Properties Of Liquid Products Research Articles

Catalytic Degradation of Lignin over Sulfonyl-Chloride-Modified Lignin-Based Porous Carbon-Supported Metal Phthalocyanine: Effect of Catalyst Concentrations.

A sulfonyl-chloride-modified lignin-based porous carbon-supported metal phthalocyanine catalyst was prepared and used to replace the traditional Fenton's reagent for lignin degradation. The catalyst underwent a detailed characterization analysis in terms of functional group distributions, surface area, morphological structure, via FT-IR, XPS, BET, and SEM. The catalyst possessed a specific surface area of 638.98 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.291 cm3/g. The prepared catalyst was studied for its ability of oxidative degradation of lignin under different reaction conditions. By optimizing the reaction conditions, a maximum liquid product yield of 38.94% was obtained at 135 °C with 3.5 wt% of catalyst and 15 × 10-2 mol/L H2O2; at the same time, a maximum phenols selectivity of 32.58% was achieved. The compositions and properties of liquid products obtained from lignin degradation using different catalyst concentrations were studied comparatively via GC-MS, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and EA. Furthermore, the structure changes of solid residues are also discussed.

Investigation of the Effects of Temperature and Catalyst on the Liquid Products of Waste Lubricant Oil Catalytic Pyrolysis

Catalytic pyrolysis is the process in which organic materials undergo catalytic thermal decomposition in the absence of oxygen. In this study, catalytic pyrolysis was conducted by heating waste lubricant oil in a modified catalytic reactor for 60 minutes at 350, 450, and 550°C. Furthermore, the effect of a catalyst on the pyrolysis of waste lubricant oil was investigated. The catalyst used was natural zeolite with particle sizes of 70/100 mesh, 200/250 mesh and > 400 mesh. The catalytic pyrolysis liquid products obtained were then analyzed to determine the viscosity, density, heat value and composition of carbon compounds. The results show that temperature, the addition of catalysts and the catalyst particle size affect the physical and chemical properties of liquid products. On the basis of these properties, liquid products can be grouped into several types of liquid fuels namely, gasoline, kerosene and diesel. The liquid products obtained with a catalytic pyrolysis at temperature 550°C and catalyst particle size of > 400 mesh have a density, viscosity, yield and heating value of 829.760 kg/m3, 1.9508 mPa⋅s, 45.33% and 10.981 calories/gram, respectively. The composition of carbon compounds in liquid products is 20.39% for C < 8 compounds and 79.61% for C8-C18 compounds. These liquids are similar to gasoline, kerosene and diesel.

Investigation of pyrolytic characteristics of three oily sludges with focus on properties of oil product

Pyrolysis is an important thermochemical conversion technology to recover the oily sludge resources and reduce the harmfulness of waste. This work aims to investigate the pyrolysis behaviors of three different oil sludges by using a thermogravimetric analyzer and two fixed-bed reactors. An attempt was made to determine a wide range of properties of liquid products. Three oily sludges included a tank bottom sediment (OS-1), an oil-water separator scum (OS-2), and a wastewater sediment concentrate (OS-3). OS-1 had a high content of oil, whereas OS-2 and OS-3 were characteristic of high contents of water and oxygen. The pyrolysis of as-received oily sludge in a vertical tubular reactor at 700 °C attained the oil yield up to 69.2 % for OS-1, against the oil yields ranged in 34.4–35.5 % for OS-2 and OS-3. These yields of pyrolysis oil were higher than or close to those of extraction oil. Through characterizing the molecular composition of pyrolysis oil and extraction oil, it was revealed that the pyrolysis promoted the cracking of long-chain alkanes and O/N-containing functional groups accompanied by the conjugation, cyclization and aromatization reactions. The analysis of the pyrolysis oils obtained from the horizontal tubular reactor showed that the liquid products derived from all three oil sludges had very low ash contents and viscosities, and the water-free pyrolysis oils had higher HHVs than the parent dried oil sludges.

