Properties Of Mesh Research Articles

DETERMINING OPTIMAL SIMULATION SETTINGS FOR THE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PARTS OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

This paper explores the optimal simulation settings required by the optimization process of centrifugal canned motor pump parts using the CH 6,3/32-2,2-2 pump as an example. The optimization of centrifugal pump parts is particularly important in order to increase pump characteristics: pump efficiency, net positive suction head, as well as other optimization criteria. The optimal conditions to obtain a geometric model and optimal mesh properties, initial and boundary conditions, solver settings were investigated. The mathematical models used in the simulation were also presented. In conclusion, there have been revealed optimal simulation settings.

Extended 2-D Magnetic Field Modeling of Linear Motor to Investigate the Magnetic Force Parameters of High-Speed Superconducting Maglev

A 2D numerical finite element model of a linear synchronous motor (LSM) is extended based on the magnetic field and moving mesh properties to investigate the magnetic flux and magnetic force characteristics of the high-speed EML Maglev system, by using HTS coils rather than lower current carrying copper coils on the onboard unit and PMs on the ground. In this 2D LSM model, the transient, time dependent solver is used to obtain the magnetic flux densities. Both the propulsion and levitation forces increased with increasing supercurrent J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c0</sub> values indicating the advantage of using the superconducting windings in PM-LSM of Maglev vehicles as compared to the copper wires. It was also determined that although the propulsion force is obtained on a comparable level with the studies in literature, the lower levitation force issue than the EDS, despite the better propulsion to levitation force ratio, can be overcame by using the high flux trapping capacity bulk HTSs in the onboard unit together with the superconducting coils. The determined higher propulsion force in this PM-LSM Maglev model indicates that the Maglev vehicle can reach higher velocities in a short-distance and thus this vehicle can be effectively used in short-distance travels in addition to the long-distance transportation. On the other hand, since the EDS system to be accelerated in a certain time interval via conventional wheels to achieve sufficient levitation, PM-LSM system can be integrated into the EDS Maglev system to ensure higher acceleration in a short time interval in addition to the higher levitation and propulsion force performances.

Experimental Study on Lap-Spliced Performance of High-Strength Stainless Steel Wire Mesh in Engineering Cementitious Composites.

To investigate the mechanical properties of high-strength stainless steel wire mesh (HSSSWM) in Engineering Cementitious Composites (ECCs) and determine a reasonable lap length, a total of 39 specimens in 13 sets were designed and fabricated by considering the diameter of the steel strand, spacing of the transverse steel strand, and lap length. The lap-spliced performance of the specimens was tested through a pull-out test. The results revealed two failure modes in the lap connection of steel wire mesh in ECCs: pull-out failure and rupture failure. The spacing of the transverse steel strand had little effect on the ultimate pull-out force, but it restricted the slip of the longitudinal steel strand. A positive correlation was found between the spacing of the transverse steel strand and the slip amount of the longitudinal steel strand. With an increase in lap length, the slip amount and 'lap stiffness' to peak load increased, while the ultimate bond strength decreased. Based on the experimental analysis, a calculation formula for lap strength considering the correction coefficient β was established.

Efficient terahertz optical filtering with large-area all-metal and polymer-metal woven wire meshes.

Many components for terahertz (THz) optical filtering are mechanically fragile and are hard to produce with large aperture, making them unsuitable for applications where larger THz beam diameter is required. In this work, the THz optical properties of industrial-grade, readily available and inexpensive woven wire meshes are studied using THz time-domain spectroscopy and numerical simulations. These meshes are meter-sized, free-standing sheet materials that are principally attractive for the use as robust, large-area THz components. Our results show that such meshes can act as efficient, tunable THz bandpass filters due to sharp plasmonic resonance supported by the interwoven metallic wires. Further, the meshes that combine metallic and polymer wires act as efficient THz linear polarizers with a polarization extinction ratio (field) above 60:1 for frequencies below 3 THz.

