15 min, and finally 67% with 50% w/v methane sulfonic acid at 25°C for 10 min. The hydrolysis treatment using sulfuric and perchloric acids greatly affect the NC particle size and length. The extracted NCs show different thermal degradation profiles due to the difference in the crystallinity index and types of acid used. Hydrolysis with strong acids (sulfuric and perchloric acids) produce NC with lower crystallinity due to the degradation of both amorphous and crystalline regions in the cellulose. Furthermore, BET analysis revealed the NCs from the hydrolysis using sulfuric acid possesses the highest surface area, desorption/adsorption pore diameter, desorption, and adsorption cumulative pore volume compared to other acids.

Structural and rheological properties of nanocellulose with different polymorphs, nanocelluloses I and II, prepared by natural deep eutectic solvents from sugarcane bagasse

Sugarcane bagasse, a sugar industry waste, has plentiful cellulose. The present work was aimed to prepare the quality nanocellulose with different polymorphs, nanocelluloses I (NC-I) and II (NC-II) utilizing natural deep eutectic solvents (choline chloride and oxalic acid dihydrate) combined with mechanical treatment from purified cellulose (celluloses I and II), which were prepared from sugarcane bagasse, and to further compare the structural and rheological properties of NC-I and NC-II. Results showed that the yields of NC-I and NC-II were 73.66 ± 0.11 % and 75.15 ± 0.08 %, respectively. Morphology indicated that NC-I had a needle-like appearance with a length of 769.9 ± 76.4 nm and a width of 4.9 ± 1.3, while NC-II displayed a rod-like profile with a smaller size (length: 196.3 ± 50.1 nm; width: 14.9 ± 3.8 nm). Structural characterization revealed that both NC-I and NC-II had high purity, good thermal stability (>300 °C) and high crystallinity (85.5 % and 86 %, respectively). Rheological and zeta potential properties revealed that NC-I suspension had bigger shear resistance, viscoelasticity and lower zeta potential, resulting in better storage stability compared with NC-II suspension. Therefore, the NC-I and NC-II with different characteristics may have potential applications in multiple fields, such as the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industry.

Application of 3D-bioprinted nanocellulose and cellulose derivative-based bio-inks in bone and cartilage tissue engineering.

212Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a modern, computer-aided, design-based technology that allows the layer-by-layer deposition of 3D structures. Bioprinting, a 3D printing technology, has attracted increasing attention because of its capacity to produce scaffolds for living cells with extreme precision. Along with the rapid development of 3D bioprinting technology, the innovation of bio-inks, which is recognized as the most challenging aspect of this technology, has demonstrated tremendous promise for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Cellulose is the most abundant polymer in nature. Various forms of cellulose, nanocellulose, and cellulose derivatives, including cellulose ethers and cellulose esters, are common bioprintable materials used to develop bio-inks in recent years, owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low cost, and printability. Although various cellulose-based bio-inks have been investigated, the potential applications of nanocellulose and cellulose derivative-based bio-inks have not been fully explored. This review focuses on the physicochemical properties of nanocellulose and cellulose derivatives as well as the recent advances in bio-ink design for 3D bioprinting of bone and cartilage. In addition, the current advantages and disadvantages of these bio-inks and their prospects in 3D printing-based tissue engineering are comprehensively discussed. We hope to offer helpful information for the logical design of innovative cellulose-based materials for use in this sector in the future.