Land Property Research Articles

Agricultural Land Rights Confirmation, Clan Network, and Farmers’ Investment in Production and Operation

This study is based on micro-survey data on rural household transfers in China. This study uses a multiple linear regression model (to analyze the relationship between variables), an instrumental variable model (to solve potential endogenous problems), and an intermediary effect model to explore the impact of farmland rights confirmation and clan network on farmers’ investment in production and operation and the relationship between clan network confirmation of farmland rights and farmer household investment. The research shows that: (1) The confirmation of farmland rights in China substantially bolsters farmers’ investments in agricultural production and operation. It serves as a secure foundation for land property rights, elevating farmers’ confidence and significantly contributing to the growth of rural economies and the improvement of farmers’ income levels in the Chinese context. (2) In the Chinese context, the existence of clan networks exerts a discernible adverse influence on farmers’ investment decisions in agricultural production and operation. This is primarily attributable to the restricted flow of information within these networks, the enforcement of stringent social norms, and the prevalence of risk-averse attitudes. These factors collectively act as barriers, dampening farmers’ enthusiasm for investment and impeding effective decision-making. (3) Importantly, the confirmation of agricultural land rights in China serves as a counterbalance to the inhibitory effects of clan networks. It achieves this by mitigating information asymmetry and reducing cooperation risks. This proactive approach not only promotes but also facilitates farmers’ investments in agricultural production and operation within the Chinese context. Consequently, land rights confirmation emerges as a key driver of increased rural investments in China. This study conducts in-depth research on the impact of farmland ownership confirmation and clan networks on farmers’ investment behavior and the mechanism of action, which provides a useful reference for formulating relevant policies, such as increasing the authority of cultivated land, promoting the modernization of clan networks, cultivating modern management capabilities, etc.

Natural Conditions and Properties of Lands of Agricultural Enterprises and Their Use

The study of ecology is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing influence of man on the environment and the inconsistency of his actions in the socio-biological aspect. As a science, ecology studies the patterns of formation and functioning of biological systems at all levels (from organisms to the biosphere) and their interaction with external conditions. Human interaction with the biosphere is becoming deeper and deeper and requires not only knowledge of its development, but also mastery of the laws of its change. Having learned to exploit nature, a person must learn to manage it and take into account its laws, know what can (and to what extent) and what cannot be changed in nature.

Formation and development of the Bosporus kingdom: separate historical and legal aspects

The article talks about the Bosporus kingdom as one of the states that managed to avoid annexation by Rome and preserved its autonomy for several centuries. This state was located in the Eastern Crimea and in the western part of the Taman Peninsula. Its capital was Panticapei (modern Kerch), which in ancient times was surrounded by nomadic (mainly Scythian and Sarmatian) peoples.
 It has been established that the Archeanactid dynasty ruled here at first, and from 438 to 109 B.C. - Spartokids dynasty. It was during the reign of Satyr I, Leukon I, Perisades I, Eumela I in the 4th century B.C. the Bosporus kingdom with its center in Panticapei reached its greatest power, an authoritarian system of government developed, and therefore, Bosporus came to be considered a kingdom with a monarchical form of government.
 The author analyzed the legal system of the Bosporus kingdom. It was found that the main sources of law were: the legislative activity of the kings of Bosporus, the rights of the Greek city-polises that were part of the Bosporus kingdom, and the customs of local tribes. Norms of civil law protected the interests of slave owners. Two main forms of ownership were defined: state and private. Land, slaves, cattle and movable property were owned. The main types of contracts were: purchase and sale, mine, loan and donation.
 The author also characterized the complex nature of marital and family relations. Agreements on the future marriage were usually concluded by the decision of the parents. A legal marriage resulted from an eggiesia, a formal private agreement between the head of the bride’s family, on the one hand, and the groom or his father, on the other.
 In the field of criminal law, the author established that the main types of crimes were: crimes against the state, against the community, and against a specific private person. However, the most serious crimes were often called adikia - a sin before the gods. The damage could be physical, moral or material.