Enhancing the Hydrodeoxygenation and Isomerization using Re Nanoparticles Decorated on Ni/SAPO‐11 Catalysts for Direct Production of Low‐Cold Flow Diesel from Triglycerides

AbstractThe novel bifunctional Ni−Re supported on bimodal SAPO‐11 catalyst was designed for an economically combined process of direct triglycerides hydro‐deoxygenation and isomerization into low‐cold flow diesel. The catalyst with a Ni to Re molar ratio of 1 : 0.12 exhibited superior performance for diesel production containing large fraction of iso‐alkanes in comparison to Ni and Re benchmarks. Comprehensive characterizations revealed that the detection of Ni and Re co‐existed with NiO and ReOx on SAPO‐11 after the reduction confirmed by XRD, XANES, and XPS analysis gave a large distribution of Lewis acid sites (>80 %) noticed by Pyridine‐DRIFTS measurement. Under investigations of WHSV, reaction temperature, and H2 pressure, the NiRe0.12 catalyst contributed a nearly theoretical 77.1 % liquid yield, accompanied by a 18.2 % jet‐range and 52.1 % diesel‐range yields with a classification for 46.8 % iso‐alkanes and 23.5 % normal alkanes yields; whereas, the cold‐flow properties of liquid product were in the ranges of winter diesel standard. It was remarkably noticed that the combination effects of Ni and nanosized Re species substantially improved the diesel production comprising iso‐alkanes components with proper catalyst lifetime and low carbon deposition attributing to the fabricated active metal species on bimodal SAPO‐11 features with large distribution of Lewis acidic sites.

Microwave–assisted hydrothermal conversion of crop straw: Enhancing the properties of liquid product and hydrochar by varying temperature and medium

Crop straw is gaining increasing attention as a green resource to be converted into biofuels, chemicals, and biomaterials through microwave-assisted hydrothermal conversion (MHTC). To reduce the energy consumption and improve the product quality, this research investigated the properties and formation mechanisms of products obtained from crop straws through MHTC by varying media and temperature. Increasing temperature, phosphoric acid, and magnesium acetate could promote the liquid yield, and increase the concentrations of organic matter and nutrient ions such as K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ of liquid product. Magnesium acetate, whose liquid product exhibited the highest concentration of total organic carbon, further facilitated the conversion of sugars to acids, resulting in acidic liquid products with high electrical conductivity. Increasing temperature improved the crystallinity and pore structure of hydrochar, but reduced the hydrochar yield and surface active groups. Magnesium acetate was beneficial to generate ordered carbon structure, surface nitrogen- and oxygen-containing groups, and reduced the crystallinity of the hydrochar. The pH of liquid product in the phosphoric acid medium was the lowest, which improved the pore volume, the particle size of carbon microspheres, and the amount of carbon microspheres of hydrochar. Hydrochar exhibited good wettability and could be used as a precursor for high quality activated carbon. Compared with previous research, under the temperature of 180 °C in the magnesium acetate medium, nutrients were more preferentially accumulated in the liquid products and the hydrochar possessed more active groups. This work provides a theoretical reference and technical support for MHTC of crop straws and value-added utilization of the solid-liquid products.

Thermal Disposal of Post-processing Water Derived from the Hydrothermal Carbonization Process of Sewage Sludge

Hydrothermal carbonization is a suitable method for sewage sludge management due to great improvements in its dewaterability and the successful application of its solid product, hydrochar, in different sectors. However, the resulting liquid product requires special treatment due to the amount of undesirable compounds it contains. The main purpose of this work is to study the use of distillation as a method of post-processing liquid purification. In addition, the influence of vacuum depth on the properties of liquid products was investigated. A number of chemical and physical parameters were determined to confirm the validity of this treatment method: TOC, COD, total nitrogen Kjeldahl content, ammonium nitrogen content, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, selected heavy metals content and phenol index. Distillation under atmospheric pressure caused reductions in the following parameters: COD, TOC, phenol index, heavy metals, chlorine by more than 90%: removal of 95% COD and TOC, 99.5% of PO4-P, 93% of Phenol, over 90% of heavy metals, and over 97% of free and total chlorine. In the case of distillation under -0.3 bar pressure, the following reductions were obtained: 97% of COD, 98% of TOC, 99.9% of PO4-P, 94% of Phenol, c.a. 98% of heavy metals, and more than 98% of free and total chlorine. Decreasing the pressure to − 0.5 bar did not producee any significant effects as the results were similar to distillation under atmospheric pressure. Both methods, distillation and distillation under lower pressures, can be used as an appropriate method of post-processing water utilization.Graphical