Investigation of PP monofilament structural changes with various conditions used for deposition of TiO2 atomic layers by ALD technique

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology makes it possible to obtain biocompatible and homogeneous ultrathin oxide layers, which creates opportunities to modify the surface properties of PP surgical meshes, for example, through TiO2 deposition. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes occurring in the structural and physical properties of polypropylene (PP) monofilaments used for surgical mesh production after deposition of a thin film of titanium oxide by the ALD method under various conditions. The titanium oxide was deposited from TiCl4 and water in the temperature range 100 °C–160 °C. The surface morphologies and chemical compositions of the deposited layers were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray chemical microanalysis (EDS). Structural investigations of the PP monofilaments were carried out with wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal properties of the PP monofilament were characterized with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, the effects of structural changes were evaluated with tensile strength tests. The results made indicated the critical thermal conditions required for TiO2 deposition on PP substrates with the ALD method.

Mesh quality agglomeration algorithm for the virtual element method applied to discrete fracture networks

We propose a quality-based optimization strategy to reduce the total number of degrees of freedom associated with a discrete problem defined over a polygonal tessellation with the Virtual Element Method. The presented Quality Agglomeration algorithm relies only on the geometrical properties of the problem polygonal mesh, agglomerating groups of neighboring elements. We test this approach in the context of fractured porous media, in which the generation of a global conforming mesh on a Discrete Fracture Network leads to a considerable number of unknowns, due to the presence of highly complex geometries (e.g. thin triangles, large angles, small edges) and the significant size of the computational domains. We show the efficiency and the robustness of our approach, applied independently on each fracture for different network configurations, exploiting the flexibility of the Virtual Element Method in handling general polygonal elements.

Cell-Dependent Mechanical Properties of Asymmetric Crosslinked Metallic Wire Mesh with Hybrid Patterns Based on Arbitrary Poisson’s Ratio

Metallic wire mesh has gained attention as a potential material for lightweight aircraft structures, e.g., a metallic frame of morphing wings, due to its customizable mechanical properties associated with cell structures. However, the relationship between the pattern design of cell structures and the mechanical characteristics of metallic wire mesh remains unclear. The present work aims to investigate the mechanical behavior of asymmetric crosslinked metallic wire mesh with a hybrid Poisson’s ratio pattern, which has the potentials of arbitrary Poisson’s ratios. Two typical designs of cell arrangement for asymmetric crosslinked metallic wire mesh were proposed, namely negative Poisson’s ratio cells (NPRC) and positive Poisson’s ratio cells (PPRC). The in-plane Poisson’s ratio of asymmetric crosslinked metallic wire mesh was calculated based on the Euler beam theory. The effects of hybrid Poisson’s pattern and interwoven joint on mechanical properties, including macroscopic Poisson’s ratio and elastic bending recovery, were analyzed using numerical and experimental methods. The results demonstrate that the analytical Poisson’s ratio obtained from the proposed theoretical model agrees well with the simulation result. The hybrid structure which consisted of NPRC and PPRC could effectively control transverse shrinkage and become one of the most efficient potentials for promising structures with the arbitrary Poisson’s ratio phenomenon.

Novel Approach for Umbilical Hernia Repair Using Mesh Strips.

Two-centimeter-wide strips of macroporous polypropylene mesh were passed through the abdominal wall and tied as simple interrupted sutures to achieve umbilical hernia repair. A retrospective review of all elective umbilical hernia repairs performed by a single surgeon using the mesh strip technique between 2016 and 2021 was conducted, and patient-reported outcomes were assessed via a telephonic survey. Thirty-three patients underwent an elective, open mesh strip repair of a primary umbilical hernia and met criteria for inclusion in the study. Of these patients, 60% responded to a patient-reported outcomes telephone survey. Ninety percent of survey responders reported a pain score of 0 of 10. Additionally, 90% reported being unable to feel or palpate the knot, and 80% reported an improvement in quality of life. Mean follow-up at 3 years revealed one recurrence in the setting of ascites, yielding a recurrence rate of 3%. Primary mesh strip repair of umbilical hernias combines the simplicity of suture repair with the advantageous force distribution properties of mesh, and constitutes a safe, efficient, and effective method of repair with a low recurrence rate at long-term follow-up that is comparable to planar mesh repair.

