Properties Of Black Cotton Soil Research Articles

Use of Recycled Construction and Demolition (C&D) Wastes in Soil Stabilization

With the growing construction sector, there is a constant rise in wastes generated by both construction and demolition activities. According to an estimate by Building Material Promotion Council (BMPTC), 150 million tonnes of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes are generated in India annually. However, the official recycling capacity is a meagre6, 500 tonnes per day (TPD) - just about 1 percent. This paper examines the properties of Black cotton soil and investigates the use of recycled C&D wastes in soil stabilization of black cotton soil. This research focuses on the inexpensive and eco-friendly nature of C&D wastes as an admixture for soil stabilization. The tests were performed using different proportions of recycled C&D wastes in the proportions: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, to increase the strength of black cotton soil. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) showed an increase from 2% to 18.09%, Maximum Dry Density (MDD) showed a decrease from 2.107 g.cc-1 to 1.69 g.cc-1, and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) showed a variation and increased from 15% to 18.09% with the addition of 25% C&D wastes.

Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Using Rice Husk and Bagasse Ash

Abstract: Black cotton soil is expansive type of soil that expands suddenly and starts swelling once it comes in contact with water. The strength of the soil is very poor due to its physical properties. Expansive soils exhibit improved response in behaviour with different types of stabilizers. Stabilization with admixtures is found to be an effective technique to improve the strength properties of the black cotton soil. During this study the potential of rice husk ash and bagasse ash are found to be useful admixtures to improve the strength properties of the expansive soil. The rice husk is an agricultural by-product from rice milling and bagasse ash is a sugarcane waste from sugar industry. In this research an approach is made to improve the properties of black cotton soil with combination of bagasse ash and rice husk ash. The results show substantial improvement in engineering properties of black cotton soil with the admixtures. Keywords: Black Cotton Soil, Rice Husk Ash, Bagasse Ash.

Evaluation of Geotechnical Properties of Black Cotton Soil Reinforced with Sisal Fibre for Waste Containment Application

Compacted Black Cotton Soils (BCS) used in geotechnical constructions such as dams and clayey liners in waste containment facilities can suffer from cracking due to swelling and shrinking during wet and dry seasons respectively. In order to reduce the shrinkage of the clayey soil, discrete fibre reinforcement such as the Sisal Fibre (SF) technique was used. An experimental study was carried out on the natural and the modified properties of the soil which include Atterberg limits, compaction, Unconfined compressive strength UCS (i.e., for varying Moulding Water Content (MWC) relative to Optimum Moisture Content (OMC); OMC-2, OMC, OMC+2, OMC+4) and Volumetric Shrinkage Strain (VSS) at MWC relative to OMC; (OMC-2, OMC, OMC+2, OMC+4) were determined, for different percentages inclusion of sisal fibre (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% SF). Results obtained show that the liquid limit and plasticity index of the natural soil are 44.47% and 18.65% which increased with an increase in the sisal fibre content. OMC increased from a value of 19% for the natural soil to a peak value of 24.5% at 1.5% of sisal fibre and thereafter decreased. The natural soil has a Maximum Dry Density (MDD) of 1.55 Mg/m3 which decreased to 1.5 Mg/m3 at 1.5% additive. The VSS of the modified soil significantly decrease compared to the natural soil and it continually decreased as the percentage of sisal fibre increased. The lowest VSS values were observed at 2% SF, having values of 2.85, 3.5, 4.75, and 5.5% for OMC-2, OMC, OMC+2, and OMC+4, respectively. The UCS initially increased and thereafter decreased. Based on the results, soil optimally treated with a maximum of 0.5% sisal fibre and compacted with OMC-2 significantly improved the soil and is recommended for use in waste containment applications.

