Properties Of Engine Oil Research Articles

Investigation Lubricity Performance of Lubricating Oil Used in Marine Diesel Engine—Fuel Injection Pump

Diesel engines commonly suffer from oil contamination by fuel and other chemicals during operation and maintenance. This contamination alters the oil’s lubricating properties, leading to increased wear, corrosion, and other potential problems. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how oil degrades and becomes contaminated due to different replacement strategies is crucial for both engine operators and manufacturers. This study focuses on the impact of fuel dilution on specific properties of engine oil under real-world operating conditions in a marine diesel engine. Oil samples were collected regularly from the crankcase of the engine fuel injection pump and tribological tests were performed. These tests aimed to assess how marine gas oil affects the oil lubricity performance and how it maintains its useful life. The results confirm that diesel dilution primarily affects the oil lubricating abilities as well as overall performance.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИХ И ПРОТИВОИЗНОСНЫХ СВОЙСТВ МОТОРНЫХ МАСЕЛ ПО ЗАВЕРШЕНИИ ПРОЦЕССА ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ

There is given the study of viscous properties of engine oil, depending on the temperature before and after change on modern domestic gasoline and diesel cars, the determination of spectral characteristics and X-ray fluorescence analysis of wear particles after mileage. The degree of viscosity of semi-synthetic oils of two types is estimated. The oils were cooled and heated up to 150 °C. A digital viscometer was used, the dynamic viscosity of all oils decreased with increasing temperature, which is associated with oxidation in waste oil. To assess the effect of motor oil on engine operation, IR spectrometric analysis is performed and the thickness of the lubricating film is determined. The test results showed a qualitative and quantitative change in the characteristic frequencies of the new engine oil and the spent one after 10,000 km. X-ray fluorescence analysis makes it possible to analyze wear products and determine which mechanism in the engine is most susceptible to wear. Lines have characteristic absorption frequencies and indicate a change in physico-chemical properties of oil in the engine. An increase in contamination and in the viscosity of used oils is associated with the presence of impurities formed during the oxidation and polymerization of the base oil. It is necessary to increase the number of samples and sampling during different periods of operation so that you can verify the same effect throughout the entire engine operation. The results obtained indicate that these methods can be used to analyze and control the mode of operation of oils in the engine, allowing to determine the wear and further apply appropriate additives to the oil to improve performance properties.

Synergistic effects of graphene additives and piston ring surface treatment on friction properties of engine oil

The use of nano-additives improves the performance of lubricants by minimizing energy loss due to friction and wear. In this study, tribological properties of cylinder liner-piston ring were improved by modifying monolayer graphene with surfactants. Additionally, surface chemical chromium coating and chemical heat treatment were conducted on the friction surfaces of specially made piston ring samples to further enhance the friction of piston ring. From the comparison of experimental results, the best lubrication performance was exhibited by the use of 0.05 wt% modified graphene nano-lubricant, which reduced the friction coefficient by approximately 31.1% and improved the anti-wear performance by approximately 59.6% compared to the base oil. In addition, the effect of the graphene nano-lubricant on the friction performance of chromium-coated samples was more substantial than that of the chemically heat-treated samples. Under high-temperature and heavy-load conditions, the corresponding friction coefficient was reduced by 15.5% and 34%, respectively, when compared to the base oils. This can be attributed to the porous surface of the chromium-coated sample, which promotes the storage of the graphene nano-lubricant. The results highlight the synergistic effect of graphene additives and piston ring surface treatment on the tribological performance.

Comparative Study on the Thermal Properties of Engine Oils and Their Nanofluids Incorporating Fullerene-C60, TiO2 and Fe2O3 at Different Temperatures

The efficiency, durability, and overall performance of a car engine are influenced by several critical factors. The quality and properties of engine oil play a crucial role, and oil is used in internal combustion engines for lubrication and cooling purposes. This research study aimed to compare the impact of fullerene-C60 (99.5%), Fe2O3, and TiO2 nanoparticles on the thermal properties of C.A.L.T.E.X. red engine oil with grades 10W30, 20W40, and 20W50. This study focused on the effect of a nanoparticle concentration of 0.01 wt.% in different engine oil grades at various temperature values of 30–120 °C. The nanofluids were prepared using the two-step direct mixing method, employing a magnetic stirrer and an ultrasonicator, ensuring uniform distribution of nanoparticles in the base fluids. The thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of the base fluids and nanofluids were measured using the FLUCON LAMBDA thermal conductivity meter. Additionally, flash points were measured using the flash point tester. It was concluded that the thermal properties of TiO2 and Fe2O3 showed considerable enhancement; in contrast, fullerene only showed a 212 °C flash point.