Meshing theory of face worm gear drive with hardened cylindrical worm

This article proposes a novel linear contact face worm gear drive. The novel face worm gear drive consists of a face worm gear and a cylindrical worm enveloped by a tapered surface. The meshing theory for the novel face worm gear drive is systematically built up. The meshing theory on the base of the reference point is further developed aimed at the worm pair where the indexing surfaces are planar and cylindrical. The design methods of the rough size for the face worm gear are introduced. The computing method for the worm limit axial mounting distance is presented by employing the meshing limit line function. The asymmetry of the tooth surfaces for the worm pair is evaluated using the helix angle at the midpoint on the line of section for the worm gear tooth surface and the tooth profile angle for the worm axial section. Numerical results show that the geometric characteristics and the meshing properties for the tooth surface on both flanks of the novel face worm gear drive are asymmetrical. However, the meshing properties for the novel face worm gear drive are satisfactory.

Polypropylene Pelvic Mesh: What Went Wrong and What Will Be of the Future?

Polypropylene (PP) pelvic mesh is a synthetic mesh made of PP polymer used to treat pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Its use has become highly controversial due to reports of serious complications. This research critically reviews the current management options for POP and PP mesh as a viable clinical application for the treatment of POP. The safety and suitability of PP material were rigorously studied and critically evaluated, with consideration to the mechanical and chemical properties of PP. We proposed the ideal properties of the 'perfect' synthetic pelvic mesh with emerging advanced materials. We performed a literature review using PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library (Wiley) databases, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases, including the relevant keywords: pelvic organ prolapse (POP), polypropylene mesh, synthetic mesh, and mesh complications. The results of this review found that although PP is nontoxic, its physical properties demonstrate a significant mismatch between its viscoelastic properties compared to the surrounding tissue, which is a likely cause of complications. In addition, a lack of integration of PP mesh into surrounding tissue over longer periods of follow up is another risk factor for irreversible complications. PP mesh has caused a rise in reports of complications involving chronic pain and mesh exposure. This is due to the mechanical and physicochemical properties of PP mesh. As a result, PP mesh for the treatment of POP has been banned in multiple countries, currently with no alternative available. We propose the development of a pelvic mesh using advanced materials including emerging graphene-based nanocomposite materials.

Prospective cohort study on mesh shrinkage measured with MRI after robot-assisted minimal invasive retrorectus ventral hernia repair using an iron-oxide-loaded polyvinylidene fluoride mesh

BackgroundMesh-reinforced ventral hernia repair is considered the gold standard treatment for all but the smallest of hernias. Human data on mesh shrinkage in the retrorectus mesh position is lacking. A prospective observational cohort study was performed to measure mesh shrinkage in robot-assisted minimal invasive retrorectus repair of ventral hernias.MethodsA cohort of 20 patients underwent a robot-assisted minimal invasive retrorectus repair of their ventral hernia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging was performed one month and thirteen months after implantation of an iron-oxide-impregnated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) mesh to assess the decrease in mesh surface area. Inter-rater reliability among three radiologists regarding measurement of the mesh dimensions was analyzed. Quality of Life scoring was evaluated.ResultsThe inter-rater reliability between the radiologists reported as the intra-class correlations proved to be excellent for mesh width (ICC 0.95), length (ICC 0.98) and surface area (ICC 0.99). Between MRI measurements at one month and thirteen months postoperatively, there was a significant increase in mesh surface area (+ 12.0 cm2, p = 0.0013) and mesh width (+ 0.8 cm, p < 0.001), while the length of the mesh remained unchanged (−0.1 cm, p = 0.754). Quality of Life Scoring showed a significant improvement in Quality of Life after one month and a further improvement at thirteen months (p < 0.001).ConclusionThere was an excellent inter-rater reliability between three radiologists when measuring width, length, and surface area of an iron-oxide-impregnated PVDF mesh using MRI visualization. Mesh shrinkage was not observed, instead the effective mesh surface area and width of the mesh increased.

