Carrier Properties Research Articles

Anomalies at the Dirac Point in Graphene and Its Hole-Doped Compositions.

We study the properties of the Dirac states in SiC-graphene and its hole-doped compositions employing angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory. The symmetry-selective measurements for the Dirac bands reveal their linearly dispersive behavior across the Dirac point which was termed as the anomalous region in earlier studies. No gap is observed even after boron substitution that reduced the carrier concentration significantly from 3.7×10^{13} cm^{-2} in SiC-graphene to 0.8×10^{13} cm^{-2} (5% doping). The anomalies at the Dirac point are attributed to the spectral width arising from the lifetime and momentum broadening in the experiments. The substitution of boron at the graphitic sites leads to a band renormalization and a shift of the Dirac point towards the Fermi level. The internal symmetries appear to be preserved in SiC-graphene even after significant boron substitutions. These results suggest that SiC-graphene is a good platform to realize exotic science as well as advanced technology where the carrier properties like concentration, mobility, etc., can be tuned keeping the Dirac fermionic properties protected.

Crystallization induced flower-like lactose as potential carriers for dry powder inhaler application

The study documents the flower-like lactose particles as potential carriers to improve Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) efficiency. The lactose particles (LMx, LMf) are prepared by anti-solvent crystallization and compared with commercial lactose carriers (Inhalac 251; LMc). Formulations of 1.48% w/w drug loading are prepared using salbutamol sulfate (model drug) and different lactose carriers. The carrier properties are correlated with %FPF using principal component analysis. The analytical results confirm LMx is α-lactose monohydrate, LMf comprises α and β-lactose. Time-resolved crystal growth shows that the LMx particle is agglomerated structure while, LMf particle appear as flower-like structure of size (~45.37–63.92 μm) with high surface and aerodynamic properties compared to LMc. The in-vitro aerosolization studies resulted in higher fine particle fraction (%FPF) for formulations with LMx (~33.23%) and LMf (~44.85%) compared to LMc (~23.40%). The high %FPF is mainly attributed to the higher surface roughness, amorphicity, surface energy of engineered lactose carriers.

Synthesis of Polyaniline Supported CdS/CdS-ZnS/CdS-TiO2 Nanocomposite for Efficient Photocatalytic Applications.

Photocatalytic degradation can be increased by improving photo-generated electrons and broadening the region of light absorption through conductive polymers. In that view, we have synthesized Polyaniline (PANI) with CdS, CdS-ZnS, and CdS-TiO2 nanocomposites using the chemical precipitation method, characterized and verified for the photo-degradation of Acid blue-29 dye. This paper provides a methodical conception about in what way conductive polymers “PANI” enhances the performance rate of composite photocatalysts (CdS, CdS-ZnS and CdS-TiO2). The nanocomposites charge transfer, molar ratio, surface morphology, particle size, diffraction pattern, thermal stability, optical and recombination of photo-generated charge carrier properties were determined. The production of nanocomposites and their efficient photocatalytic capabilities were observed. The mechanism of photocatalysis involved with PC, CZP and CTP nanocomposites are well presented by suitable diagrams representing the exchange of electrons and protons among themselves with supported equations. We discovered that increasing the number of nanocomposites in the membranes boosted both photocatalytic activity and degradation rate. CdS-Zinc-PANI (CZP) and CdS-TiO2-PANI(CTP) nanocomposites show entrapment at the surface defects of Zinc and TiO2 nanoparticles due to the demolition of unfavorable electron kinetics, and by reducing the charge recombination, greater photocatalytic activity than CdS-PANI (CP) with the same nanoparticle loading was achieved. With repeated use, the photocatalysts’ efficiency dropped very little, hinting that they may be used to remove organic pollutants from water. The photocatalytic activity of CZP and CTP photocatalytic membranes was greater when compared to CdS-PANI, which may be due to the good compatibility between CdS and Zinc and TiO2, as well efficient charge carrier separation. PANI can also increase the split-up of photo-excited charge carriers and extend the absorption zone when combined with these nanoparticles. As a result, the development of outrageous performance photocatalysts and their potential uses in ecological purification and solar power conversion has been facilitated. The novelty of this article is to present the degradation of AB-29 Dye using nanocomposites with polymers and study the enhanced degradation rate. Few studies have been carried out on polymer nanocomposites and their application in the degradation of AB-29 dyes and remediation of water purposes. Nanoparticle CdS is a very effective photocatalyst, commonly used for water purification along with nanoparticle ZnS and TiO2; but cadmium ion-leaching makes it ineffective for practical and commercial use. In the present work, we have reduced the leaching of hazardous cadmium ions by trapping them in a polyaniline matrix, hence making it suitable for commercial use. We have embedded ZnS and TiO2 along with CdS in a polyaniline matrix and compared their photocatalytic activity, stability, and reusability, proving our nano-composites suitable for commercial purposes with enhanced activities and stabilities, which is a novelty. All synthesized nanocomposites are active within the near-ultraviolet to deep infrared (i.e., 340–850 nm). This gives us full efficiency of the photocatalysts in the sunlight and further proves the commercial utility of our nanocomposites.