Effect of calcination temperature on Ce/OPA catalyst in HDPE catalytic pyrolysis to fuel grade liquid product

Catalytic pyrolysis of plastic polymers is becoming an important method for the conversion of plastic materials into valuable chemicals and fuel production. The effect of calcination temperature on cerium loaded on oil palm ash (Ce/OPA) catalyst and products in catalytic pyrolysis of HDPE plastic were studied. The catalysts were synthesized via wet impregnation method and calcined at 500 °C, 750 °C and 1000 °C. The surface morphology and surface structure of the catalysts were also analyzed. The catalytic pyrolysis was done in a batch reactor at 450 °C with 15 mL.min−1 of N2 and 10:1 of plastic-to-catalyst weight ratio for an hour. The liquid products of the pyrolysis were analyzed via mass spectrometry GC-TCD, GC–MS, FTIR, bomb calorimeter and viscometer. It is found the Ce/OPA catalyst that calcined at 500 °C for four hours showed better catalytic pyrolysis activity and has largest specific surface area (10.77 m2.g−1) and and pore volume (0.032 cm3.g−1) than the catalyst that calcined at 750 °C (4.52 m2.g−1 and 0.029 cm3.g−1) and 1000 °C (3.70 m2.g−1 and 0.006 cm3.g−1). The Ce/OPA catalyst that calcined at 500 °C catalytic cracked the HDPE waste with less solid yield (25.2 wt%) and more gas yield (18.40 wt%). Meanwhile, the Ce/OPA that calcined at 750 °C and 1000 °C produced the most gases product (14.4 wt%), but the gas products that was rich in CH4 and H2 achieved when Ce/OPA that calcined at 1000 °C was used. This is because a cation-disordered phase formed in the Ce/OPA catalyst during high-temperature calcination, thereby decreasing the oxygen storage/release capacity and lowering the catalyst’s pore volume and surface area. The liquid products with calorific value ranging from 50.34 MJ.kg−1–50.39 MJ.kg−1 and viscosity value between 1.06cP-1.29cP were also obtained. However, the calcination temperature did not affect the liquid product properties. In conclusion, the calcination temperature significantly affected the catalytic activity of Ce/OPA and improved properties of products.

Production of bio-based chemicals from palmitic acid by catalytic hydrotreating over low-cost Ni/LY char and limonite catalysts

Catalytic hydrotreating of fatty acid is respected to produce bio-based chemicals especially oleochemicals that can be applied as a high valuable raw material or intermediate materials for industries. Low-cost Ni/LY char and limonite catalysts can compensate the expensively commercial catalysts. Palmitic acid (PA) was represented as reactant. Chemical compositions of liquid product were analyzed and presented in compound group, carbon number distribution and product selectivity. Catalyst characteristics and liquid product properties were also investigated. BET surface area, pore volume, and pore size of the prepared Ni/LY char catalyst were 308 m2/g, 0.188 cm3/g and 2.43 nm, respectively, and those of limonite catalyst were 95 m2/g, 0.3 cm3/g and 12.59 nm, respectively. Based on the initial 3 MPa H2 at 300 °C, the obtained oleochemicals depended on catalyst type, reaction time and solvent. In case of Ni/LY char catalyst, ester was found in yield of 58.94% that mainly contained with isopropyl palmitate up to 82% of ester, meanwhile product from limonite was principally distributed in alcohol group with 51.84% in which n-pentadecanol was the major compound with 37.05% yield. The products showed the oxygen removal in range of 19.11–65.15 mol% and HHVs were increased to 32.11–34.13 MJ/kg when compared with PA.