Modelling lubricating oil wear using fuzzy logic

The content of this article presents research on used and fresh engine oils. The aim of the experiment is to preliminarily develop a method for assessing the condition of engine oil subjected to service. A four-ball tester was used to compare the lubricating properties of the engine oil as one component of the tribosystem under laboratory conditions. The method used to determine the mashing load consisted of subjecting the kinematic node to a linearly increasing load with a build-up rate of 409 N·s-1 under operating conditions of approximately 20°C and a spindle speed of 500 rpm. The presented article is a continuation of the consideration of the lubricating properties of engine oils subjected to operation. The tests carried out made it possible to observe that fresh oils are characterised by their ability to carry higher loads in relation to oils subjected to service. This is evidenced by the obtained values of scuffing loads, which have a higher value for fresh oils (The average percentage increase in scuffing load for fresh oils was 62.23%). Comparing the friction torque characteristics with each other, it can be seen that the values of maximum friction torque are also higher for the fresh oils group. The modelling process made it possible to characterise changes in the tribological properties of the lubricating oil being used. In the future, the described model will be extended to include further input parameters (viscosity, contaminant content, fractional composition, etc.), which will allow a multi-parametric assessment of lubricating oil wear.

Thermal Properties of Engine Oils through the Integration of Graphene Nanoparticles: A Greener Approach for Sustainable Mechanical Systems

Tribology is a high demand mechanical system with friction and wear. Mechanical systems lose efficiency as a result. One answer for this issue is to utilize an oil that can limit contact and wear, bringing about improved effectiveness. The advancement of effective lubricating added substances for tribological properties improvement and improved thermal conductivity has gotten huge modern and scholarly consideration. By and large, nano-sized particles scattered in lubricants, referred to as nano-based lubricant, are utilized in mechanical structures to lessen heat and forces of frictions. Moreover, new guidelines will empower the utilization of greener lubrication advancements in oils. To resolve this issue, lubricants should satisfy guidelines while able to give exceptional oil characteristics. As another green material, this research will investigate the dissolving of Graphene nanoparticles in lubricants. The objective of this study is to perceive what Graphene added 10W40 motor oil means for the thermal properties and tribological characteristics. Graphene, which was added to 10W40 lubricant, was used to study the best design. Graphene nanoparticles were distributed in baseline engine oil in a two-step process. In the preparation of Graphene-based motor oil with a low volume mixture in the scope of 0.01% to 0.07% was used. Thermal conductivity and viscosity are estimated for all volume mixtures. Testing uncovered that Graphene added 10W40 motor oil were steady all through the review, with very little deposits in the following 30 days. The thermal conductivity of Graphene in SAE 40 motor oil expanded as the volume mixture is added.

Mechanical Pressing of Coconut Oil and Evaluation of Its Lubricant Properties

Vegetable oils represent an important element in protecting a sustainable environment. The pursuit of environmentally friendly solutions and the ever-increasing costs of synthetic oil production are increasing the interest in natural vegetable oils. This paper presents and discusses the possibilities of using the oils obtained from coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.) harvested in Indonesia (North Sumatra region), with three maturity levels (green, yellow, and brown), as lubricants. The specific mechanical energy for linear pressing of the green, yellow, and brown types was 22.3, 20.7, and 18.5 J·goil−1, respectively. The water content of the oils obtained from the green, yellow, and brown types was 1786, 2033, and 1902 mg H2O·g−1, respectively. The mathematical models for linear pressing were established. The sizes of the wear area for the green, yellow, and brown types were 25.7, 24.4, and 34.3 mm2, respectively. The UV–visible spectral curves of the oils, in the range of 180–320 nm, were determined. The results of the lubrication properties of the Reichert test showed that better lubrication properties were exhibited by the green and yellow types, which are comparable to the lubricating properties of engine oils. The results from the SEM images also showed a better structure of the worn surface and fewer traces of abrasive wear.