Morphological Characteristics, Hemoglobin Content, and Membrane Mechanical Properties of Red Blood Cell Delivery Systems.

Red blood cell (RBC)-based systems are under extensive development as platforms for the delivery of various biomedical agents. While the importance of the membrane biochemical characteristics in relation to circulation kinetics of RBC delivery systems has been recognized, the membrane mechanical properties of such carriers have not been extensively studied. Using optical methods in conjunction with image analysis and mechanical modeling, we have quantified the morphological and membrane mechanical characteristics of RBC-derived microparticles containing the near-infrared cargo indocyanine green (ICG). We find that these particles have a significantly lower surface area, volume, and deformability as compared to normal RBCs. The residual hemoglobin has a spatially distorted distribution in the particles. The membrane bending modulus of the particles is about twofold higher as compared to normal RBCs and exhibits greater resistance to flow. The induced increase in the viscous characteristics of the membrane is dominant over the elastic and entropic effects of ICG. Our results suggest that changes to the membrane mechanical properties are a result of impaired membrane-cytoskeleton attachment in these particles. We provide a mechanistic explanation to suggest that the compromised membrane-cytoskeleton attachment and altered membrane compositional and structural asymmetry induce curvature changes to the membrane, resulting in mechanical remodeling of the membrane. These findings highlight the importance of membrane mechanical properties as an important criterion in the design and engineering of future generations of RBC-based delivery systems to achieve prolonged circulation.

Photo-Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Methanol on Quaternary Chalcogenide Loaded Graphene-TiO2 Ternary Nanocomposite Fabricated via Pechini Method

Nano-sized catalysts have been widely studied for CO2 reduction to hydrocarbon fuels. Herein, we study the new-modeled ternary nanocomposite that can use in photocatalytic and electrochemical CO2 reduction. In order to adjust the energy of the catalyst band and the characteristics of the effective charge carrier, we firstly synthesized the AgFeNi2S4 quaternary nanocomposite and then used it to model the ternary nanocomposites, and all the nanocomposites were synthesized using the Pechini method. The activity of the nanocomposites is directly related to the output of methanol productions. The highest methanol yields were found after 48 h of irradiation under the UV light, and the yields were 8.679%, 6.349%, and 4.136%. The methanol yields were less, such as 6.291%, 4.738%, and 2.339%, after 48 h of Visible-light irradiation. The stability and reusability of the catalysts are the main factors that can define the sturdiness of a photocatalyst in practical applications. The sturdiness of the catalyst has been tested four times by recycling tests, and as a result, the yield of the final product (methanol) has not decreased, confirming the stability of the catalyst The methanol reaction rate and Faraday efficiency value were calculated on all working electrodes. The Faraday efficiency of the AgFeNi2S4-Graphene-TiO2 ternary nanocomposite was 44.25%; this is an increase in the value of the Faraday efficiency, which proves that the design of the new nanocomposite successfully increases the activity of the working electrode and has a positive effect on the electrochemical reduction of CO2. The photocatalytic and electrochemical CO2 reduction data show that the preparation method, morphological state, and charge carrier properties of the photocatalyst are important for the catalytic activity and efficiency of the methanol evolution pathway.

Polymer-Modified Liposomes for Drug Delivery: From Fundamentals to Applications.