Structural manipulation of the gelatin/genipin network to inform the molecular transport of caffeine

Low-solid gelatin hydrogels crosslinked with varied levels of genipin were examined to determine the effect of morphological properties on swelling and bioactive diffusion phenomena. FTIR analysis paired with WAXD showed the successful entrapment of caffeine and, when combined with the ninhydrin assay, confirmed the crosslinking of gelatin with genipin. Further investigation of the system with rheological profiling yielded a picture of the overall gel strength increasing with crosslinking and a change in the conformation of the gelatin chains with genipin addition. SEM micrographs were utilised to confirm the microstructural evaluation given by the Flory-Rehner theory from swelling studies. Further quantitative estimations of the gel crosslinking were also developed using this theory with increasing genipin concentration markedly changing the network density and mesh properties. Diffusive transport of caffeine was analysed for different proportions of genipin crosslinking with the denser crosslinked structures evidently hindering the free movement of bioactive molecules. The coupling parameter (ξ) between polymeric network and bioactive cargo, and the critical molecular weight between two crosslinks (M*c) were also determined to relate structural property to molecular diffusion.

Highly conductive calcium ion-reinforced MXene/sodium alginate aerogel meshes by direct ink writing for electromagnetic interference shielding and Joule heating

• The MXene/sodium alginate ink is suitable for direct writing customized structures. • The Ca 2+ ion enhances mechanical and electrical properties of the aerogel meshes. • A wide range of tunable EMI shielding efficiencies from 45 to 100 dB is achieved. • The printed meshes present excellent Joule heating performance and stability. Although MXene sheets possess high electrical conductivity and rich surface chemistry and are well suitable for fabricating electrically conductive nanocomposites for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications, it remains challenging for MXene nanocomposites to achieve tunable EMI shielding performances and customized geometries. Herein, an aqueous MXene/sodium alginate ink is developed to print aerogel meshes with customized geometries using a direct ink writing approach. An ion-enhanced strategy is proposed to reinforce the printed aerogel meshes by multi-level cross-linking. The resultant 3D-printed aerogel mesh exhibits an ultrahigh electrical conductivity of 2.85 × 10 3 S m −1 , outstanding mechanical properties, and excellent structural stability in wet environment. More importantly, a wide range of tunable EMI shielding efficiencies from 45 to 100 dB is achieved by the structural design of the 3D printed ion-enhanced MXene/sodium alginate aerogel meshes. As a Joule heater, in addition, the printed aerogel meshes can achieve a wide temperature range of 40-135°C at low driving voltages. This work demonstrates a direct ink writing approach for the fabrication of ion-enhanced MXene/sodium alginate aerogel meshes with tunable EMI shielding properties and multi-functionalities for applications in various scenarios.

Investigation of Electromagnetic Sub-Modeling Procedure for the Breeding Blanket System

The outcome of the electromagnetic (EM) analyses carried out during the DEMO pre-conceptual phase demonstrated that EM loads are relevant for the structural assessment of the breeding blanket (BB) and, in particular, for the definition of the boundary conditions at the attachment system with the vacuum vessel. However, within the scope of the previous campaign, the results obtained using simplified models only give a rough estimation of the EM loads inside the BB structure. This kind of data has been considered suitable for a preliminary assessment of the BB segments, but it is not considered representative as input for structural analysis in which a detailed BB internal structure (that considers cooling channels, thin plates, etc.) is analyzed. Indeed, mesh dimensions and computational time usually limit EM models that simulate a whole DEMO sector. In many cases, these constraints lead to a strong homogenization of the BB structure, not allowing the calculation of the EM loads on the internal structure with high precision. To overcome such limitations, an EM sub-modeling procedure was investigated using ANSYS EMAG. The sub-modeling feasibility is studied using the rigid boundary condition method. This method consists of running a global “coarse” mesh, including all the conducting structures that can have some impact on the component under investigation and inputting the obtained results on the detailed sub-model of the structure of interest as time-varying boundary conditions. The procedure was tested on the BB internal structure, taking as reference a DEMO 2017 baseline sector and the helium cooled pebble bed (HCPB) concept with its complex internal structure made by pins. The obtained results show that the method is also reliable in the presence of non-linear magnetic behaviour. The methodology is proposed for application in future BB system assessments.