Land use evaluation considering soil properties and agricultural infrastructure in black soil region

AbstractSystematic assessment of arable land use is a fundamental prerequisite to explore its sustainable development path. Agricultural infrastructure integrated with the tillage conditions and soil properties was used to evaluate the state of regional arable land use and its potential for sustainable productivity. We propose a combined weighting method integrating Delphi and entropy weights to consider both decision objectives and indicator attributes. The proposed approach takes into account both expertise and data feature, making the evaluating results more rational and applicable. The impacts of large‐scale land use change and regional urban distribution on soil properties and agricultural infrastructure were also explored to develop more rational and differentiated conservation strategies. Our evaluation showed that 44% and 48% of the soil properties of arable land in Heilongjiang Province, China, are in the excellent or good grades, respectively, meaning that no or only minor remediation measures are needed to achieve optimum conditions. Agricultural infrastructure deserves more attention from the management than soil properties, as only 16% and 24% of area have the same excellent and good grades. The results of the evaluation with a combination of subjective and objective weights are closer to a normal distribution curve than if only expert weights are used, which confirms our hypothesis that the new weighting method is more reasonable. The newly proposed weighted design method and index provide a better understanding of the sustainable productivity of agricultural areas and have a promising application in large‐scale black soil areas worldwide. The future rough growth strategy for resources will result in degradation and posed risks to regional ecological conservation. At the provincial level (up to 130 km), agricultural infrastructure declines and then rises as fields move away from cities, with the inflection point at 55 km. State‐owned farms are mainly responsible for this inflection point, which shift the agents of arable land from small farmers to large capital, with remote arable land receiving more investment. The impact mechanisms of urbanization should be deeper explored to address the challenges for arable land conservation.

Impact of landuse systems on soil organic carbon and its projection in northwestern India

AbstractThe evaluation of the impact of landuse on soil organic carbon (SOC) is required to understand the long‐term productivity and possible sustainability of a landuse system. The effect of landuse on SOC was studied in the Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab (India). Surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–30 cm) soil samples were collected under different land uses (cropland, forest, scrubland, and plantation) using stratified random sampling. Soil samples were analyzed for soil texture, bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, Olsen P (available P), NH4OAc–extractable K (available K), and CaCl2 extractable S (available S) using standard methods. Ordinary kriging was used to study the distribution of soil properties in different land uses. Soil organic carbon under future climate was simulated using Rothamsted carbon (RothC) model with current landuse and management practices. Organic carbon in surface and subsurface soils was in the order: Forest > scrubland > plantation > cropland. The content of organic carbon, available P, K, and S decreased with increasing soil depth. The simulated SOC content in cropland soils under future climate may reduce, and in soils under forest, plantation and scrubland may increase by the year 2100. These results suggest that the landuse system is one of the major factors affecting SOC stocks. The study of organic carbon in different landuses could help the famers and policy makers to take measures for increasing SOC stocks to mitigate the climate change and also for sustainable agriculture.

Land Use Change Effects on Soil Physical and Biochemical Properties during Wet and Dry Season in Forest and Shifting Cultivation (Jhum) Sites in Northeast India

Land use change is among the most serious concern in northeast India because of widespread practiced shifting cultivation locally called “Jhum”. This practice involves slashing and burning of plant biomass in a piece of forest land and cropping for few years (ca. 1-2 years) followed by land abandonment for 5-30 years to resume soil fertility. This study assesses the changes in soil physico-chemical and biochemical properties in forest and jhum land in wet to dry seasons in Mizoram, northeast India. A significant decrease in physico-chemical properties (e.g., 9-25%) and biochemical properties (15-39%) of soil in current Jhum land compared to forest land. This decrease was more pronounced in the dry period than in the wet period. The results showed that land use change negatively impacted the physico-chemical and microbiological properties of the soil. Notably, the transformation from forest to jhum land led to a decline in soil organic matter stocks, which serve as a crucial ecological indicator for assessing changes in soil quality resulting from forest clearance or crop cultivation. Therefore, sustainable land management policies need to be developed keeping such things in mind, such as agroforestry and farm forestry, in which the farming system grows trees alongside agricultural crops and animals on the same land management units.