Liposomes are highly advantageous platforms for drug delivery. To improve the colloidal stability and avoid rapid uptake by the mononuclear phagocytic system of conventional liposomes while controlling the release of encapsulated agents, modification of liposomes with well-designed polymers to modulate the physiological, particularly the interfacial properties of the drug carriers, has been intensively investigated. Briefly, polymers are incorporated into liposomes mainly using “grafting” or “coating”, defined according to the configuration of polymers at the surface. Polymer-modified liposomes preserve the advantages of liposomes as drug-delivery carriers and possess specific functionality from the polymers, such as long circulation, precise targeting, and stimulus-responsiveness, thereby resulting in improved pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, toxicity, and therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we summarize the progress in polymer-modified liposomes for drug delivery, focusing on the change in physiological properties of liposomes and factors influencing the overall therapeutic efficacy.

Theoretical study of a single-walled carbon nanotube and a cellulose biofiber as 5-fluorouracil anti-cancer drug carriers

Chemotherapy is one of the most valuable and widely available option in cancer treatment. However, a method of delivering the drug to achieve a therapeutic effect still a considerable challenge. Therefore, this study seeks to identify the non-bonding interaction of 5-fluorouracil anticancer drug with a single walled carbon nanotube and a Cellulose bio-fiber using density functional theory and molecular mechanics simulations. To do that, adsorption locator and DMol3 modules were utilized to determine the electronic and optical properties of carriers before and after adsorption processes. The interaction energies indicate that the 5-fluorouracil molecule can physically adsorb and the optimized geometries are stable. The charge transfer occurs between N4-H10 bond of the 5-fluorouracil molecule and the cellulose carrier by a synergistic effect of hydrogen bond formation and van der Waals forces. This effect smoothly transforms into van der Waals interactions by O3, N4, and N5 atoms in the case of single-walled carbon nanotubes. There is a clear difference in the absorption peak and a significant narrowing of the molecular energy gap of a cellulose complex because of the shifting of the electron accepting center to a drug molecule. The conductor-like screening model shows the affinity of the complexes toward hydrogen bond acceptor, which enhances their solubility in biological systems. A remarkable influence in the case of the cellulose complex works as a starting point to use natural polymers as drug delivery carriers.

V2O5/TiO2 acting as both oxygen carrier and catalyst for chemical looping oxidation of H2S at a low temperature

Chemical looping oxidization of H2S at a low reaction temperature was investigated. A V2O5/TiO2 oxygen carrier produced by sol–gel method was employed, and experiments were performed in a fixed bed. Effects of reaction temperature (150-250℃), H2S inlet concentration (1000–4000 ppm) and cycles on H2S conversion behavior were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the oxygen carrier property. Finally, the S conversion pattern and role of oxygen carrier during the proposed chemical looping route were identified. Thermodynamic analysis and experimental results confirmed the proposed elementary sulfur production during reduction stage and a significant SO2 production during oxidization stage. Experimental results confirmed the proposed elementary sulfur production during reduction stage and a significant SO2 production during oxidization stage. At 150 ℃, the selectivity of SO2 during reduction stage is less than 5%, and the fraction of the converted H2S to S is higher than 95% in the present condition. XRD and XPS results supported that V5+(V2O5) was reduced to V4+(VO2) by the continuous feeding H2S. During oxidization stage, the V2O5/TiO2 material acted as both oxygen carrier and catalyst to produce SO2 for further H2SO4 production.

Effect of solution flow rate on the physical properties of spray pyrolyzed MoO3 thin films as silicon-based heterojunction device

Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) films were synthesized on n-type silicon via spray pyrolysis technique. In this study, the influence of arriving aerosol on the silicon substrate was controlled by varying the solution flow rate (ranged from 3.0 to 1.5 ​ml/min) at substrate temperature of 300 ​± ​5 ​°C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates the co-existence of orthorhombic (α-MoO3) and hexagonal (h-MoO3) crystal phases. As the flow rate decreases, the peaks correspond to the hexagonal phases were disappeared. Meanwhile, the Raman spectral analysis showed peaks mode of unshared oxygen at 979 ​cm−1. Moreover, a morphological study using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) demonstrated the reducing grains size with decreasing flow rate, which promotes the homogeneity and smoothness of the film. The basic diode parameters: ideality factor (n) and barrier height (ΦB), were effectively determined and analyzed by the thermionic emission (TE) theory. It has been observed that the ideality factor reduced while the barrier height broadened by lowering the solution flow rate. Moreover, when the diode exposes to light illumination, both the barrier heights and ideality factors decrease. The obtained results signify that the solution flow rate is a crucial parameter affecting the MoO3 film growth and its selective carrier properties.