The change in Diesel Engine Oil Properties During Performance

The change in Diesel Engine Oil Properties During Performance

Results of calculation of changing the pollution concentration and alkalinity of the gas engine oils

BACKGROUND: The issue of ensuring the reliability of internal combustion engines is a relevant composite task, solved in various directions. The important ones among them are the operation conditions, the type of fuel used, control of the motor oils condition, as well as justification of the service life of the latter. When ensuring the operational properties of engine oils of the dieselbased gas engines, the control of the main indicators of the operating oil is relevant.
 AIMS: Assessment of changes in the pollution load and alkalinity of the M10G2 oils of the dieselbased gas engines. Application of equations for the theoretical analysis of changes in the pollution concentration and decrease of alkalinity, as well as for building dependencies of oil indicators.
 METHODS: During the operation of internal combustion engines, thermochemical processes are actively developing in oils, leading to decrease in their quality due to the activation of additives and the accumulation of transformation products in oils. Mechanical impurities accumulate in the engine oil as a result of dust ingress with the sucked air or through leaks in the crankcase space, as well as due to the formation of insoluble oxidation products and wear of parts of the cylinder-piston group. The base number is a conditional measure of the oils ability to neutralize acids formed from the products of fuel combustion and oxidation of the oil base. The alkalinity specified by the presence of alkaline additives is consumed for the neutralization of acids at different rates.
 RESULTS: The process of oil aging in internal combustion engines and factors affecting the aging of engine oil are considered. Analytical equations are used to calculate changes in the pollution concentration and changes in the alkalinity of the diesel-based gas engine oil, graphical dependences of oil indicators on the service duration are given.
 CONCLUSIONS: The practical value of the study lies in the fact that, using the analytical equations, the value of changes in individual properties of diesel-based gas engine oils is analyzed. Operation of the engine with the oil which base number is below the limit leads to a decrease in engine reliability, accelerated wear of individual parts, lacquer formation and sludging on piston rings and cylinders. It is not allowed to use oils with the base number below 2 mg of KOH/g.

Towards nationwide implementation of 40% biodiesel blend fuel in Indonesia: a comprehensive road test and laboratory evaluation

This research focused on evaluating the technical viability of using biodiesel with a blending ratio of 40% v/v, which is expected to be implemented soon in Indonesia. Two kinds of biodiesel blends were prepared, a blend of 60% diesel fuel and 40% biodiesel (B40) and a blend of 60% diesel fuel, 30% biodiesel, and 10% hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) (B30D10). The fuels were tested on EuroII vehicles without any engine modifications through a 50,000 km endurance road test. Laboratory tests were also performed at certain traveled distances to evaluate various engine parameters, including power, fuel economy, exhaust emissions, and used engine oil properties. Engine components were inspected upon the completion of the road test. Cold-start ability was also examined to confirm the suitability of the investigated biofuels at low-temperature operating conditions in Indonesia. The road test results showed that vehicles fuelled with B40 and B30D10 could reach a distance of 50,000 km without encountering any technical issues. The laboratory evaluation during the road test indicated that B30D10 had a higher power and fuel economy than B40, with a maximum difference of 2%. Furthermore, B30D10 emitted lower CO, HC, and PM emissions than B40 throughout the distance traveled, with maximum differences of 11.4%, 14.7%, and 22.6%, respectively, but led to 15% higher NOx. Engine component inspection and used engine oil analysis confirmed the fulfillment of the manufacturer's recommendations for both B40 and B30D10. Finally, B40 and B30D10 were suitable for operating at low ambient temperatures in Indonesia, confirming them as practical options to be implemented in the nationwide 40% biodiesel blend fuel.

Reducing particulate emissions by using advanced engine oil nanoadditives based on molybdenum disulfide and carbon nanotubes

Nanoadditives can be used to enhance lubricating properties of engine oils. Although many additives have been developed, molybdenum disulfide and carbon nanotubes have attracted significant attention. In this study, we demonstrate that hybrid nanostructures based on these unique materials (MoS2/CNTs) positively affect engine oil lubricating properties. Hybrid nanostructures were produced via wet chemical synthesis in impinging jet reactor. This method is characterized by easy scalability and possible continuous operation, which are crucial in material commercialization. The application of 0.5 wt% suspension exhibited the best results, reducing the friction coefficient at the engine operating temperature by up to 26%. Nanoadditives protected the lubricated parts, causing their wear to be considerably lower than the base oil. The effect of nanoadditives on the quality of exhaust gases was also investigated, which has not yet been researched. The application of the oil with MoS2/CNT reduced the emissions of solid particles in the gasoline engine exhaust gas. The total volume of particles in the exhaust gas was reduced by 91% and 49% under idling and load-running conditions. This research showed that MoS2/CNTs can be successfully used as nanoadditives in engine oils for improving tribological properties, enhancing anti-wear performance, and reducing particle emissions in exhaust gas.

PROCESSES OF CHANGING THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AUTOMOBILE MOTOR OILS DURING OPERATION

Mathematical modeling of the operation processes of automotive engine oils allows to optimize the time of their use during operation. A certain significance for changing the qualitative properties of motor oils is introduced by such an operational indicator as „waste” oil consumption. The article describes the causes and parameters of engine oil consumption, as well as the mathematical model of changes in the physico-chemical properties of engine oil during operation. The one that will allow us to optimize the periodicity of replacing the engine oil, as a result this fact will allow us to increase the distance between the interventions of the corrective maintenance works of the means of transport.