Separating the consumption and investment demands for housing: Evidence from urban China

Over the last two decades, housing price-oriented regulation of the real estate market has sparked various debates in several contexts, including policy effectiveness and institutional bias. Scholars have explored the broad impact of policies such as land use controls, property taxes, and financial leverage on housing prices. However, very few studies have focused on the role of separating the consumption and investment demands for housing, especially when the housing bubble prevails and the basic living demands of residents are not fully met. This paper proposes a theoretical model and an empirical method to separate the consumption and investment demands for housing. Using data on housing sales prices and housing rental prices in 70 cities in China, we apply the CES effect function to exhaustively estimate the size of consumption and investment demand, and use a Two-level Hierarchical Liner Model to measure the heterogeneous effects of consumption demands and investment demands on housing prices and economic growth. Our study provides an insightful snapshot of the gradual housing market reform that is unfolding and has yet to be studied in contemporary China.

How path dependent urban morphology restricts the effectiveness of rezoning for urban consolidation: Lessons from Brisbane, Australia

ABSTRACT Existing urban morphology trajectories influence how planning interventions shape future development. Here, we use six purposefully selected neighborhoods, encompassing 10,519 individual properties, to analyze parcel-specific land use, zoning, and property boundary change over seven decades, to better understand the transformation of Brisbane, Australia. Our findings demonstrate the difficulty of overcoming the path dependency of urban morphology when attempting to deliver a contemporary goal of densifying existing urban areas. We highlight the need to tailor land use policy to specific neighborhoods by considering the differences in their existing urban morphology. This is particularly relevant when seeking to achieve densification in both regular, gridded neighborhoods and post–World War II suburbs with motorway infrastructure, neighborhood units and internal, curvilinear streets.

The transition of sokshing (leaf litter forest) property rights and management: A case study of Punakha and Wangdue district, Bhutan

Prior to the government's involvement, the local communities had customary rights over the forest including access to, use of, and management of forest resources in Bhutan. However, the fate of customary rights changed with the provision of new governance. A case of sokshing (leaflitter forest) and its management under new regulations are discussed in this study. The sokshing which was de facto independent and owned by private households and communities, was nationalized under the provision of the Forest Act of 1969. Subsequently, the Land Act of 1978 permitted the use of sokshing for the collection of leaf litter and fodder, restraining the use of standing trees and land. However, with the Land Act of 2007, the user right was abolished and sokshing was completely nationalized and deregistered from lagthram (private land registration record), infringing the people's customary rights. This study examined how an individuals responded to changes in the legal ownership of sokshing and its effect on the sustainability, management, and preservation of sokshing land. To achieve this, 61 households comprising both sokshing and non-sokshing owners were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Ostrom and Schlager's bundles of rights framework were used to examine the changes in the forest property rights of local people. The results revealed that despite the enactment of the 2007 land act, the majority of respondents continued to manage and use sokshing for the production of leaf litter. However, there were concerns among local people about the ownership of their sokshing land due to poor implementation of the land act and lack of clarity on land property rights. Therefore, to address the concerns and ensure the sustainable management and utilization of sokshing land, it is recommended that the Land Act of 2007 be amended to include provisions for thorough consultation and participation, the development of a comprehensive management plan, and the promotion of equity in the use and management of sokshing resources.

ANALYSIS OF TAX ASSESSMENT BY ASSEMBLY AND PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN FRAGMENTED URBAN LANDS – GWANGJIN DISTRICT, SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA

Due to the land readjustment project in Gwangjin District, Seoul, Korea, in the 1970s, Gwangjin was characterized as a single-family residential area for individual households. Over the following 40 years, the land-use situation changed dramatically, and ironically, there is now a too-fragmented residential area and very insufficient commercial areas. We employed a balanced panel data analysis. The data for this study were 24,177 parcel tax assessments and land assembly, split, zoning change, and property development activities over nine years from 2011 to 2019. We found that de facto land assembly would affect the tax assessment by delaying it a year more than it is when the development is approved, while formal land assembly did not. Development activity itself increased the assessment for that year only. Finally, formal land assembly in the commercial zone increased the assessment only for the following year, while property development in the residential zone increased the assessment for that year only. We recommend that the government provide land-assemblyfriendly policy incentives to allow for much larger property developments in both residential and commercial zones. The research on land and property development activities’ impact on tax assessment can provide a reasonable basis for the government’s tax assessment institution building.