Liquid fuel oil produced from plastic based medical wastes by thermal cracking

The present work is an effort to produce liquid fuel oil from plastic based medical wastes through thermal cracking process under oxidizing conditions. The mixed plastics from medical wastes were considered as a feedstock, shredded into small pieces and heated at 773 ± 10 K for 40 min with a heating rate of 20 K/min in a batch reactor for thermal cracking process. The feedstock was characterized by proximate and ultimate analysis along with thermogravimetric investigation. Moreover, chemical compositions of the liquid fuel oil were examined by FTIR and GC–MS spectroscopy. The properties of liquid product were also examined and compared to the commercial fuel oil. The average yield of brownish and sticky liquid fuel was obtained to be 52 wt% and the gross calorific value of the liquid was found 41.32 MJ/kg which is comparable to that of commercial diesel. FTIR spectrum showed characteristic absorption bands of C–H and =CH2 groups indicating presence of alkane and alkene compounds. GC–MS study demonstrated the chemical constituents of the liquid product that is mostly aliphatic compounds of mainly alkanes (16.28%), alkenes (10.67%), alcohols (14.65%) and ester groups (10.38%) including iso-phthalate (40.02%) as a predominant product. This experiment concludes that the liquid oil derived from thermal cracking of mixed plastics comprised of a composite mixture of organic components. A significant amount of non-degraded constituents like plasticizers, precursors, etc. remained in the product having some economic values with human health and environmental impacts during burning has been addressed in the current issue.

Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Liquid Product from Hydrothermal Carbonization of Animal Manure and Function as a Heavy Metal Leaching Agent in Soil

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is increasingly considered as a promising method to deal with animal manure. Inevitably, using this method for treatment of animal manure led to large amount of hydrothermal liquid. However, the effect of temperature on the characteristics of liquid product that derived from hydrothermal carbonization of animal manure was still incompletely clear. In this study, three types of animal (chicken, dairy, and swine) manures were selected for hydrothermal carbonization at three different temperatures (200, 250, and 300 °C), and the liquid was collected for further analysis, aiming to investigate the effect of temperature on the liquid properties and its potential function as a soil-leaching agent. Results show that high temperature led to high pH, volatile phenol, organic-N and Cr3+ concentration of liquid, but low chroma, COD, inorganic-N and Cr6+ concentration of liquid. Moreover, the manure types, temperature, and their interaction significantly (P<0.001) influenced the selected liquid properties except for BOD based on the two-way analysis of variance, indicating the liquid properties depended on the manure types and temperature. In addition, the extraction of Cu from contaminated soil using the liquid (hydrothermal carbonization of dairy manure, swine manure, and chicken manure at 200 °C) increased by 125%, 178%, and 424%, respectively, compared to distilled water, indicating that liquid can be applied as a promising soil-leaching agent for heavy metal remediation.

Catalytic cracking of chlorinated heavy wax from pyrolysis of plastic wastes to low carbon-range fuels: Catalyst effect on properties of liquid products and dechlorination

Catalytic conversion of useless chlorinated heavy wax (chlorine, 0.14 wt%) obtained from pyrolysis of refuse plastic fuel was studied using iron oxide impregnated HY zeolite to produce a useful liquid product. It was found that the largest liquid fraction (gasoline and kerosene/ diesel, 66.9 wt.%) with very low chlorine content was achieved when using Fe[3]/HY among impregnated HY catalysts. This demonstrated that the Fe impregnated HY catalyst had a dual function of catalytic cracking of HY zeolite and dechlorination of iron oxide. Excessive impregnation of Fe, i.e., Fe[20]/HY, showed the least cracking activity of heavy wax owing to the catalyst having lowest total acid sites, but yielded liquid product with the lowest chlorine content (60 ppm) among the tested catalysts. The spent catalysts were deposited by a significant amount of soft coke and chlorine, and they were totally restored by thermal treatment in air (700 ℃).

Production and characterization of the maximum liquid product obtained from co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and thermocol waste

The current study explores co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, and thermocol waste in a semi-batch reactor to evaluate the influence of temperature, and blending ratio on yield of products, and reaction time, and thereby characterize the maximum liquid product. The properties of liquid product (bio-oil), and the solid product (bio-char) obtained from thermal sugarcane bagasse, and co-pyrolysis sugarcane bagasse: thermocol waste bio-oil were investigated for physicochemical characterizations. The compositional analysis result of the co-pyrolysis liquid product established the presence of several aromatic compounds. The co-pyrolysis liquid product manifested a higher calorific value, carbon, and hydrogen content as compared to sugarcane bagasse thermal pyrolysis bio-oil. The co-pyrolysis liquid product can be used as a liquid fuel in internal combustion engines, as well as a precursor for value-added chemicals. The properties of bio-char suggested it can be used as a solid fuel, as well as an adsorbent.