Experimental testing of irradiated engine oil using an e-beam

Engine oil forms a complex system with a number of features. These features consist of hydrocarbons, various natural, or synthetic polymers. The irradiation of polymers becomes an integral part of modern industry. The lubrication, charge, thermal and cleaning requirements, which engine oils are expected to meet, are often chemically contradictory and manufacturers have to decide to compromise. Electron accelerators are widely used to enhance polymer properties. By applying radiation technology, it is possible to increase the desirable properties of polymers while leaving other properties at their original value. The paper focuses on combustion engine oil modified by e-beam. The assessed engine oil has a hydrocarbon base, which, from the chemical point of view, is processed as a polymer during the irradiation process. In this paper we have compared selected properties of the conventional and the irradiated engine oil during two exchange intervals. We have examined appropriate dose, dose rate, irradiation volume and a container on a single accelerated electrons energy. The examined oil properties were of a physical and physico-chemical nature, and included mainly kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, the total base number, soot content, oxidation, sulfation, significant chemical elements and wear particles. Every oil attribute is compared with its original value. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the application of e-beam is an adequate method used to enhance engine oil properties to achieve cleaner engine running, and extend engine oil lifetime.

Limitary State of Heavy-Duty Engine Oils and Their Evaluation According to the Change of Tribological Properties during Operation

The tribological properties of engine oils for heavy-duty trucks are evaluated, taking into consideration their variation during operation. After testing new oils or oils after a 2500 km and 5000 km run, there were no essential differences in their tribological properties at lower loads, but at higher loads and longer durations of operation, significant differences were found, including increased friction losses and the reduced surface wear protection ability of the oils. There are two main reasons for this reduced ability of the tested oils to form a boundary lubrication layer: the consuming of the functional additives and the aging of the oil, i.e., oxidation and an increase in acidity. Research data show a close relationship between the increasing acidity and surface wear.

Properties and tribological evaluation of graphene and fullerene nanoparticles as additives in oil lubrication

In this study, SAE-0W20 engine oil was mixed with graphene and fullerene nanoparticles. The goal of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of different carbon nanoparticles on the thermal, rheological, and tribological properties of engine oil, such as thermal degradation, viscosity, friction, and wear. Using a two-step process, graphene and fullerene nanostructures were dispersed in low-viscosity SAE-0W20 engine oil at a concentration of 0.05 wt.%. The friction and wear characteristics were evaluated in a customized cylindrical block-on-ring tribology test according to the ASTM G77 standard. Graphene and fullerene nanoparticles protect contact surfaces by forming a very thin protective film between moving mechanical parts thus resulting in wear and friction reduction. The results showed graphene nanoparticles have improved significantly the tribological performance of SAE-0W20 engine oil.

Effects of Vehicle Mileage Rate on Engine Oil Properties

The research focuses on the relationship between automotive mileage and its effect on engine oil deterioration. The effects of the new (2020) and old (2012) engines on the most important parameters, kinematic viscosity, flash point, and fire point were investigated. Measurements were performed on four-engine oil samples. Profi-car Endurance SAE 10W-30 semi-synthetic was used for all the engines. The maximum trip length for the oil samples was 8,000 Km. Kinematic viscosity was measured by using a KV1000 Bath (according to the ASTM D445). In addition, the flash point and fire point of the samples were determined by using the Open Cleveland method. This work investigates the difference between old and new engines in actual use on the roads in the rate of decrease in engine oil properties. The cumulative results obtained help drivers protect their car engines by changing engine oil when the engine’s mileage is above 100,000 Km. The comparison of the average results shows that the rate of deterioration of used oil in old engines is higher than in the new engines. It has been shown that the rate of difference in oil viscosity deterioration between old and new engines at cold temperatures, 40°C, and 100°C were 9.3%, 10%, and 4.78% respectively. Also, the different rate for the oil flash points and fire points was 5.56% and 6.75%.

