Properties Of High Impact Polystyrene Research Articles

Rubber toughened glass fibre reinforced high impact polystyrene

This study aimed to investigate the effect of combining reinforcement agents (i.e. glass fibres) and rubber particles (ethylene-propylene grafted maleic anhydride, EP-g-MA) on the properties of high impact polystyrene (HIPS). HIPS was melt blended and compounded with EP-g-MA and glass fibres at a total weight percentage of both constituents ranging from 0 to 10 wt-%. HIPS content was kept fixed in all prepared samples of 90 wt-%. Samples for testing were prepared in accordance with ASTM 265D and ASTM D 1708 for Izod impact strength and tensile strength, respectively. It was shown that the toughness of HIPS could be significantly enhanced by proper combination of EP-g-MA and glass fibres. Composites with EP-g-MA content greater than 7 wt-% and glass fibre content of 3 wt-% had izod impact strength values greater than 99 J m−1 which reflects 11–77% enhancement over those value for neat HIPS and HIPS reinforced with 10 wt-% glass fibres .

Study on the flame retardancy of high impact polystyrene composites filled with organic-modified carbon nanotubes

ABSTRACTCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) were organic modified by the synthesized flame retardant (FR) named as spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate disphosphoryl chloride/10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (SPDH). CNTs-g-SPDH with a core-shell microstructure was successfully obtained, and its grafting efficiency was calculated to be about 65%. Effects of pristine CNTs and modified CNTs on flame retardation, structure and mechanical properties of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) were investigated. Cone calorimeter results showed that the heat release rate (HRR) and smoke production rate (SPR) of HIPS nanocomposites filled with CNTs or CNTs-g-SPDH were reduced. Moreover, addition of CNTs-g-SPDH resulted in better charring performance than that of pristine CNTs. Modification of CNTs improved compatibility and dispersion in the polymer matrix. Mechanical measurements showed that the Young’s modulus increased, while the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased. The negative effect of CNTs-g-SPDH on tensile strength of HIPS resin was obviously minimized by organic modification of CNTs.

Experimental and theoretical studies of the effect of long-term natural aging on the mechanical properties of high impact polystyrene

Effect of prolonged natural aging in the laboratory conditions at room temperature during 40 years on the mechanical properties of six different marks of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) was investigated. The deformation curves in tensile experiments were obtained. These curves indicated that the hardening effect is observed for all marks of HIPS after aging. The HIPS were also tested for creep at room temperature and constant tensile force. Specimens of most marks of HIPS does not fractured during 30 days. After natural aging during 40 years, the specimens were fractured in a time-to-fracture range from 10 minutes to 30 hours depending on the mark of HIPS. A modified version of the Maxwell equation written in the effective time scale is used to describe the obtained experimental creep curves. A good agreement between theoretical and experimental creep curves is observed.

Assessment of the Mechanical Properties of Marble and Granite Dust-High Impact Polystyrene Composites

Experimental work has been carried out to study the effect of adding marble and Granite dust (MGD) on the mechanical properties of high impact polystyrene (HIPS). The selected wt.% of MGD was 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60. MGD was chemically treated by adding 2 wt.% stearic acid in an attempt to prevent agglomeration of the dust particles. Mechanical tests were conducted according to the ASTM standards to assess the bending strength and impact strength for both treated and untreated MGD-HIPS composites and also, Vickers hardness test was carried out. SEM analysis was also performed to interpret the results achieved throughout different tests. Surface modification of MGD particles using stearic acid caused better dispersion of MGD particles which lead to reduced agglomerations and this was observed through the SEM micrographs. Bending and impact strength of MGD-HIPS composite decreased by the increase of MGD content in the treated and untreated cases. On the other hand the increase of MGD content resulted in the increase of the surface hardness of treated and untreated MGD-HIPS composites. Surface treatment of the MGD particles using stearic acid had a greater effect on the surface hardness of the composite as the treatment allowed the production of a 70 wt.% MGD-HIPS composite plate which lead to an increase in the surface hardness of the composite by 130% compared to pure HIPS.