Depremin Arazi Kullanım ve Arazi Örtüsü (AKAÖ) Üzerine Etkilerinin Google Earth Engine (GEE), Sentinel-2 Görüntüleri ve Makine Öğrenmesi Kullanılarak Değerlendirilmesi: Antakya Örneği

Natural disasters, especially earthquakes, known to be the most devastating process that threating human life, ecosystems, and land properties including land use and land cover (LULC). Understanding of such changes may help for rehabilitation processes, as well as presentation of baseline to develop management strategies for further steps. Remote sensing technologies have long been used for determination of change directions and magnitudes after earthquakes while development in cloud-based platforms provided users to avoid issues in storage and processing costs, effectively. In present study, it was aimed to determine LULC changes occurred around Antakya city of Hatay after February 06, 2023 and February 20, 2023 earthquakes, which caused serious losses. Moreover changes within 5 km zone from central coordinates were also investigated by considering individual subzones with 1 km width. One of the most widely used machine learning algorithm, random forest (RF), was used classify Sentinel-2 imageries via Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Accuracy assessment procedures were implemented to determine reliabilities of LULC2022 and LULC2023, and accuracies were found over 0.85. Investigation of overall changes have revealed that areas of forest (F) and cultivated fields (CF) were considerably decreased while concrete (C), natural vegetation (N) and water (W) areas have increased. Dispersal of collapse buildings resulted in increase of C class not only at city level, but also within each subzone of 5 km buffer zone. Classification of Sentinel-2 imageries through RF algorithm in GEE provided rapid and reliable results for determining changes in Antakya, whereby periodically monitoring of further changes strongly suggested.

Satellites capture socioeconomic disruptions during the 2022 full-scale war in Ukraine

Since February 2022, the full-scale war in Ukraine has been strongly affecting society and economy in Ukraine and beyond. Satellite observations are crucial tools to objectively monitor and assess the impacts of the war. We combine satellite-based tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) observations to detect and characterize changes in human activities, as both are linked to fossil fuel combustion processes. We show significantly reduced NO2 levels over the major Ukrainian cities, power plants and industrial areas: the NO2 concentrations in the second quarter of 2022 were 15–46% lower than the same quarter during the reference period 2018–2021, which is well below the typical year-to-year variability (5–15%). In the Ukrainian capital Kyiv, the NO2 tropospheric column monthly average in April 2022 was almost 60% smaller than 2019 and 2021, and about 40% smaller than 2020 (the period mostly affected by the COVID-19 restrictions). Such a decrease is consistent with the essential reduction in population and corresponding emissions from the transport and commercial/residential sectors over the major Ukrainian cities. The NO2 reductions observed in the industrial regions of eastern Ukraine reflect the decline in the Ukrainian industrial production during the war (40–50% lower than in 2021), especially from the metallurgic and chemical industry, which also led to a decrease in power demand and corresponding electricity production by thermal power plants (which was 35% lower in 2022 compared to 2021). Satellite observations of land properties and thermal anomalies indicate an anomalous distribution of fire detections along the front line, which are attributable to shelling or other intentional fires, rather than the typical homogeneously distributed fires related to crop harvesting. The results provide timely insights into the impacts of the ongoing war on the Ukrainian society and illustrate how the synergic use of satellite observations from multiple platforms can be useful in monitoring significant societal changes. Satellite-based observations can mitigate the lack of monitoring capability during war and conflicts and enable the fast assessment of sudden changes in air pollutants and other relevant parameters.

Morchella esculenta cultivation in fallow paddy fields and drylands affects the diversity of soil bacteria and soil chemical properties.