THE INFLUENCE OF DIESEL FUEL QUALITY ON THE RESOURCE OF ENGINE AND ENGINE OIL

With an increase in the operating time of the machine, the properties of engine oils are constantly changing due to operating conditions, the effects of various factors, pressures and temperatures, as well as the actual condition of the engine systems and mechanisms that come into contact with the oil. To ensure the smooth operation of the internal combustion engine, it is necessary to monitor various oil indicators, including the determination of wear metals. (Research purpose) The research purpose is theoretically determining the influence of diesel fuel quality on the resource of engine and engine oil. (Materials and methods) It was found that increased wear of contact friction pairs, primarily the cylinder-piston group and the crank mechanism, begins when the permissible content of mechanical impurities in engine oil is exceeded. Basically, these are small particles of abrasives that have passed through the filter, which are formed in part of the carbon. It was noted that they are a fairly hard abrasive and quickly wear out piston rings, bushings, bearings. (Results and discussion) It was revealed that negative changes in the physico-chemical properties of engine oil, a high concentration of wear elements are due to the use of high-sulfur fuel, the sulfur concentration of which in the diesel fuel used exceeds the permissible limits by more than 1000 times. In this regard, the effective, neutralizing properties of the lubricant were exhausted many times faster. It was noted that the high concentration of sulfur caused increased wear of the contact friction pairs of engine parts. (Conclusions) The use of low-sulfur fuel in the operation of a diesel engine will increase the life of the oil and engine. The annual number of oil changes will decrease, therefore, the cost of operating the car will be reduced. Receiving timely information about impurities in engine oil warns of emerging problems in the engine. This will help to avoid serious repairs and high costs and will lead to significant savings for the fleet.

Current Status of the Quality of Oil Fillings in the Heavy Technology of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic

Monitoring of oil fillings in internal combustion engines was focused on heavy military equipment (Tatra 815, Praga PV3S, BVP, BRDM) on which operation was stopped due to a malfunction. The equipment, which was handed over to the 3rd level military service, was also subjected to an oil sample. The tribodiagnostic analysis was focused on the basic chemical and physical properties of engine oil using the most modern devices (optical and FTIR analysys). The article provides not only information about the most fragile parameters of motor oils (AW Additive, TBN, kinematic viscosity) and their cause, but also a statistical overview of the current condition of motor oils on military equipment in the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic for the year 2022.

On the influence of nano- and highly dispersed powder additives for performance engine oil properties

Studies of sedimentation stability have shown that for additives containing smaller particles of powder components (30…50 nm) it is 1.32 times higher than for additives containing larger particles of powders (50…300 nm). The analysis of the experimental results showed that the modification of Lukoil 10W - 40 engine oil with the addition of L-60 brass powder with a particle size of 30...50 nm contributed to a 1.21-fold reduction in friction torque compared to Lukoil 10W–40oil mixed with L-60 brass powder with a particle size of 50...300 nm and 1.38 times compared to the base oil Lukoil 10W–40. The wear of samples (pads) after 3 hours of testing on base oil Lukoil 10W - 40 is 11.6 times greater compared to the wear of samples operating on Lukoil 10W–40oil with the addition of L-60 brass powder with a particle size of 50-300 nm. The test result of Lukoil 10W - 40 oil with the addition of L-60 brass powder with a particle size of 30-50 nm showed an increase in the mass of the friction sample (pads) by 0,3 mg. The addition of L-60 brass powder with a dispersion of 30...50 nm (2nd sample) to the base oil, after 3 hours of testing, led to a decrease in the temperature of the friction surface of the samples by 11 and 16% compared to the first sample (Lukoil 10W–40+ brass L60 (50 ... 300) and to the third sample (Lukoil 10W–40), respectively.

Physical and chemical analysis of watered engine oil

BACKGROUND: The condition of engine chemistroils работыdefines reliability of piston engines operation additivessubstantially. However, colloid-chemical transformation, influenced by various factors, including oil watering, takes place in oils during storage and application. There is variety of ways how water may inflow in engine oils.
 AIMS: The aim of the study is to reveal consequences of oil watering and negative influence of water on operational properties of engine oils.
 METHODS: Watering of production engine oils was carried out in laboratory conditions. Mixes hazievof engine oils with water were prepared in various proportions. Influence of water on the condition of engine ёмкостoils уровнемwas estimated by visual observation, as well asокисления with application of the methods according to GOSTя and ASTM standards. The laboratory equipment, produced in Russia and the USA, provides comprehensible depth of scientific knowledge of physical and chemical processes.
 RESULTS: The assessment of water influence on the engine oil condition was carried out on the basis of observation and the analysis of charactieristic curves. Change of concentration of additives, dissolved at the oil base, was estimated with change of base number and indicator elements.
 CONCLUSIONS: The practical significance of this study involves integrity of the approach to the issueизменению of the engine oil condition change, influenced by water, regarding the concentration of the dissolved additives. Unjustifiably active processes of corrosion and wear of details surfaces are possible consequences of oil watering. Crankshaft bearings coating has the highest vulnerability to the influence of acids. The mentioned consequences have a negative impact on service life and reliability of piston engines operation.