Properties Of Ethylene Propylene Diene Research Articles

Effect of Silane Coupling Agents on the Rheology, Dynamic and Mechanical Properties of Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber/Calcium Carbonate Composites.

The effects of three trimethoxysilanes with different functional groups on the rheology, dynamic and mechanical properties of ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM)/calcium carbonate (CaCO3) composites were investigated respectively. The results showed that the addition of silane increased the value of MH and MH–ML of the compounds. Geniosil XL 33 silane decreased the shear modulus of the EPDM/CaCO3 compounds, and the bound rubber content increased slightly with the addition of vinyl trimethoxy silane (VTMS) and methylacryloxy-methyltrimethoxysilane (Geniosil XL 33) silane in the compounds. The vulcanizates with the addition of the VTMS and Geniosil XL 33 silane showed a significant increase in tensile strength and abrasion resistance; however, ethyltrimethoxysilane (ETMS) silane weakened the tensile strength and abrasion resistance of the vulcanizates. At low strain, the cross-linking and reaggregation of fillers resulted in a high storage modulus of vulcanizates with silane. When the strain exceeded 10%, the storage modulus of the vulcanizates with the Geniosil XL 33 and VTMS silane was higher. The loss modulus and tan δ of the vulcanized rubber with the Geniosil XL 33 and VTMS silanes were lower compared to the ETMS and 0 silane.

Ablation and thermal properties of ethylene propylene diene rubber/carbon fiber composites cured by ionizing radiation for heat shielding applications

In this study, new composites were prepared from ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) that loaded with various concentrations of short carbon fibers (SCFs) ranged from 5 up to 20 part per hundred part of rubber (phr). Aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) was added by two concentrations, namely 10 and 30 phr to EPDM/SCFs composites to enhance its heat shielding. Foaming agent, azodicarbonamide (ADC) was added to increase ablation resistance. Composites were prepared on open rubber roll mills, and then the rubber composites were gamma ray irradiated at different doses of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 kGy. Fiber incorporation into rubber matrix has been proven as a key factor in enhancing tensile strength and flame retardant properties of fabricated composites. The prepared composites were characterized by using various analytical methods counting physico-mechanical properties, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Ablation test (oxy acetylene test) and propagation flame test. The utmost mechanical performance was reported for the incorporated 5 phr of carbon fiber into EPDM at 100 kGy. Also, the flame retardancy and ablation properties for composites were enhanced by increasing addition of carbon fibers and ATH in presence of ADC.

Study the Influence of Processing Oil on the Physical Mechanical and Adhesion Properties of Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer/Chlorobutyl Blend to Polyester Fabric

In this paper, the influence of paraffinic oil on the physical mechanical, thermal and adhesion properties of three blends of EPDM Buna EP T.6465, Keltan 5260Q and Keltan 6160 D and CIIR have been investigated. The results showed that the tensile strength values and elongation at break of keltan 5260Q/CIIR and keltan 6160 D/CIIR with 10 wt.% paraffinic oil represent the improvement of 57.8%, 57.6% and 71% to 81% respectively, compared with one without oil. The mean peel force of EPDM keltan 6260D with 10% oil loaded is about 36% and 32.5% higher than that of EPDM keltan 5260Q and EP.T 6465 blends respectively. With suitable oil content, in this case is 10% wt., the thermal resistance of keltan 5260 Q and 6160D seems to be higher than that of without processing oil and suitable for thermal resistance rubber application.

Effect of silicon carbide on the mechanical and thermal properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer‐based carbon fiber composite material for heat shield application

AbstractIn this article, the preparation of silicon carbide (SiC), carbon fiber (CF), and ethylene–propylene–diene monomer composite with different parts per hundred of SiC (phr) ratio (CF/SiC; 10/0, 0/10, 10/10, 10/15, 10/20) and its effect on mechanical and thermal properties have been studied. After the incorporation of SiC up to 20 phr with a stable CF (10 phr), composites demonstrated higher tensile properties up to 12.09 MPa, elongation at break (725%), modulus (3.5 MPa), and hardness (79 Shore‐A) at composition (CF10SiC20 phr). Furthermore, the density of the composites has been achieved to a maximum value of 1.081 g/cm3 at composition (CF10SiC20 phr). The synthesized composite's functional group has been analyzed using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal stability of the composites increased with the inclusion of SiC up to 20 wt% while achieving the 520°C described by thermogravimetric analysis. After gamma irradiation analysis, the mechanical properties of the composites were slightly enhanced. Thermal conductivity of the composites has been maintained up to 0.21 W/mK at CF10SiC20 phr of the composites. The morphology of silicon carbide and carbon fiber was examined using scanning electron microscopy.