Stabilization of black cotton soil with coal bottom ash

Expansive soils are problematic due to the performances of their clay constituent usually have the potential to show their undesirable engineering properties such as low bearing capacity, high shrinkage and swell characteristics. The shrink-swell behaviour makes the soil inappropriate for direct engineering application in its natural form and in order to enhance its engineering quality to make them more feasible for usage, stabilization soil can be done physically or chemically. The main aim of this is study is the strength properties of black cotton soil like unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), & Maximum Dry Density, and Optimum Moisture Content with a stabilizing agent CBA. Being a cementitious material, CBA improves the strength of the expansive soil and reduces the shrinkage and swelling properties due to the existence of silica & alumina. The objective of this study is the analysis of the effect of coal bottom on black cotton soil. Index properties and engineering properties of expansive soil (black cotton soil) were tested in the laboratory. The sample for the test was prepared by CBA addition @ 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% as a stabilizing agent with soil, respectively. The results show that up to 30% CBA addition, values of strength parameter increase, and fall afterward.

Performance evaluation of black cotton soil with waste, fibers and minerals

Disposal of increased waste material is always a major problem in construction industry because of heavy weight and occupies more storage space. In this research study, various combinations of C&D waste and GGBS is used as stabilized material and polypropylene fiber as reinforced material to improve the geotechnical properties of Black Cotton soil. The purpose of this research is to analyze the result of various combination of C&D waste, GGBS and PPF on the geotechnical properties of the earth soil. Soil improvement is one of the major tasks on which maximum number of experiments need to be performed in depth. So, experimental studies showcased that optimum utilization of C&D waste, GGBS and PPF can effectively help in reducing swelling, shrinkage property of BC soil. As PP fiber does not absorb moisture it has excellent chemical resistance to most acids and alkalis.

Experimental Investigation on the Microstructural Properties of Black Cotton Soil Stabilized with Cinder (Scoria) Fines and Class-C Fly Ash

Black cotton soil is one of the significant problematic soil for any civil or geotechnical engineering application in the whole world. In the past several decades, different experimental studies have been carried out on the stabilization of expansive soil and different types of stabilizers like lime, Portland cement, cement fly ash, and lime fly ash were used and applied in highway and others construction. However, those traditional stabilizers are not environmentally friendly thus further scientific study is needed to minimize the percentage of carbon-based stabilizers. The fact that Ethiopia encountered major engineering problems due to these problematic soils many researchers have been conducted a vital study using traditional stabilizers for several years however there is no significant study on the microstructural properties of stabilized black cotton soil. In this study, a scoria fines and class c fly ash are used at different blended groups, for each group, the stabilizer content ranges from 10 to 30%. The liquid limit and plasticity index of the soil has been decreased with the increasing content of class c fly ash (FA) and cinder fines (CF). Especially after the soil treated with 25% of class c fly ash and 25% of cinder fines, the liquid limit has decreased by 51.61% and, the plasticity index by 78.61%, linear shrinkage by 66.58%, and the free swell index decreased by 78.9%. The CBR and UCS value has increased by 86.2% and 83.9%, respectively, and CBR swell reduced by 61.2% with increasing stabilizer content. The microstructural properties of Raw black cotton soil and samples that are selected based on strength and index properties (BCS+FA3, BCS+CF3, BCS+CF+FA3) were observed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imagining device, and the result clearly shows the alteration in fabric and morphology of the sample. After treatment with class c fly ash and cinder fines, the laminated configuration of black cotton soil has changed to more flocculated and coherent mass. Also, the SEM image proves that cinder fines impart a mechanical bonding that forms well-developed floccules and a more porous nature. These types of particle arrangement and clay aggregation bring the improvement in index and strength properties.