Synergetic effect of MWCNT/nanoclays on microcellular polystyrene hybrid nanocomposite foams

Synergetic effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/nanoclays hybrid was investigated on the properties of high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) nanocomposite foams. The glass transition temperature and the cellular structure including the cell size and cell density were studied in details. Adding MWCNT and nanoclay increased the glass transition temperature of HIPS by 8.5 °C and 1.5 °C, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the cell size of HIPS foams was reduced from 84.05 to 60.97 µm and 40.22 µm using MWCNTs and nanoclays, respectively. The synergetic effect of MWCNT/nanoclay was more significant by reducing the cell size to 13.69 µm. The cell density was improved from 5.79 × 104 to 1.77 × 105 cell/cm3 using MWCNTs and to 9.39 × 106 cell/cm3 using nanoclays. The cell density reached to 2.90 × 107 cell/cm3 using the synergetic effect of MWCNT/nanoclay.

Synthesis of high impact polystyrene: the eff ect of butadiene rubber molecular parameters

The eff ect of butadiene rubber molecular parameters on conversion dependencies and viscosity characteristics of the process of graft copolymerization of styrene, microstructure and quality indicators of the synthesized samples of impact-resistant polystyrene was studied. It is testifi ed that an increase in the molecular mass of the elastomer does not aff ect the monomer conversion, however, it leads to a phase inversion shifting to the region of lower conversion degrees of styrene. In this case, an increase in the size of rubber particles and an increase in the content of the gel fraction are observed in the copolymer. The established changes in the microstructure correlate with the properties of high-impact polystyrene.

Effect of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNT) on the Properties of High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)

The composites of HIPS/MWNT were prepared by melt blending. The effects of the content of MWNT on the flow, mechanical, and flame retardancy properties of the composites were investigated. The morphologies of fracture surfaces were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). And the thermal stability of the composites was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the flow properties, the impact strength, the elongation at break, and the flame retardancy are improved with the proper addition of MWNT. The morphological behavior indicates the fracture surface of HIPS/MWNT is more roughness than that of HIPS. The addition of MWNT has little influence on the thermal stability of HIPS.

Synthesis and mechanical properties of high impact polystyrene with in situ bulk polymerization toughened by one‐pot Nd‐based styrene–isoprene–butadiene terpolymer rubber

ABSTRACTHigh impact polystyrene (HIPS) resins were obtained with in situ bulk polymerization toughened by styrene–isoprene–butadiene terpolymer rubber (SIBR). SIBR prepolymer was prepared through selective polymerization of styrene (St), isoprene (Ip), and butadiene (Bd) in St with [Nd]/[Al]/[Cl] catalyst. Nd‐based catalyst exhibited more favorable activity toward conjugated diene other than St, resulting in St solution of random SIBR with high cis‐1,4 stereoregularity and low St content, which was directly exposed to the free radical polymerization of St to generate HIPS. Effect of toughened rubber and the initiators [difunctional (D2) and trifunctional (T3)] were examined to attain HIPS possessing mechanical properties as follow: impact strength, 0.9–24.8 kJ/m2; tensile strength, 16.0–27.5 MPa; and elongation at break, 7.4–107.0%. Increasing SIBR matrix in HIPS improved the impact strength and decreased tensile strength. The fracture surface morphologies of HIPS specimens were studied by notched impact tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), illustrating that the incremental SIBR matrix presented synergistic toughening effect of crazing to enhance the ductile fracture behavior. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43979.

PENGARUH LIMBAH ABU PEMBAKARAN BIOMASSA KELAPA SAWIT TERHADAP SIFAT-SIFAT FISIKA DAN MEKANIK HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE

This study aims was to determine the effect of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) composite as filler on the physical and mechanical properties of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) composites. The research methodology included preparation of raw materials, treatment POFA (hydration process of POFA), mixing using tumbler and then extruder, molding composite specimens, and testing. The variables used were weight ratio of HIPS with 140 mesh POFA at 95/5; 92.5/7.5; 90/10. The composites were tested by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), ash content, specific gravity, tensile strength, elongation at break, impact strength, hardness test, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results of FTIR characterization shows the formation of –OH bonding that was suspected as Si-OH or Si-hydrat. Results of physical and mechanical properties of the composites shows that increase of the filler composition in HIPS-POFA composites until the ratio of 90/10, increase the specific gravity to 7.2% of the original, tensile strength did not change significantly to 28.4 MPa, elongation at break decreased to 2.7%, impact strength decreased to 3.183 KJ/m2, and the hardness increased to 110.5, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) test show the transformation of POFA structure on treated POFA and intercalation between the matrix and POFA.