Конверсия сверхвязкой нефти Ашальчинского месторождения в присутствии активного угля и сверхкритического водного флюида

The article presents the results of the primary processing of heavy crude oil in the presence of coal and a supercritical aqueous fluid, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the content of sulfur and resinous-asphaltene substances in its composition, and to increase the amount of light fuel fractions. The work revealed the distinсtive features of the change in the composition and properties of liquid products of the conversion of crude oil in a hydrothermal fluid at a temperature of 420 ° C, as well as in the presence of activated coal at a process temperature of 375 ° C and a similar pressure. The possibility of reducing the conversion temperature of crude oil due to the presence of active coal in the reaction medium is shown. It has been established that the formation of light fractions in the transformed heavy crude oil in a hydrothermal fluid in the presence of active coal occurs due to the destruction of resinous-asphaltene components. The developed technology is aimed at environmentally safe and residue-free processing of heavy hydrocarbon resources to obtain high-quality raw materials enriched with fuel fractions.

The Use of Dispersed Catalysts in Catalytic Steam Cracking of Heavy Oil

In this paper the influence of dispersed catalysts obtained in situ based on various metals (Mo, Ni, Fe, Co) has been studied on the yield and properties of liquid products in a slurry-reactorat a temperature of 425 °С and a pressure of 20 MPa. The most active catalytic compositions for the process of catalytic steam cracking of oil (Mo and Mo-Fe) were selected. In the presence of dispersed Mo and Mo-Fe catalysts the samples of the semisynthetic oils were produced. In the rectification process the gasoline, diesel, oil and residual fractions were allocated. The selected fractions were analyzed by physicochemical methods for a wide range of performance in comparison with the initial heavy oil. The efficiency of Mo-Fe catalysts for obtaining semisynthetic oil with an increased content of light fractions (i.b.p. – 360 °С) during the catalytic steam cracking of heavy oil was shown

Natural Zeolite Effect on Liquid Product Characteristics of Hydrothermal Treatment

Indonesia has an abundant resource of natural zeolite due to its geological location involcano pathway. This material has been widely employed in various processing technologies. Inspite of the diverse applications, the usage of zeolite in the hydrothermal treatment (HT) of waste israrely found. Recently, HT shows a promising technology for municipal solid waste (MSW)treatment. The main objective in this research is to study the influence of zeolite addition in HT ofMSW in terms of liquid product properties. In this research, equal weight of sawdust and crushedplastic bottle waste (PET) were used to represent MSW. The waste mixture was loaded into a 2Lbatch reactor with zeolite addition from Min (0%) to 20%wt. using 220oC temperature treatment.The liquid side product was then investigated in terms of organic compounds, functional groups,potassium (K) and phosphate (P) contents. It is assigned that zeolite addition enhancesdecomposition process of the MSW into various organic compounds as well as improving P ad Kconcentration in liquid product that can be utilized for fertilizer preparation.

Liquid product properties of pyrolyzed bamboo Saw-dusts

A pyrolyzer was fabricated for the collection of liquid products from the pyrolysis of untreated bamboo saw dusts from UPV-Bamboo Enterprise Development Project. Collection and analysis of the liquid products were performed for two temperature ranges from 490-500oC and 550-560oC. Based on the generated method from the fabricated pyrolyzer, the yield ranges from 8% to 16%.The analyses included the physicochemical properties of the liquid products such as the pH, viscosity, density, and heating value. For temperature ranges of 490-500oC and 550-560oC, mean values of pH were 4.47 and 4.30; density values were 1087.37 kg/m3 and 1066.76 kg/m3 ; viscosity values were 1.32 mm2/s and 1.62 mm2/s; and heating values were 1.99 MJ/kg and 2.51 MJ/kg respectively. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the pH, viscosity, calorific value, and density of the untreated bamboo saw dust with different operating temperatures of the pyrolyzer equipment using a One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) since the p-value of each test were greater than the specified I± = 0.05 level of signif- icance.