Synthesis of Pt-based TS-1 catalysts for selective hydrogenation to produce C15–C18 alkanes from the FAME: Effect of rare-earth metal additives

Green biodiesel is a clean, renewable, and environmental-friendly biofuel, which is commonly produced through catalytic conversion of lipids. The properties of Pt-based catalyst carriers and additives are important factors determining the production of green biodiesel. Herein, titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) with a large specific surface area was synthesized by a hydrothermal crystallization process, and the rare-earth metal additives including LaOx, CeOx, PrOx, and YOx were used to modify Pt/TS-1 on the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) hydrotreatment to enhance the selectivity of C15–C18 alkanes. It is shown that the addition of rare-earth metals decreases the particle size of Pt, increases the content of Pt0 species, and changes the major reaction pathway from hydrodecarbonylation (DCO)/hydrodecarboxylation (DCO2) to hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). The Pt–Ce/TS-1 showed the best catalytic performance on the FAME hydrotreatment due to its smaller active metal particle size, more amounts of weak acid, abundant oxygen vacancies, and more content of low chemical states of Pt. The liquid yield, efficiency of deoxygenation, and selectivity of C15–C18 alkanes were 75.7%, 100%, and 97.3% over Pt–Ce/TS-1. The heating value of upgraded liquid products from Pt–Ce/TS-1 reached 49.1 MJ/kg. This work provides a new idea for Pt-based TS-1 catalysts in the preparation of green hydrocarbon biodiesel.

Recent Developments in Porous Silicon Nanovectors with Various Imaging Modalities in the Framework of Theranostics.

The number of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies on porous silicon (PSi) nanoparticles for biomedical applications has increased extensively over the last decade. The focus of the reports has been on the carrier properties of PSi concerning the therapeutic aspect due to several beneficial nanovector characteristics including high payload capacity, biocompatibility, and versatile surface chemistry. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the diagnostic aspects of PSi, which is typically attributed to the biotraceability of the nanovector. Also, PSi has been studied as a contrast agent. When both these aspects, therapy and diagnosis, are integrated into one nanovector, we can discuss a real nanotheranostics approach. Herein, we review the recent progress developing PSi for various imaging modalities, specifically focusing on optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear medicine imaging. Furthermore, we summarized the knowledge gaps that must be covered before applying PSi in clinical imaging, highlighting future research trends.

Ship motion-sloshing interaction with forward speed in oblique waves

Seakeeping properties of large LNG carriers with partially filled tanks are known to be influenced by sloshing inside their tanks, by wave conditions and wave heading, and by their forward speed. An efficient hybrid numerical method was developed to study wave-induced ship response coupled with sloshing-induced compressible fluid response inside the tanks of a 138,000 m3 LNG carrier at zero forward speed and at the constant forward speeds of 12 and 20 kn. Wave conditions considered were oblique regular waves at heading angles of 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 deg. The numerical approach combined a nonlinear boundary element Rankine source code to solve the weakly nonlinear seakeeping problem with a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations solver to compute the compressible sloshing flow inside the tanks. Coupling effects of the six degrees-of-freedom ship motions in beam waves were validated against comparable model test measurements of ship responses and against free surface elevations in tanks. Results demonstrated that sloshing affected the simulated seakeeping behavior of the subject LNG carrier advancing at forward speeds in oblique waves. As sloshing had the greatest influence on the ship's roll motions, a key aspect was the derivation of roll damping from model decay tests.