Effect of Recycling on Rheological and Mechanical Properties of High Impact Polystyrene

High impact polystyrene (HIPS) was subjected to repeated thermal and shear stresses by different methods, using a high pressure capillary Rheometer, a laboratory extruder and a Brabender plasticorder. The results showed that the recycling of HIPS caused a decrease in the shear stresses and consequently in the viscosity at constant shear rate. The high pressure capillary Rheometer gave a greater decrease than with the Brabender plasticorder. Tensile strength values were progressively decreased with the laboratory extruder, but increased in the case of Brabender mixer; the elongation was decreased in both cases. This work was then applied in a local plant to compare experimental and actual results.

Nano-Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/Polystyrene (PS) core-shell nanoparticle: It’s effect on physical and mechanical properties of high impact polystyrene (HIPS)

Rheological, thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of core-shell [Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/Polystyrene (PS)]/High impact polystyrene (HIPS) as well as bare nano-CaCO3/HIPS nanocomposites with different wt% loading were investigated in this paper. All composites were prepared individually by incorporating nano-CaCO3/PS hybrid nanoparticles and bare nano-CaCO3 with 0.10–5.0 wt% loading on Brabender Plastograph. It was shown from the experimental results that rheological, thermal, mechanical and morphological properties were improved as hybrid nano-CaCO3/PS particles reinforced in HIPS matrix. The interaction between nano-CaCO3 particles and HIPS matrix was significantly improved when the nano-CaCO3 nanoparticles were grafted with PS. FESEM (field emission scanning electron microscope) and AFM (atomic force microscope) images showed a perfect dispersion of nano-CaCO3 particles in polypropylene (PP) matrix.

Influence of reaction operation conditions on the final properties of high impact polystyrene (hips)

The main objective of the present work is to analyze the influence of some important operational reaction parameters (agitation speed, polybutadiene - PB - content and initiator concentration) on the final properties of High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) produced in bulk. Variable effects are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively with the help of a fractional factorial design. Physical, chemical and mechanical properties were evaluated through measurement of the weight-average molecular weight (Mw), polydispersity (PD), volume-average diameter of PB particles (D(4,3)) and impact strength (Izod). It was found that PD and D(4,3) depend strongly on the initiator concentration, rubber concentration and agitation speed; Mw depends on initiator and rubber concentrations; and Izod depends on the rubber concentration, PD and D(4,3) in the analyzed experimental range. As a consequence, it was shown that control of final polymer properties can be easily performed through proper manipulation of the analyzed operational variables.

Radiation modified high impact polystyrene

The purpose of applying high energy (ionising) radiation with absorbed doses up to 1MGy was to achieve controllable changes in mechanical properties of high impact polystyrene (PS-HI) and, at the same time, to investigate the possibility of using reprocessed irradiated polymeric material. Dielectric relaxation of a radiation modified high impact polystyrene (PS-HI) has been investigated by the time dependence of charging and discharging current. The transient currents for the irradiated PS-HI were well approximated by the power function of the logarithm of time and related to the fractal dimension. It was also shown that yield strength and tensile strength increase while elongation at break decreases with increasing absorbed dose. The specimen prepared by a post-irradiation moulding gave higher melt flow rate than those of specimen formed before irradiation. These results indicate that after radiation the system of PS-HI is reprocessable. It is concluded that an oxygen environment at the beginning of irradiation leads to enhanced chain scission at the expense of crosslinks via peroxide formation and causes oxidative degradation of the main polymer chain of irradiated PS-HI at a low absorbed dose. However, at higher absorbed doses the quasi-inert environment has been established and crosslinking, due to recombination of macroradicals, is dominant.

Mechanical properties of HIPS/sugarcane bagasse fiber composites after accelerated weathering

The effect of accelerated weathering on the visual appearance and on mechanical properties of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) as well as HIPS reinforced with mercerized and bleached sugarcane bagasse fibers composites are investigated. After accelerated weathering period of 900h, under UV-B radiation and moisture regular cycles, changes in mechanical properties are investigated by tensile tests. Materials fracture surfaces are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study showed that the exposure time was sufficient to change the visual appearance of HIPS as the composites. From this study, it was observed that composites reinforced with bleached fibers are less susceptible to accelerated weathering exposure than composites reinforced with mercerized fibers, which is explained by the higher amount of lignin present in mercerized fibers.