Extraction and use of frequency-domain relationships between time-varying gear meshing properties and diagnostic measurements

In gears, the key diagnostic information is carried in the gearmesh stiffness and geometric profile errors. These two key gear meshing properties combine nonlinearly with rotations and displacements of the gear shafts to produce a time-varying gearmesh force. This in turn passes through the system dynamic response before finally resulting in actual diagnostic measurements (e.g., vibration or transmission error). The closed form analysis of such transfer paths is rendered impractical by the complexity of the time-varying gearmesh force, and has therefore so far mostly been studied through time-domain simulations. Inspired by a previous linearisation method, this paper develops a matrix-based procedure on a multiple-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system to linearise the relationship between time-varying gear meshing properties (stiffness and geometric error) and measurements, thus producing frequency response functions (FRFs) between these key diagnostic inputs and the measurements. This FRFs are then used specifically to study the scarcely employed but highly promising diagnostic measurement of transmission error (TE), which is obtained by combining encoder measurements from the two gear shafts. The analysis of TE includes both an application of its experimental measurement for crack diagnostics under different operating conditions, and a discussion of the properties of the TE-FRF that make TE more robust to different operating conditions.

Simultaneous development of the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers of mixed convective laminar flow through a horizontal tube with a constant heat flux

The thermal and hydrodynamic features of developing mixed convective laminar flow in a long horizontal tube were numerically and experimentally investigated. The tube was heated at different constant heat fluxes and had an inner diameter of 11.52 mm and a total length of 9.5 m. Numerical simulations were conducted using ANSYS-Fluent 19.3 with a highly structured mesh and accurate temperature-dependant thermophysical properties for water. The studied parameters consisted of the wall temperatures, Nusselt numbers, vorticity, velocity and temperature gradients, hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer development, secondary flow, as well as significant momentum terms. By analysing the vorticity characteristics, it was found that our conventional understanding of the merging boundary layer in internal tube flows had to be modified. Subsequently, methods were proposed to determine the development of the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers, as well as the momentum terms. The experimental and numerical results indicated that the local mixed convective Nusselt numbers decreased near the tube inlet but then increased along the tube length as secondary flow increased significantly. Furthermore, an increase in secondary flow led to a decreased thermal entrance length but increased hydrodynamic entrance length. By analysing the simultaneous development of the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers, it was revealed that the entrance region of a mixed convective laminar flow could be divided into six regions: (1) hydrodynamic inlet region, (2) buoyancy development region, (3) buoyancy dominating region, (4) buoyancy settling region, (5) hydrodynamically stabilising region, and (6) fully developed region.

Waterborne polymer modified with zeolite for environment‐friendly slow‐release coated urea

AbstractIn order to improve the slow‐release effectiveness of waterborne polymer coated fertilizers, an environment‐friendly coated urea was developed by zeolite and waterborne polymer of starch soluble, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and chitosan. The properties of different mesh and content of zeolite on the membranes and the slow‐release property of coated urea were investigated. Zeolite decreased water vapor, ammonium permeability and porosity of waterborne polymer with an increased ammonium adsorption, and contributed to improve the slow‐release effectiveness of coated urea. In particular, zeolite‐modified waterborne polymer of 200 mesh and 3% content had best effect with 10.8%, 16.5%, and 59.8% decrease of water absorption capacity, water vapor permeability and ammonium permeability, 17.7% increase of water contact angles. Zeolite‐modified waterborne polymer coated urea for the coating contents of 7% had the best effect on the nutrient accumulate release rate. Therefore, zeolite‐modified waterborne polymers have potential to improve the slow‐release effectiveness of coated urea.

Development of the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers of forced convective laminar flow through a horizontal tube with a constant heat flux

The development of the thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layers of laminar flow through a smooth horizontal tube was investigated for forced convective conditions. The tube was heated at a constant heat flux and had an inner diameter of 4 mm and a length of 6 m. Numerical simulations were conducted using ANSYS Fluent 19.3 with a highly structured mesh and accurate temperature-dependent thermophysical properties. Laminar flow of air, water, and a mixture of 75% ethylene glycol (by weight fraction) in water was simulated, which covered a Reynolds number range of 630 to 2000 and Prandtl number range of 0.7–70. Theoretical methods were also used to obtain the relevant boundary layer growth parameters, such as velocity profiles, velocity gradient, vorticity, temperature profiles, Nusselt numbers, as well as hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thicknesses. Subsequently, methods were proposed to determine the development of both boundary layers in the entrance region, the locations at which the boundary layers merged, and the location at which the flow became fully developed. By analysing the velocity and temperature profiles, it was found that our conventional understanding of the merging of the boundary layers in internal tube flows had to be modified. Three distinct regions were identified in the hydrodynamic entrance region of laminar forced convective tube flow: (1) hydrodynamic inlet region, (2) shear stress developing region, and (3) vorticity adjustment region. Furthermore, three distinct regions were identified in the thermal entrance region: (1) thermal inlet region, (2) convective diffusion region, and (3) conductive diffusion region.