The properties of paddy field (DT) and dry land (HD) soil and food production can be enhanced by the cultivation of Morchella esculenta (ME) during the fallow period. However, whether ME cultivation affects the soil health and microbial diversity of paddy fields and drylands during the cultivation period remains unclear, and this has greatly limited the wider use of this cultivation model. Here, we analyzed the soil chemical properties and bacterial diversity (via metabarcoding sequencing) of DT and HD soils following ME cultivation. Our findings indicated that ME cultivation could enhance soil health. The content of soil phosphorus and potassium (K) was increased in DT soil under ME cultivation, and the K content was significantly higher in HD soil than in DT soil under ME cultivation. ME cultivation had a weak effect on alpha diversity, and ME cultivation affected the abundance of some genera of soil bacteria. The cultivation of ME might reduce the methane production capacity of DT soil and enhance the nitrogen cycling process of HD soil based on the results of functional annotation analysis. Network analysis and correlation analysis showed that Gemmatimonas, Bryobacter, and Anaeromyxobacter were the key bacterial genera regulating soil chemical properties in DT soil under ME cultivation, and Bryobacter, Bacillus, Streptomyces, and Paenarthrobacter were the key taxa associated with the accumulation of K in HD soil. The results of our study will aid future efforts to further improve this cultivation model.

TANGGUNG JAWAB PIDANA PEJABAT PEMBUAT AKTA TANAH DALAM HAL PEMBUATAN AKTA YANG MENGESAMPINGKAN ASPEK YURIDIS FORMAL


 
 
 
 Abstract: The land deed making officer is a public official who is given the authority to make authentic deeds regarding certain legal acts regarding land rights or property rights to flats. PPAT is responsible for checking the requirements for the validity of the legal act in question, including matching the data contained in the certificate with the lists in the Land Office. if it is not applied, it will cause a legal consequence that causes sanctions for a PPAT. The theory used in this study is the theory of legal consequences and the theory of legal responsibility. The formulation of the problem raised in this thesis is how the legal consequences of the land deed officials in terms of making the deed that overrides the formal juridical aspects and how the responsibility of the land deed officials in terms of making the deed that overrides the formal juridical aspects. The method used in this study with the type of normative juridical research is legal research literature or secondary data with sources of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The research approach used is the approach of legislation (Statute Approach), case approach (Case Approach), analytical approach (Analytical Approach), conceptual approach (Conceptual Approach) and legal material collection techniques carried out by identifying and inventorying the rules of positive law, literature, books, journals, and other sources of legal materials, legal materials analysis techniques carried out by systematic interpretation of legal interpretation, and supported by the construction. In the results of this study can be obtained by the forgery into the authentic deed is a legal consequence that will cause a sanction. Sanctions imposed on PPAT in committing a criminal offense in his position, based on an investigation of an institution that is coaching and supervision PPAT PPAT. If you commit a criminal offense as a result arising from PPAT, namely sanctions for dismissal carried out by the Minister regarding sanctions for temporary dismissal, dismissal with respect to dismissal with disrespect.
 
 
 

Reform of Agricultural Land Property Rights System and Green and High-Quality Development of Agriculture: Empirical Evidence Based on China’s “Three Rights Separation” Reform

Reform of Agricultural Land Property Rights System and Green and High-Quality Development of Agriculture: Empirical Evidence Based on China’s “Three Rights Separation” Reform

Tanggung Jawab Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah terhadap Batalnya Akta Jual Beli Akibat Tidak Adanya Dasar Kepemilikan yang Sah Atas Objek Perjanjian

Land Deed Making Officer is a general official who is authorized to make authentic deeds regarding certain legal acts regarding land rights or property rights to flats. One of the legal acts regarding land rights is a land sale and purchase transaction that can be legally proven through a Sale and Purchase Deed. In order to be considered as a form of agreement, a sale and purchase of land must meet the subjective and objective conditions of the validity of an agreement. In the event that a sale and purchase of the land does not meet the conditions for the validity of an agreement, it may result in the agreement being cancelable or null and void. Furthermore, if in the sale and purchase there is no legal basis of ownership of the land that is the object of the agreement, then the Sale and Purchase Deed will be null and void. The Land Deed Making Officer concerned in making the Sale and Purchase Deed on the related land can be held administratively, civilly, or criminally responsible in accordance and comparable to the errors and/or negligence committed by the Land Deed Making Officer.