Shape-specific microfabricated particles for biomedical applications: a review

The storied history of controlled the release systems has evolved over time; from degradable drug-loaded sutures to monolithic zero-ordered release devices and nano-sized drug delivery formulations. Scientists have tuned the physico-chemical properties of these drug carriers to optimize their performance in biomedical/pharmaceutical applications. In particular, particle drug delivery systems at the micron size regime have been used since the 1980s. Recent advances in micro and nanofabrication techniques have enabled precise control of particle size and geometry–here we review the utility of microplates and discoidal polymeric particles for a range of pharmaceutical applications. Microplates are defined as micrometer scale polymeric local depot devices in cuboid form, while discoidal polymeric nanoconstructs are disk-shaped polymeric particles having a cross-sectional diameter in the micrometer range and a thickness in the hundreds of nanometer range. These versatile particles can be used to treat several pathologies such as cancer, inflammatory diseases and vascular diseases, by leveraging their size, shape, physical properties (e.g., stiffness), and component materials, to tune their functionality. This review highlights design and fabrication strategies for these particles, discusses their applications, and elaborates on emerging trends for their use in formulations.Graphical abstract

Fortification of foods with nano-iron: its uptake and potential toxicity: current evidence, controversies, and research gaps.

Iron fortification is a very popular practice in several countries, particularly in countries in which a large proportion of the population is suffering from iron deficiency, as in lower-middle-income countries. Food fortification with iron salts is a difficult operation, because most iron complexes (ferrous sulfate, ferrous chloride) are water soluble, which can cause undesirable alterations to the sensory properties of the food carriers. On the other hand, insoluble iron salts (eg, ferric pyrophosphate) do not have an unpleasant taste or color, but their bioavailability is low. These issues can be addressed with iron nanoparticles. The small particle size has been shown to have a significant impact on iron absorption. Iron nanoparticles with smaller particle sizes have more surface area, which improves their solubility in gastric juice and leads to better bioavailability. When compared with water-soluble iron complexes, nano-sized iron compounds generate negligible organoleptic alterations in food carriers. As a result, iron nanoparticles could be potentially used in food fortification to minimize iron-deficiency anemia. This review focuses on the absorption pathway and the toxicity of various forms of iron nanoparticles. In vitro cell studies and animal studies indicate that nano-sized iron particles can be taken up either by the Divalent Metal Transporter 1 pathway or the endocytic pathway. Nano-sized ferric phosphate and iron(III) oxo hydroxide show the most promising results, based on recent studies on fortification. To date, there are insufficient studies on the maximum intake level and potential adverse effects. Further extensive work is essential before introducing nano-iron compounds as food fortificants.

Cross-linking polymerization of beta-cyclodextrin with acrylic monomers; characterization and study of drug carrier properties

Cross-linking polymerization of beta-cyclodextrin with acrylic monomers; characterization and study of drug carrier properties

Valence Band of Rutile TiO2(110) Investigated by Polarized-Light-Based Angle-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

Band structure dictates optical and electronic properties of solids and eventually the efficiency of the semiconductor based solar conversion. Compared to numerous theoretical calculations, the experimentally measured band structure of rutile TiO2, a prototypical photocatalytic material, is rare. In this work, the valence band structure of rutile TiO2(110) is measured by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using polarized extreme ultraviolet light. The effective mass of the hole, which has never been measured before, is determined to be 4.66-6.87 m0 (free electron mass) and anisotropic. The dependence of photoemission intensities on excitation light polarization is analyzed by taking into account of the parity symmetry of molecular orbitals in the blocking unit of rutile TiO2. This work reports a direct measurement of valence band structure and hole effective mass of rutile TiO2(110), which will deepen our understanding of the electronic structure and charge carrier properties of the model material and provide reference data for future theoretical calculations.

Shift-current response as a probe of quantum geometry and electron-electron interactions in twisted bilayer graphene

Moir\'e materials, and in particular twisted bilayer graphene (TBG), exhibit a range of fascinating phenomena that emerge from the interplay of band topology and interactions. We show that the nonlinear second-order photoresponse is an appealing probe of this rich interplay. A dominant part of the photoresponse is the shift current, which is determined by the geometry of the electronic wave functions and carrier properties and thus becomes strongly modified by electron-electron interactions. We analyze its dependence on the twist angle and doping and investigate the role of interactions. In the absence of interactions, the response of the system is dictated by two energy scales: (i) the mean energy of direct transitions between the hole and electron flat bands and (ii) the gap between flat and dispersive bands. Including electron-electron interactions both enhances the response at the noninteracting characteristic frequencies and produces new resonances. We attribute these changes to the filling-dependent band renormalization in TBG. Our results highlight the connection between nontrivial geometric properties of TBG and its optical response, as well as demonstrate how optical probes can access the role of interactions in moir\'e materials.