Stabilization of B.C. Soil by Using Chemicals and Fly Ash

Black cotton soils are very susceptible to detrimental volumetric changes with changes in moisture. This behaviour of soil is attributed to the presence of mineral montmorillonite which has an expanding lattice. Black cotton soils because of their specific physical and chemical make are subjected to volume changes. In many countries including India, these soils are so extensive that alteration of highway routes to avoid the material is virtually impossible. Various remedial measures like soil replacement, prewetting, moisture control, lime stabilization etc. have been practiced with varied degrees of success. Extensive research is going on to find the solutions to Black cotton soils. Recent investigations on chemical stabilisation revealed that electrolytes like Calcium Sulphate, Calcium Carbonate, Zinc Chloride can be used in place of conventionally used lime, due to their ability to supply adequate cations. Fly ash is a waste by product from thermal power plants consuming thousands hectors of precious land for its disposal and also causing severe health and environmental hazards. This work presents the results of an experimental program undertaken to investigate the effect of Calcium Sulphate, Calcium Carbonate, Zinc Chloride and fly ash at different percentages on properties of black cotton soil. Atterbergs Limit of subgrade soil effect of addition of Fly Ash and Chemicals on CBR ,MDD ,OMC, From the results it is observed that 2% of Zinc Chloride and 12% of Fly ash improves the properties of black cotton soil as compared to Calcium sulphate & Calcium Carbonate. The conclusion drawn from this investigation is that a combination of 2% of chemicals and 12% of fly ash is more effective in improving the properties of black cotton soil.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL USING FLY ASH

Black cotton soils are extensively distributed worldwide and covered about 20% of the land area, the foundation designing is a difficult task because they are source of great damage to infrastructure and buildings. In monsoon they swell and in summer they shrink on evaporation of water from there. Because of these fluctuations in moisture content there will be changes in volume, and due to this the civil engineering structures like buildings, pavements, canal linings etc. are severely damaged. It is, therefore, necessary to mitigate the problems posed by black cotton soils and prevent cracking of structures. Stabilization is the process of improving the properties of soils, stabilization methods are of mechanical and chemical. Chemical method is obtained by using stabilizers such as cement, sand, silt, lime, fly ash etc. As fly ash is freely available, for projects in the vicinity of the Thermal Power Plants, it can be used for stabilization of black cotton soils for various uses. The project describes a study carried out to check the improvements in the properties of black cotton soil with fly ash in varying percentages (10%, 20% and 30%).

Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil using Lime and Phosphogypsum

Expansive soils are problematic soils for Civil Engineers. Black cotton (BC) soils possess low strength and high compressibility, due to these properties black cotton soils are considered to be challenging one for analysis. To achieve desired properties of soil for construction purpose these black cotton soil must be enhanced to meet its requirement. To modify the properties of black cotton soils, many treatment methods are there. In this paper an attempt has been made to improve the properties of black cotton soil by using industrial waste through stabilization method. By stabilizing the soil properties are enhanced and make it suitable for subgrade construction. In this work, the combined effect of Lime and Phosphogypsum (PG) on compaction characteristics, Atterberg’s Limit, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) for original soil, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and direct shear Test of a black cotton soil with percentage varying of Lime and Phosphogypsum was carried out. The soil samples were tested for tri-axial compression test and CBR tests were carried out after 4 days curing period. From the results, it has been inferred that the black cotton soil treated with Lime and Phosphogypsum in the percentages of (4:4) has better strength characteristics. Hence, it may be concluded that Lime and Phosphogypsum can be used for stabilization of black cotton soils for pavement subgrade

WITHDRAWN: An experimental investigation of soil stabilization using hybrid fibre and lime

This study aims to investigate the use of such fibre materials in geotechnical applications and evaluate the impacts of various properties of black cotton soil. In India's central and western parts, black cotton soil is found and usually contains higher proportions of calcium and magnesium carbonates. Due to low bearing capacity and settlement, the geotechnical engineer undertakes numerous problems constructing the foundations due to clayey soil. To solve these problems, researchers concentrated on improving soil strength by adding fibre, lime, etc. In this analysis, various tests were carried out on black cotton soils such as Atterberg’s Limits, Compaction test, Unconfined Compressive Strength, California Bearing Ratio and Shear test with different % of polypropylene fibre (i.e. 0, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%) and constant 4% and 6% of basalt fibre and lime. The addition of hybrid fibre and lime decreases the optimum water content and capacity for swelling and improves the soil's strength and dry density.