Fracture characteristics of high impact polystyrene under impact fatigue loadings

This study analyses the impact properties of high impact polystyrene (HIPS). HIPS is one of the well-known toughened polymers. The high toughness is given by the rubbery phase. The impact fatigue behavior of HIPS was studied with a Ceast pendulum type tester (Resil 25). The fracture mechanisms were examined with a scanning electron microscopy. The nature of crack initiation and propagation was investigated for small impact angles and three different spans. The impact angles of charpy hammer were chosen as 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, and 25°. The fracture characteristics varied with the impact angle, the number of impacts, and the distance between supports. The rate of crack propagation was high at higher impact angles with lower endurance, and low at lower impact angles with higher endurance.

The effect of production method on the properties of high impact polystyrene and polyaniline membranes

In this study, different membranes were prepared using conventional polymer (high impact polystyrene) and polyaniline to evaluate their use in electrodialysis. Two different preparation modes were tested: chemical mixture with subsequent solvent evaporation; and mechanical mixture with subsequent pressing under heating. The purpose was to understand the effect of production methods on membrane microstructure and ionic transport. Membranes were characterized by swelling study, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopic, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis. Ionic transport through the membranes was evaluated using a three-compartment cell. The results of the produced membranes were compared with those of the commercial Nafion 450 membrane.

Changes in the mechanical and thermal properties of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) in the presence of low polypropylene (PP) contents

The final properties of recycled polymers greatly depend on the presence of impurities, which can be detected by differential scanning calorimetry. For the purpose of the present study a total of five high impact polystyrene (HIPS)/polypropylene (PP) blends (100/0; 97.5/2.5; 95/5; 92.5/7.5; 90/10) were prepared and injected at a temperature in the 220–250 °C range. The subsequent mechanical characterization indicates a reduction of tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used in the morphological analysis of the different blends. Finally the variations in the flow measurements and glass transition temperature were analysed using melt flow index (MFI) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The presence of impurities may have a negative effect on the mechanical properties of the material, but may improve material performance during processing.

Burning Rate, Mechanical and Rheological Properties of HIPS-PET and Clay Nanocomposites

We analyze the effect of montmorillonite clay nanoparticles on the burning rate (BR), mechanical and rheological properties of high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and blends of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and HIPS produced by a twin-screw extrusion process. It is found that the BR of the HIPS-PET system is considerably reduced at relatively high clay concentrations. On the other hand, the increase in clay concentration in the HIPS matrix none leads to an unexpected rise in the BR. The degradation temperature is determined by measurements of complex viscosity as a function of temperature. It is found that degradation temperature decreases with clay concentration, particularly in the HIPS-PET-clay nanocomposite, diminishing by 28°C with respect to that of HIPS at high clay contents. This low degradation temperature means that a char layer is formed at lower temperatures, so the BR decreases as well. Mechanical properties are also affected, such as the fracture strain.

The effect of natural weathering on the mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of high impact polystyrene (HIPS)

The effect of natural weathering on the mechanical, morphological and thermal properties on the high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and cold drawn HIPS are investigated. After natural weathering period of 8760 h, under known meteorological parameters, the changes in mechanical properties are investigated by using tensile, instrumented impact and hardness tests. Thermo-mechanical properties are characterized by using thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and melt flow index (MFI). Fractured surfaces of the materials are investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Natural weathering effects on fracture mechanisms are discussed by means of fractographical analysis. Remarkable morphological changes were observed especially at the surface of the material. This results in dramatic loss in mechanical properties.

Ograniczenie dymotworczych wlasciwosci tworzyw sztucznych na przykladzie wysokoudarowego polistyrenu

Basic information on methods of smoke properties measurement, according to Polish Standards obligatory for railway stock, were presented. Determinations of the values of illumination (E) and exposure (S) were done, as in the Standard, to characterize on this basis the smoke properties of high impact polystyrene (PS-HI) flame retarded with various amounts (up to 50 wt. %) of halogen free flame retardant - Mg(OH)2 (Table 2, Figs. 2 and 3). It has been found that PS-HI containing 40-50 wt. % of Mg(OH)2 reaches DL class (material of medium smoke properties) and can be used to produce nearly all elements of rolling stock equipment. The change in smoke color from black to gray or white, caused by Mg(OH)2 is also substantial.