Hydroprocessing of Low-Temperature Coal Tar for the Production of Clean Fuel over Fluorinated NiW/Al2O3–SiO2 Catalyst

Hydroprocessing of low-temperature coal tar (LTCT) for the production of clean fuel was investigated over fluorinated NiW/Al2O3–SiO2 catalyst in a fixed bed reactor. A series of NiW/Al2O3–SiO2 catalysts with different F-loading were prepared by incipient wetness coimpregnation and characterized by various techniques such as nitrogen adsorption, FT-IR, XRD, SEM TPD-NH3, and XPS. The effects on the yield, properties of liquid products, and gas components from using fluorinated NiW/Al2O3–SiO2 catalysts were discussed. In addition, coke formation was also evaluated by TG-DTG. The result showed that the introduction of F influenced both acidity and active phase while have little effect on crystalline structure of NiW/Al2O3–SiO2 catalysts. Lower F-loading in the NiW/Al2O3–SiO2 catalysts not only improved catalytic performance but also was helpful to improve some of the physicochemical properties of liquid product including dynamic viscosity, density, distillation range and hydrocarbon content, and so on. The op...

Effect of unsaturation degree on microwave-assisted pyrolysis of fatty acid salts

This work is aimed to study the effect of unsaturation degree on microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) of fatty acid salts. Sodium stearate, sodium oleate, and sodium linoleate were selected as model compounds. MAP of sodium oleate obtained the highest yield of liquid product. GC–MS analysis of liquid product revealed that MAP of unsaturated fatty acid salt could produce alkadienes, cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes, alkynes and aromatics, which could not appear in liquid product obtained from MAP of saturated fatty acid salt, and unsaturation degree had a great influence on liquid product composition. Analysis of the gas product indicated that MAP of sodium oleate produced more CO2 and CO, while the MAP of sodium linoleate produced more gaseous hydrocarbons and H2. Analysis of the solid char showed that MAP of unsaturated fatty acid salts favors the cyclization and aromatization of pyrolysis vapours. The properties of liquid product were measured and analyzed, which confirmed that MAP of fatty acid salts is a feasible technology to produce high-quality renewable hydrocarbon fuels.

Co-pyrolysis of waste polyolefins with waste motor oil

The co-pyrolysis of waste polyolefins [waste polyethylene (PE) and waste polypropylene (PP)] with waste motor oil (WMO) was performed at different ratios under a nitrogen atmosphere at 500°C. The effects of WMO on the pyrolysis of waste polyolefins and their blends were investigated under identical conditions. The addition of WMO into waste polyolefins not only increased the liquid yields but also improved the properties of liquid products. In the most cases, the co-pyrolysis process had a positive synergistic effect on the liquid yields when compared with the calculated co-pyrolysis yields. The naphtha and paraffinic contents of the liquid products obtained from the co-pyrolysis of PE/WMO, PE/PP/WMO blends were higher than liquid products obtained from the pyrolysis of the individual waste polyolefins. The trace elements as well as heavy metals in the liquid products from the pyrolysis of WMO alone or the co-pyrolysis of waste polyolefins with WMO were observed to be lower than the WMO feed. The prominent gas products obtained from the pyrolysis of individual waste polyolefins and WMO or the co-pyrolysis of waste polyolefins/WMO blends were hydrocarbons and hydrogen. The heating values of the pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis gases were found to be in the range of 27.6–32.4MJNm−3.

Co-pyrolysis of waste newspaper with high-density polyethylene: Synergistic effect and oil characterization

Biomass from waste newspaper (WP) was first co-pyrolyzed with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in order to enhance the oil yield and its fuel properties. The synergistic effects during co-pyrolysis were investigated in terms of entire pyrolysis process, products yield and properties of liquid products (aqueous phase and oil phase) using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), physical properties analysis, elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results showed that synergistic effect occurred at 400–500°C resulting in an obviously increase in oil phase by 31.59% as compared to theoretical data. Positive synergistic effects on fuel properties of co-pyrolysis oil were observed, especially demonstrating dramatically decrease in viscosity and total acid number by 75.96% and 216.04% in comparison to theoretical data. WP pyrolyzed alone gives mainly oxygenated compounds in its derived oil, while HDPE give hydrocarbons. No cross reaction products appeared in co-pyrolysis oil, implying that the synergistic effects were determined by altering its compounds content rather than generating cross reaction products. Unfortunately, aqueous phase and oil phase exhibit similar composition.