New type of montmorillonite compatibilisers and their influence on viscoelastic properties of ethylene propylene diene and methyl vinyl silicone rubbers blends.

New type of montmorillonite compatibilisers and their influence on viscoelastic properties of ethylene propylene diene and methyl vinyl silicone rubbers blends.

New type of montmorillonite compatibilizers and their influence on viscoelastic properties of ethylene propylene diene and methyl vinyl silicone rubbers blends

Montmorillonite modified with a grafted polyacrylamide layer (Mt-g-PAm) was used as an effective compatibilizer for the blends of ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) and methyl vinyl silicone (MVQ) rubbers. PAm was prepared by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) in such a way that varied PAm content and Mt. surface coverage was achieved, which was confirmed by FTIR, TGA, XRD and TEM measurements. The morphology of the hybrid compatibilizers influenced the elastic behavior of the composite blends during samples deformation which was due to varied polymer-filler-rubber network interactions as well as the varied chains entanglements effects. The selective location of Mt-g-PAm within MVQ phase as well as at the EPDM/MVQ interphase affected the dynamic mechanical properties of the composites (storage and loss modulus G', G" and tan delta values). Tan delta values were used to investigate the damping properties of the composites. The highest values were observed for hybrid compatibilizers grafted with dense brushes. Compared to the values of the neat matrix, an improvement of 118% and 161% was reported for long dense and short dense brushes, respectively.

Properties of ethylene propylene diene rubber/white and black filler composites cured by gamma radiation in presence of sorbic acid

The effect of incorporating sorbic acid (SA), an echo-friendly curing agent, and silica or carbon black (CB) filler, as well as gamma irradiation on the physico-chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) was investigated. The results indicated that the developed composites revealed improvement in the studied parameters over the untreated samples. Filler incorporation into rubber matrix has been proven a key factor in enhancing the swelling resistance, tensile strength and thermal properties of the fabricated composites. The improvement in tensile strength and modulus was attributed to better interfacial bonding via SA. Alternatively, a comparison was established between the performance of the white and black fillers. The utmost mechanical performance was reported for the incorporated ratios 10 phr SA and 40 phr white filler into a 50 kGy irradiated composite. Meanwhile, the incorporation of CB yielded better thermally stable composites than those filled with silica at similar conditions.

Curing characteristics and mechanical and aging properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer/calcium carbonate/bentonite hybrid composites

Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)/calcium carbonate/bentonite (Bt) hybrid composites were prepared via a laboratory size two-roll mill. In this work, loading ratio of calcium carbonate to Bt was varied, that is, 30/0, 5/25, 15/15, 25/5 and 0/30 parts per hundred rubber. The effect of partial replacement of calcium carbonate with Bt on the curing characteristics, tear properties, morphology, aging and fatigue life of the hybrid composites was studied. On increasing Bt loading, cure time, scorch time and maximum torque of EPDM/calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/Bt composites decreased, whereas minimum torque increased. The tear strength and fatigue life of EPDM/CaCO3/Bt hybrid composites showed improvement with increasing Bt loading. The results also showed that the retention of aging of EPDM/CaCO3/Bt hybrid composites decreased with increasing Bt loading.

Properties of Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer/Recycled Acrylonitrile – Butadiene Rubber Blends (EPDM/rNBR): Effect of the Addition of Bamboo Fillers

Cure characteristics and physical properties of EPDM/rNBR filled bamboo fillers were studied. Results indicated that the addition of bamboo fillers has significant effects on EPDM/rNBR blends. The scorch time, t2decreased up to 25 phr fillers loading but increased further to 50 phr fillers loading. Cure time, t90increases as the increase in bamboo fillers in the blends. At a similar blend ratio fine sizes bamboo fillers in EPDM/rNBR (S1: ≤125μm) exhibited higher value of t2ad t90compared to EPDM/rNBR (S2: 125-250μm & S3: 250-500μm). The minimum torque, MLalso increases with increasing bamboo fillers in the blend. Meanwhile, the maximum torque, MHof the EPDM/rNBR filled bamboo fillers were in contrast. The hardness and degree of crosslink density of the blends increased with the increase in bamboo fillers and reduce percentage of resilience at all blends. The fine sizes of bamboo fillers contributed to the better properties compared to the coarse sizes and medium sizes.