Coherent optical communications using coherence-cloned Kerr soliton microcombs

Dissipative Kerr soliton microcombs have been recognized as a promising multi-wavelength laser source for fiber optical communications, as their comb lines possess frequency and phase stability far beyond the independent lasers. Especially, for coherent optical communications, a highly beneficial but rarely explored target is to re-generate a Kerr soliton microcomb as the receiver local oscillators that conserve the frequency and phase property of the incoming data carriers, so that to enable coherent detection with minimized optical and electrical compensations. Here, via pump laser conveying and two-point locking, we implement re-generation of a Kerr soliton microcomb that faithfully clones the frequency and phase of another microcomb sent from 50 km away. Moreover, by using the coherence-cloned soliton microcombs as carriers and local oscillators, we demonstrate terabit coherent data interconnect, wherein traditional digital processes for frequency offset estimation are totally dispensed with, and carrier phase estimation is substantially simplified via slowed-down estimation rate per channel and joint estimation among multiple channels. Our work reveals that, in addition to providing a multitude of laser tones, regulating the frequency and phase of Kerr soliton microcombs among transmitters and receivers can significantly improve optical coherent communication in terms of performance, power consumption, and simplicity.

Cyclodextrin-based low melting mixtures as a solubilizing vehicle: Application to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Poor water solubility represents a serious issue for drug formulation and delivery. Cyclodextrins (CDs) and cosolvents are valuable approaches to overcome this issue. Currently, there is a growing interest in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with high solubilizing ability and low toxicity. Low melting mixtures (LMMs) based on CDs have recently emerged, combining the solubilizing properties of solvents and drug carriers. In this study, we evaluated the solubility of ketoprofen, flurbiprofen and naproxen in two mixtures based on levulinic acid (Lev). The effect of water on the solubilizing potential and viscosity of these mixtures was assessed. Also, the stability of the studied drugs was monitored up to one year. The LMM based on randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB) showed the highest solubilizing potential (up to 5012-fold the aqueous solubility) compared to the DES based on choline chloride. Formation of RAMEB/drug inclusion complex in the LMM was evidenced by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Adding water (10 wt%) sharply reduced the viscosity of both mixtures while maintaining their high solubilizing ability. Moreover, the studied drugs were stable up to 90% in both mixtures after a year at 25 °C. Such low-viscous mixtures endowed with high solubilizing and stabilizing properties have great potential for pharmaceutical applications.

Influence of different solid lipids on the properties of a novel nanostructured lipid carrier containing Antarctic krill oil

SummaryThis study aimed to investigate the effect of solid lipids (lauric acid (LAU), myristic acid (MYR), stearic acid (STE), glycerol monostearate (GMS), glycerol 1,3‐distearate (GDS), glycerol tristearate (GTS), glycerol trimyristate (GTM) and glycerol trilaurate (GTL)) on the characteristics of novel nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) containing Antarctic krill oil through ultrasound. The fatty acids (LAU, MYR, STE and GMS) were unsuitable solid lipid materials, as apparent stratification was quickly observed during the NLC preparation. NLCs were successfully prepared using GTS, GTM, GTL and GDS. The zeta potential of all NLCs exceeded −30 mV indicating good uniformity and stability. These NLCs appeared spherical or oval. Differential calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed these NLCs formed imperfect crystals. As the carbon chain length of triglycerides increased from C12 to C18, the particle size of NLCs increased from 235.8 ± 2.3 nm to 340.5 ± 2.2 nm, the degree of recrystallisation increased from 39.06% to 49.99%, while the EPA encapsulation efficiency decreased from 88.72 ± 0.47% to 72.86 ± 1.06%. NLC prepared with GDS had the smallest particle size (112.4 ± 0.4 nm), the lowest recrystallisation and the highest EPA encapsulation efficiency (>99%). GDS was the most suitable to prepare high encapsulate efficiency krill oil‐loaded NLC.