Surface Modification of Artificial Implants by Hybrid Nanolayers: Antimicrobial Surface Finishing and Strength Tests

Introduction: The aim of this work was the evaluation of surface modification in surgery of normally used hernia implants and thus improving their antimicrobial properties. The modification consisted of applying hybrid nanolayers with immobilized antiseptic substances (metal cations of Ag, Cu, and Zn) by sol-gel method which ensures prolonged effect of these substances and thus enables a greater resistance of the implant towards infection. In this work, attention is drawn to the issue of applying hybrid nanolayers, activation of mesh surfaces by physical plasma modification or ultraviolet C (UV C) radiation, and influence of these modifications on the mechanical properties of the final meshes. Next work will continue concentrating on the issue of antimicrobial efficacy and eventual toxicity of the prepared layers. Materials and Methods: Present-day materials of the most commonly used types of implants for reconstruction of the abdominal wall in surgery (polypropylene, polyester, polyvinylidenefluoride) were tested. Optimum conditions of application of nanolayers by sol-gel method and their thermal stabilization were examined first. Surface modification was verified by scanning electron microscope. The surface of implants was first activated for better adhesion by plasma treatment or UV radiation after preliminary tests. Maximum strength and ductility after activation and hybrid nanolayer modification were objectively measured on a universal Testometric tensile testing machine. Results: The results of surface activation of the meshes (by both plasma treatment or UV C radiation) provided similar and satisfactory results, and particular conditions differed based on the type of material of the mesh. Usage of antimicrobial sol AD30 diluted by isopropyl alcohol in 1:1 proportion appear to be optimal. All tested cases of meshes activated by plasma treatment or UV C radiation and with applied nanolayer concluded in a slight reduction of mechanical properties in modified meshes in comparison with the original ones. However, a slight reduction of test values was not of clinical importance. Conclusion: It was verified that surface modification of implants by sol-gel method is effective and technically possible, providing hopeful results.

Three-dimensional biofabrication of nanosecond laser micromachined nanofibre meshes for tissue engineered scaffolds.

There is a high demand for bespoke grafts to replace damaged or malformed bone and cartilage tissue. Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers a method of fabricating complex anatomical features of clinically relevant sizes. However, the construction of a scaffold to replicate the complex hierarchical structure of natural tissues remains challenging. This paper reports a novel biofabrication method that is capable of creating intricately designed structures of anatomically relevant dimensions. The beneficial properties of the electrospun fibre meshes can finally be realised in 3D rather than the current promising breakthroughs in two-dimensional (2D). The 3D model was created from commercially available computer-aided design software packages in order to slice the model down into many layers of slices, which were arrayed. These 2D slices with each layer of a defined pattern were laser cut, and then successfully assembled with varying thicknesses of 100 μm or 200 μm. It is demonstrated in this study that this new biofabrication technique can be used to reproduce very complex computer-aided design models into hierarchical constructs with micro and nano resolutions, where the clinically relevant sizes ranging from a simple cube of 20 mm dimension, to a more complex, 50 mm-tall human ears were created. In-vitro cell-contact studies were also carried out to investigate the biocompatibility of this hierarchal structure. The cell viability on a micromachined electrospun polylactic-co-glycolic acid fibre mesh slice, where a range of hole diameters from 200 μm to 500 μm were laser cut in an array where cell confluence values of at least 85% were found at three weeks. Cells were also seeded onto a simpler stacked construct, albeit made with micromachined poly fibre mesh, where cells can be found to migrate through the stack better with collagen as bioadhesives. This new method for biofabricating hierarchical constructs can be further developed for tissue repair applications such as maxillofacial bone injury or nose/ear cartilage replacement in the future.