Prediction models for the key mechanical properties of EPDM/PP blends as affected by processing parameters and their correlation with stress relaxation and phase morphologies

The optimum condition of processing parameters (mixing temperature, rotor speed, fill factor, and blend ratio) and prediction models for the best key mechanical properties of ethylene propylene diene terpolymer/polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizates (EPDM/PP TPVs) was investigated by using the Taguchi's optimization technique and data analysis. The results reveal that all of the processing parameters affected significantly the mechanical properties of the EPDM/PP TPVs, but specifically the blend ratio contributed more than 90% in effect size on tensile strength and tension set. There were three main factors, the mixing temperature, the fill factor, and the blend ratio, influencing the elongation at break. Furthermore, the mathematic models were effective and reliable in predicting the properties of TPVs. The correlation of mechanical properties, stress relaxation, and phase morphologies of the TPVs prepared from the predicted models was also investigated. It can be summarized that the morphological structure and stress relaxation of the TPVs were strongly governed by the EPDM content in the blend ratio. That is, the higher the EPDM content, the better phase morphology having smaller size of the vulcanized EPDM particles distributed in the PP matrix and the higher rate of stress relaxation. Moreover, these two properties were then principally pushing the mechanical characteristics of the EPDM/PP TPVs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Study on preparation of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and properties of EPDM/LDHs composites

The aim of this work was to study preparation and characterisation of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and their effects on the mechanical and flame-retardant properties of ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) polymer. A series of Mg–Al, Ni–Al, and Cu–Al hydrotalcite-like compounds were prepared. The surface morphology, interlayer space, interlamellar structure, and thermal properties of these LDHs were investigated. Results showed that a best thermal stability could be obtained with Cu–Al–LDHs as the most effective components. EPDM/Cu–Al–LDHs composites were prepared by conventional compounding with EPDM and Cu–Al type of LDHs. The cure characteristics, tensile strength, wear resistant, and flame-retardant properties were investigated. The best properties were observed for 10 phr of Cu–Al–LDHs filled composite, which resulted in no obvious changes of tensile strength, increased thermal stability, 45% decrease in abrasion loss, and 53% increase in vertical burning time, respectively, compared to that of pure EPDM matrix.

The influence of γ radiation on the properties of elastomers based on ethylene propylene diene terpolymer and chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber

This work aimed to study the effects of γ radiation on the properties of ethylene propylene diene terpolymer/chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber blend reinforced with 50 phr of carbon black and cross-linked either with sulfur/tetramethylthiuram disulfide or dicumyl peroxide. Irradiation doses were 100, 200, and 400 kGy. It was observed that doses higher than 200 kGy practically destroy the assessed properties of all obtained elastomeric materials, irrespective of used curing system. However, samples cured with sulfur showed a pronounced decrease in mechanical properties.

Morphology, Foaming Rheology and Physical Properties of Ethylene-Propylene Diene Rubber/Ground Tyre Rubber (GTR) Composite Foams: Effect of Mechanochemical Devulcanisation of GTR

In this study, an attempt was made to enhance the foamability and physical properties of ethylene-propylene diene (EPDM) rubber/ground tyre rubber (GTR) composite foams, thereby providing a potential new route to recycle discarded tyres. Pan-mill type mechanochemical reactor made in our lab was applied to realise the partial devulcanisation and ultrafine pulverisation of GTR. Fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies indicated that the dispersion and interfacial adhesion between devulcanised GTR and EPDM matrix was much better than that of the untreated GTR and EPDM. The enhanced foamability through devulcanisation of GTR was confirmed by foaming rheological analysis. The physical properties of the composite foams were significantly improved through the devulcanisation of GTR. For the EPDM/GTR (100/30) composite foams, the rebound resistance was enhanced from 37% to 51% while the compression set was decreased from 43% to 33% via the devulcanisation of GTR. It has been proved that the mechanochemically devulcanised GTR can be used as a low cost but effective functional additive for enhancing the rebound resistance properties of EPDM foams.

Improvement of the mechanical properties of carbon black-filled ethylene propylene diene monomer using a metallic acrylate salt as filler

The effects of aluminum triacrylate on vulcanization, mechanical and morphological properties of filled peroxide-cured ethylene-propylene-diene rubber reinforced with carbon black are investigated. Curing kinetics is studied by rheometer and the results indicate that the curing characteristics are influenced by combination of conventional filler (carbon black) and reactive filler (aluminum triacrylate), because the former one enhances the physical cross-linking and the latter one introduces the ionic cross-linking. The results obtained show that the tensile strength, modulus, hardness and cross-link density were tremendously increased with increase of aluminum triacrylate loading in carbon black–filled ethylene propylene diene monomer. Moreover, the observation on the compounds showed that introduction of aluminum triacrylate reduces the elongation at break, resilience and abrasion of carbon black–filled ethylene propylene diene monomer. Morphology of the fractured surfaces of ethylene propylene diene monomer/carbon black/aluminum triacrylate composites was studied by scanning electron microscope. The morphological study indicates that interaction between the fillers and ethylene propylene diene monomer matrix has been improved by substitution of aluminum triacrylate filler with carbon black. Thus, the formation of ionic cross-links structures from both homo-polymerization aluminum triacrylate and graft co-polymerization of it onto the ethylene propylene diene monomer were the main reasons for the significant improvement in mechanical properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer/carbon black composites.