A Rural Land Share Cooperative System for Alleviating the Small, Scattered, and Weak Dilemma in Agricultural Development: The Cases of Tangyue, Zhouchong, and Chongzhou

“Small, scattered and weak”, i.e., small-scale arable land holdings, decentralized operation, and weak effectiveness are common agricultural development problems that most developing countries face. Promoting the moderate-scale operation and modernization development of agriculture under the premise of protecting social stability is a complex and systemic process. In the evolution of China’s agricultural business model and land system reform, the Land Shareholding Cooperative System (LSCS) emerged. However, few studies have focused on the relationship between rural land institution innovation and agricultural economic development. We found great potential in this approach in solving the dilemma of “small, scattered, weak” in agricultural development, while protecting farmers’ land property rights. We described the cases of Tangyue, Zhouchong, and Chongzhou in rural China through the research method to illustrate how this occurred. This approach takes full advantage of the combination of “cooperative” and “shareholding” while alleviating the incompatibility of the historical allocation of arable land with urbanization and agricultural development. Balancing the development of factor markets and protecting the welfare of members contributes to its effective implementation. This study provides valuable examples of agricultural development in similar areas and countries.

A Local Housing Market in the Great Depression

AbstractHousing figures prominently during economic crises, a notable example being the Great Depression. Because housing is immobile, its market is very localized. In each city, the main agents are closely interconnected. Lenders depend on mortgaged homeowners and landlords to maintain payments; landlords rely on tenants; municipalities need all property owners to pay taxes. The Depression experiences of tenants, homeowners, and federal housing programs are well-appreciated; those of landlords and private lenders much less so. Considering the role of all agents, this case study of Hamilton, Ontario, focuses on owners and private lenders and asks who lost property, to whom, and how. Drawing on land registry and property tax records, city directories, and newspaper accounts, it documents the pattern and trajectory of defaults experienced by homeowners, landlords, and private lenders. Contemporaries and historians have used foreclosures as a measure of distress, but many borrowers defaulted voluntarily. The experience of Hamilton’s homeowners was similar to those in U.S. cities. Local landlords experienced higher rates of defaults than homeowners; private lenders foreclosed less often than lending institutions. Along with municipalities, both learned to be flexible in demanding payments. The high incidence of private mortgages, the stability of lending institutions, and the marginal role of the federal government were distinctively Canadian, but in general Hamilton’s experience is more broadly indicative.

The Impact of Land Property Rights on China’s Rural-urban Migration

Due to the historical background of China, the land system in China possesses urban-rural dual characteristics and different land property right compared to other countries. This uniqueness matched China’s land allocation but still evolve throughout the development of the country. In this paper, we will discuss the impact of land property right on China’s rural-urban migration through the government’s angle and the market’s angle with the help of a database from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) national statistical survey. Further analysis on future policies will also be provided.

Land Titling and Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Vietnam

Abstract This study quantifies the less salient yet important impacts of land titling on the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) in the context of Vietnam. Exploiting the within-plot variation in titling status, we find that land titling is positively associated with the implementation of SAPs. Specifically, being given formal titles to land makes Vietnamese rural households 6.58, 3.65, and 1.97 percentage points more likely to invest in soil-water conservation, adopt crop rotation, and leave the land fallow, respectively. These estimates represent increases of 8.7, 20.9, and 2 % compared to the sample averages, respectively. Given the substantial stress on the agricultural system generated by conventional farming, raising the adoption of SAPs could improve food security and alleviate hunger. Our findings also imply that strengthening land property rights through land titling can help us achieve sustainable development goals. The study calls for intensified policy efforts to make sure that formal land use certificates are issued for all farmlands.