Improve the physical properties of black cotton soil by using Prosopis julifloa ash

A lot of innovative methods are being explored and a few of them are successfully executed in construction activities. A strong road network is also a fundamental prerequisite for the complete growth of productive regions. The strength and quality of the pavements are greatly affected by sub-grades and embankments. Though they're nice for these purposes, they do not seem to be suitable for laying roads. Suitable building techniques and dynamic design approaches are to be implemented on such soils. The soil was first stabilized with Prosopis Julifoira Ash at a ratio of 2, 4, 6, and 8 percent during this work. Sieve analysis, Specific gravity test, Atterberg limits, Compaction test, CBR test, and Permeability test, Unconfined Compression test were carried out. The optimum proportion of JF Ash was found out to be 8% from the CBR results. The optimum proportion of Prosopis Julifora ash with soil was found out to be 5%. The optimum proportion of Prosopis Julifora Ash mix was used to design the pavement as per IRC37 -2001 Thus we aim to improve the stability or bearing capacity of the soil by the addition of suitable stabilizing agents. Soil stabilization refers to the physical, physicochemical treatment which improves the engineering properties of soil. IRC 37-2001 was used to designing the flexible pavement.

Evaluation of the Free Swell and Physio-chemical Properties of Black Cotton Soil Treated with Bacillus Coagulans

The effect of Bacillus coagulans (B. coagulans) on the free swell and physio-chemical properties of black cotton soil (or expansive tropical black clay) was investigated using the Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) technique. Black cotton soil was treated with different mix ratios of B. coagulans suspension density (B) and cementation reagent (C) for the volume obtained as product of the liquid limit and a specific weight of soil sample. The mix ratios considered were 25B-75C, 50B-50C and 75B-25C for the treated specimens, while the control specimen was mixed with 100C only. The results obtained show that for treatment of soil with 25B-75C mix ratio, free swell value decreased with increased B. coagulans suspension density from 70.0 % and 50.0 % for the natural and control specimens, respectively, to minimum value of 40.0 %, at B. coagulans suspension density of 2.4 × 109 cells/ml. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) value for the natural and control specimens were 49.7 and 29.6 Cmol/Kg, respectively, while for the treated specimens the values generally decreased a minimum value of 29.0 Cmol/Kg at B. coagulans suspension density of 2.4 × 109 cells/ml. The pH test results initially decreased from 7.4 for the control specimen to a minimum at of 7.37 at B. coagulans treatment suspension density of 1.5 × 108 cells/ml and thereafter gradually increased to 7.51 at peak B. coagulans suspension density of 2.4 × 109 cells/ml. Tests results indicate that treatment of black cotton soil with 25B-75C mix ratio at 2.4 × 109 cells/ml B. coagulans suspension density significantly reduced the free swell value and makes it useable for engineering application.

Stabilization of Black cotton soil using Fly ash

Expansive Black cotton clay soils are widely distributed worldwide, and are a significant damage to infrastructure and buildigs. It is a common practice around the world to stabilize black cotton soil using fly ash to improve the strength of stabilized sub- base and sub grade soil. Soil stabilization is the improvement of strength or bearing capacity of soil by controlled compaction, proportioning or addition of suitable admixtures or stabilizers. The Black cotton soils are extremely hard when dry, but lose its strength fully when in wet condition. In monsoon they guzzle water and swell and in summer they shrink on evaporation of water from there. Because of its high Swelling and shrinkage characteristics the black cotton soils has been a challenge to the highway engineers.So in this research paper fly ash has been used to improve the various strength properties of natural black cotton soil.The objective of this research paper is to improve the engineering properties of black cotton soil by adding different percentage of fly ash by the weight of soil and make it suitable for construction. A series of standard Proctor tests (for calculation of MDD and OMC) and California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R) tests are conducted on both raw Black cotton soil and mixed soil with different percentages of fly ash (5%, 10%, 20%, 30%) by weight. A comparison between properties of raw black cotton soil, black cotton soil mixed with fly ash are performed .It is found that the properties of black cotton soil mixed with fly ash are suitably enhanced.

Effect of snail shell ash on black cotton soil

Black cotton soil stabilization with various agricultural additives has attained a lot of success due to increase in the demand for agricultural products. The engineering properties of black cotton soil due to the swelling and shrinkage problem, a research was carried out on the effect of snail shell ash in the black cotton soil properties such as the Optimum moisture content (OMC), Maximum dry density (MDD), Atterberg limit, Shrinkage limit, and California bearing ratio (CBR) were studied. It has been observed by the experiments conducted on the sample by using snail shell ash of varying percentages (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20%) by weight of dry soil. Based on the results from the various tests carried out-(Specific gravity, Atterberg limit, Compaction test, Hydrometer Analysis, Shrinkage limit and California bearing ratio) it shows that the black cotton soil under the AASHTO soil classification and USCS soil classification, the black cotton soil is highly organic, so that leads to the use of hydrometer analysis-calibration method. The natural liquid limit value of the soil before the stabilization process is 54.8%, at 16% SSA it decreases to 40.4%. The OMC of its natural state is 18.82%, so at 12% SSA it decreases to 11.72%, while the MDD at the natural state is 1357Kg/m3, so at 16% SSA it increases to 1738 Kg/m3. The CBR value of the soil in natural state is 27.19, so at 16% SSA it increases to 40. The results demonstrated the positive effect of snail shell ash in black cotton soil at 16% snail shell ash improving the strength of the engineering properties.

Enhancing Index and Strength Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Combination of Geopolymer and Flyash

A Combination of admixtures - fly ash and Geopolymer are used for stabilization of black cotton soil. Black cotton (BC) soils are mainly clayey soils having montmorillonite as their clay mineral. The moisture changes in BC soils will affect compressibility and strength characteristics, which are greatly enhanced with the addition of combination of Flyash (FA) and Geopolymer (GP). The evaluation study includes analysis of soil properties some of index properties like specific gravity, liquid limit, shrinkage limit and Uniaxial compression values. Different percentages of combination of admixtures (percentage by dry weight) are added to natural BC soil and further experiments are performed from these soil mix ratios (MR). The results show that the utilization of combination of admixtures decreases liquid limit by enormously and increases unconfined compressive strength i.e. the strength of the soil.

Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Using GGBS, Lime and Nano-Silica

Soil is known of their geotechnical properties and suitability as base, sub-based and sub-grade materials for road construction with the increase in population reduce the land availability. In current situation there is increasingly more development of structures and other structural building structures must be completed on less strength or poor soil. Black cotton soil is found in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh & Tamilnadu covering an area of about 3.0 lakh sq. km in our nation. Black cotton soil is one of the largest soil stores of India, so for the reason need to increase its geotechnical properties and make it comfortable for the development reason. In pavement surface causes problems like cracking, rutting, patching, potholes and detoriation in the pavement surface. The development on black cotton soil (expansive soil) has consistently been a giving tough task for the specialists as the Road & structure laying on black cotton soil breaks without any notice. Stabilization of soil by GGBS couldn't just take care of the issue of appropriate stabilization of black cotton soil, yet in addition settle the issue of removal of a modern waste for example GGBS. The properties of black cotton soil can be modified by stabilizing the soil with the use of additives or stabilizers like Lime (6%), GGBS (30%) & Nano silica (0.3%, 0.6% & 0.9%). There is increase in various geotechnical properties like liquid limit, and plastic limit, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, CBR values and swelling pressure were determined. An experimental investigation is carried out to study the influence of admixture in soil with respect to the strength characteristics. In this comparative study laboratory tests such as Atterberg’s limit, Compaction test, swelling index and California Bearing Ratio (CBR)& Unconfined compressive strength (UCS)test were carried out for black cotton soil.

Use of Crystalline Silica Waste for Enhancement of Engineering Properties of Black Cotton Soil

Use of Crystalline Silica Waste for Enhancement of Engineering Properties of Black Cotton Soil

Effect on the Engineering Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Coconut Coir Fiber

Effect on the Engineering Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Coconut Coir Fiber

Effect of Waste Cloth on the Properties of Black Cotton Soil

Effect of Waste Cloth on the Properties of Black Cotton Soil

Effect of Bagasse ash and Lime on the Compaction and Strength Properties of Black Cotton Soil

Effect of Bagasse ash and Lime on the Compaction and Strength Properties of Black Cotton Soil - written by Md. Atir Azeem , Saurabh Singh , S S Divya published on 2020/05/23 download full article with reference data and citations