Preparation and properties of ethylene propylene diene rubber/multi walled carbon nanotube composites for strain sensitive materials

Conducting rubber composites of ethylene propylene diene M-class rubber (EPDM) were prepared with multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and organo-clay, Cloisite® 15A to develop flexible strain sensitive materials. The composites were prepared with a constant amount of organo-clay and various amounts of MWCNTs from 5 to 50 wt.%. Organo-clay led to improved dispersion of MWCNTs in the rubber matrix. Upon increasing the MWCNT contents, the tensile strength, stiffness and electrical conductivity of the composites increased significantly but the elongation at break decreased in the EPDM/MWCNT composites. The organo-clay was able to improve tensile strength, stiffness, elongation at break and electrical conductivity of the composites. The non-symmetric linear resistance change was observed by the composites under deformation.

The composition, morphology, and mechanical properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer‐encapsulated coal gangue powder/polypropylene composites

AbstractThe ternary composites of coal gangue powder encapsulated by ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) filled polypropylene (PP) were prepared to reduce the cost and control the microstructure aiming at high performance cost ratio materials. The result showed that EPDM can not only enhance the interaction between coal gangue powder and the matrix but also promote the dispersion of coal gangue powder. With the addition of coal gangue encapsulated by EPDM, the impact strength of composition dropped greatly, but it still kept about 11 kJ/m2 when the content of encapsulated coal gangue powder is more than 18 wt%. The tensile strength and fracture toughness (we) also dropped with the addition of encapsulated coal gangue powder, but only a small drop occurred when the content of encapsulated coal gangue powder is less than 18 wt% and great drop emerged when the content is larger than 18 wt%. Compared with coal gangue powder/PP binary composition, the ternary compositions involve higher content of coal gangue powder but present better properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers

Effect of some curatives on the properties of ethylene propylene diene rubber/polyethylene blends

A series of ethylene propylene diene rubber/polyethylene (EPDM/PE) blends has been prepared containing different weight fractions of PE up to 0.66. The blends were vulcanized with a sulphur system N-cyclohexyl-2-benzthiazol sulphenamide/sulphur (CBS/S), and a non-sulphur-system dicumyl peroxide (DCUP). The concentration of the latter has been changed from 1.5 phr up to 6 phr calculated on the total weight of the blend composition. It has been found that the maximum torque obtained from rheographs for blends vulcanized with the CBS/S system decreases markedly with increasing PE concentration in comparison with those vulcanized with peroxide. The E modulus obtained from the stress–strain diagram at 110 °C showed the role played by the crosslinking of PE, the E modulus for blends vulcanized by peroxide being higher than for samples vulcanized with CBS/S. In contrast, the values of E modulus of both samples are practically the same at room temperature and attain more than 40 MPa depending on the composition. The tensile strength at room temperature strongly increases with increasing the weight fraction of PE. It has also been confirmed that the melting point of the crystalline phase of PE decreases with increasing crosslinking density of PE. The shear modulus obtained from dynamic mechanical measurements is in accordance with that obtained from static mechanical measurements. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry

Effect of some curatives on the properties of ethylene propylene diene rubber/polyethylene blends

A series of ethylene propylene diene rubber/polyethylene (EPDM/PE) blends has been prepared containing different weight fractions of PE up to 0.66. The blends were vulcanized with a sulphur system N-cyclohexyl-2-benzthiazol sulphenamide/sulphur (CBS/S), and a non-sulphur-system dicumyl peroxide (DCUP). The concentration of the latter has been changed from 1.5 phr up to 6 phr calculated on the total weight of the blend composition. It has been found that the maximum torque obtained from rheographs for blends vulcanized with the CBS/S system decreases markedly with increasing PE concentration in comparison with those vulcanized with peroxide. The E modulus obtained from the stress–strain diagram at 110 °C showed the role played by the crosslinking of PE, the E modulus for blends vulcanized by peroxide being higher than for samples vulcanized with CBS/S. In contrast, the values of E modulus of both samples are practically the same at room temperature and attain more than 40 MPa depending on the composition. The tensile strength at room temperature strongly increases with increasing the weight fraction of PE. It has also been confirmed that the melting point of the crystalline phase of PE decreases with increasing crosslinking density of PE. The shear modulus obtained from dynamic mechanical measurements is in accordance with that obtained from static mechanical measurements. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry