Properties Of Biodiesel Research Articles

A comparative study of the effect of field practices on the fuel properties of groundnut kernels biodiesel

The impact of pre-harvest treatments (field practices) on the fuel (biodiesel) properties produced from groundnut kernels was evaluated in this work. Ahigh-quality oil-yielding groundnut hybrid (SAMNUT 11) was grown under five different soil treatment regimes. The regimes were organic and conventional, though the treatment concentrations were systematically varied. Biodiesels produced from matured kernels (for the different treatment plans) were tested following the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) International and European Biodiesel (EN) procedures. Results obtained revealed that the biodiesel density ranged between 856 kg/m3 and 869 kg/m3, the acid value ranged between 0.695% and 1.118%, the iodine value ranged from 27.54 mg/L to 34.63 mg/L, the phosphorus concentration varied from 8.21 mg/L to 10.25 mg/L, the ester content ranged between 91.87% and 98.34%, and the alkali metals varied from 2.143 mg/L to 3.428 mg/L. All biodiesel produced fromthe pre-harvest treated kernels met the EN-ISO 12185 and EN 14213 standards for densities and ester contents, respectively. It was observed that the T2 and T3 acid values were 0.871% and 0.695%, respectively, while the T4 and T5 acid values were 1.033% and 1.118%, respectively, and all failed to meet both ASTM and EN standards, though the organically produced kernel’s biodiesels had better prospects. Furthermore, it was observed that the iodine values of the biodiesels, obtained from the five treatment plans, were within the EN 14214 approved standards for biodiesel. The findings portrayed that the organic manure had a more positive impact on the groundnut kernels, compared to groundnut grown with fertilizers. As observed from the results, the biodiesel produced from the organic kernels hada better fuel quality than that acquired from the convectional kernels.

Improvements in the stability of biodiesel fuels: recent progress and challenges.

Fewer fossil fuel deposits, price volatility, and environmental concerns have intensified biofuel-based studies. Saccharification, gasification, and pyrolysis are some of the potential methods of producing carbohydrate-based fuels, while lipid extraction is the preferred method of producing biodiesel and green diesel. Over the years, multiple studies have attempted to identify an ideal catalyst as well as optimize the abovementioned methods to produce higher yields at a lower cost. Therefore, this present study comprehensively examined the factors affecting biodiesel stability. Firstly, isomerization, which is typically used to reduce unsaturated fatty acid content, was found to improve oxidative stability as well as maintain and improve cold flow properties. Meanwhile, polymers, surfactants, or small molecules with low melting points were found to improve the cold flow properties of biodiesel. Meanwhile, transesterification with an enzyme could be used to remove monoacylglycerols from oil feedstock. Furthermore, combining two natural antioxidants could potentially slow lipid oxidation if stainless steel, carbon steel, or aluminum are used as biodiesel storage materials. This present review also recommends combining green diesel and biodiesel to improve stability. Furthermore, green diesel can be co-produced at oil refineries that are more selective and have a limited supply of hydrogen. Lastly, next-generation farming should be examined to avoid competing interests in food and energy as well as to improve agricultural efficiency.

Enhancement of carbamazepine removal rate using Tetradesmus obliquus KNUA061 and NaOCl and utilization of the resulting biomass

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are discharged into receiving water bodies mainly from sewage treatment plants. Due to the inefficient removal in conventional wastewater treatment facilities, PPCPs have become a major concern to aquatic ecosystems, water quality, and public health worldwide since they cause harmful effects on aquatic life and human even at low doses. Among the PPCPs, carbamazepine (CBZ) is one of the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsant drugs and consumed more than 1,000 tons per year. Due to its structural complexity, CBZ is known as recalcitrant compound highly stable during wastewater treatment. Consequently, it has become one of the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals in waste water, surface water, and even drinking water. In this study, Korean indigenous microalgae strains were tested as eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions for CBZ removal. Based on the preliminary biological CBZ degradation tests, Tetradesmus obliquus KNUA061 demonstrating the best CBZ removal rate was selected for further experiments. In order to increase strain KNUA061's CBZ removal efficiency, NaOCl, which is widely accepted in the water purification process, was used as an additional stimulus to induce stress conditions. At around 20 μg L−1 CBZ, addition of 1.0 mg NaOCl resulted in approximately 20% of removal rate increase without suppressing cells growth. Roughly 90% of CBZ remained its original form and the composition of the transformed secondary metabolites was less than 10% during the biodegradation process by the microalga. Based on the results of the antioxidant enzyme activities, degree of lipid oxidation, and amino acid contents, it was concluded that the redox-defence system in microalgal cells may have been activated by the NaOCl treatment. Biomass analysis results showed that higher heating value (HHV) of strain KNUA061 biomass was higher than those of lignocellulosic energy crops suggesting that it could be utilized as a possible renewable energy source. Even though its biodiesel properties were slightly below the international standards due to the high PUFA contents, the biodiesel produced from T. obliquus KNUA061 could be used as a blending resource for transportation fuels. It was also determined that the microalgal biomass has acceptable feasibility as a sustainable dietary supplement feedstock due to its high essential amino acid contents.

An experimental investigation of papaya oil methyl ester (POME) blends as potential alternate fuel for CI engine application

When reliance on fossil fuels increased and costs escalated as a consequence of the precipitous decline in oil security and increased emissions, encourage green energy alternatives such as renewable fuels. The papaya seed, a second generation feedstock in this study, is used to produce papaya biodiesel by methanolysis. The properties of the test biodiesel and its mixtures are measured using a CI diesel engine at 1500 rpm. The load is applied to the engine in increments of 20% until it reaches its maximum level. The blend B25 is recommended as ideal as it resulted in better performance and emission characteristics, with the exception of nitrous oxide emissions. The ideal blend's specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature, and smoke density are 0.27 kg/kW-hr, 30.93%, 3180C, and 49.02 HSU at maximum load. The emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and nitrous oxide were, 0.095 percent, 55, and 988 ppm. Highlights Performance emission and combustion of a compression ignition engine fueled with conventional fuel and papaya biodiesel and its blends were carried out. Engine parameters were determined for each blend of fuel at varying loads. Results revealed that the blend B25 is found optimum.

Determination of the Effects of Some Additives Added to the Mixture of Diesel and Safflower Biodiesel on Exhaust Emissions

In this study, linas, a newly developed variety of the safflower plant, were used for biodiesel production. Fuel properties and exhaust emission values of biodiesel fuel (B100) and alternative blended fuels containing different volumetric amounts of diesel (M100), biodiesel (B100) and n-butanol (BU) or n-pentanol (P) (diesel / biodiesel / n-butanol and diesel / biodiesel / n-pentanol) were evaluated in comparison with the reference fuel diesel (M100). In addition, in the study, the effects of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) on fuel properties and emission values have been examined by adding EHN cetane improver additive to mixture fuels at a concentration of 2000 ppm. Exhaust emission tests of all fuels and mixtures were carried out in a four-cylinder, four-stroke, and direct injection diesel engine at different speeds and full load conditions. According to the results of the research, the fuel properties of diesel, biodiesel, and blended fuels have been determined that comply with biodiesel and diesel fuel standards. Density values of these fuels were determined between 0.830 to 0.8885 kg m-3, kinematic viscosities 2.83 and 4.57 mm2s-1, calorific values 40.13 and 43.4 MJ kg-1, water content 48.015 and 499 ppm, cetane numbers 48.8 and 55.8, cloud point, cold filter plugging point, and pour point -13.9 and -1.4 ºC, -22 and -10 ºC, -15 and

Purification of Raw Biodiesel Using Modified Fractional Distillation

This research focuses on purifying the biodiesel provided by the Davao City Biodiesel Plant using a modified fractional distillation. The researchers considered six variables to determine raw and purified biodiesel properties and characteristics: density, kinematic viscosity, flashpoint, fire point, soap content (NaOH and KOH), and water content. The experimentation results were verified using ASTM D6751 – Standards Specification for Biodiesel Fuel (B100). For the purified biodiesel, an increase in flashpoint and fire point temperatures has been observed using the modified process, thus exceeding the standard limit. Although it affects biodiesel quality, an increase in flashpoints and fire points may be better for fuel handling, transportation, and storage safety reasons. These barely influence the overall performance of biodiesel. In conclusion, the modified process improved the quality of the raw biodiesel from 50% to 83% of the variables' set standard with the optimum conditions of 3.5 inHg at 2 hours and 2.5 inHg at 1 hour.

Effect of Additional CO2 and N2 Gas Blanket On Biodiesel Psychochemical Properties in Storage Tank

Ship movement and contaminants may be the main causes of accelerated biodiesel degradation during the ship storage process. One of the techniques to protect biodiesel storage on theship is by applying a blanketing system. In this study, CO2, N2, and natural air blankets were added to the biodiesel stainless steel tanks (B100 and B50) that swing in the sinusoidal to simulate ship movement at sea and It was stored for six months. The Physicochemical properties of biodiesel gas blanket were tested according to ASTM and EN standards. The result in this study was found that storing biodiesel in a blanket with natural air, CO2, and N2gases for 210 days has changed the biodiesel propertiesin proportional to the storage duration. The addition of CO2 gas blanket was influenced to reduce the oxidation times, and water content. On another side, it has increased the value of particle count, TAN, flash point, Kinematic Viscosity, and density. While additional N2 gas blanket does not have an extreme effect on the biodiesel properties.

Simultaneous computational modelling and experimental validation for Sterculia urens oil extraction for biodiesel application

Sterculia urens (S. urens) seeds are a non-edible feedstock rarely studied for biodiesel applications. Extraction is the initial step for obtaining oil from the feedstock. For this, an appropriate solvent was identified and the total oil content of the feedstock was 38.9 wt% by the Soxhlet extraction method. The optimum oil yield affected by different parameters was modelled by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) computational methods. The optimum oil yield predicted by the computational methods was experimentally validated. The performance was measured using indices such as the correlation regression coefficient (R2), mean square error (MSE), standard error of prediction (SEP%) and absolute average deviation (AAD%). The results from computational modelling tools showed that the oil yield predicted by both tools was close to the optimum values of 60 °C temperature, 0.5 mm meal size and 180 min extraction time. The deviation from the experimental data is lower for ANN and higher for RSM, which shows the ANN prediction is more accurate than the RSM. Finally, the physicochemical properties of the extracted oil were determined and their possible influence on the biodiesel properties was discussed. These results suggest that the oil can be used as a potential second-generation feedstock.

Production of Biodiesel by Transesterification of Pilot Plant Waste over Nickel (Ni)/Eggshell (CaO) Catalyst

The increment of pilot plant waste at UniKL MICET and eggshell waste cause disposal problems, such as the water and soil pollution, human health concerns, and disruption to aquatic ecosystems. Thus, to reduce the effect of disposal problem to the environment, pilot plant waste is converted into biodiesel, while eggshell is converted into catalyst in this study. This paper reports on the effect of catalyst preparation method and reaction temperature on biodiesel yield and quality. Transesterification process of pilot plant waste (olein and stearin) was conducted by using Ni/CaO (eggshell) catalyst from different preparation methods at different reaction temperatures (328 K, 333 K, 338 K and constant reaction time (5 hours), methanol-to-oil ratio (15:1), and weight of catalyst (8 wt%). The catalysts were synthesized via wet impregnation and sol–gel method and its physicochemical properties were subsequently characterized by TGA and FTIR analysis. Biodiesel analysis was done using GCMS and FTIR, while the physical properties (density, flash point, and kinematic viscosity) of biodiesel were measured according to ASTM D6751. Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) kinetic model shows that the catalyst prepared by wet impregnation method has the lowest activation energy, which was 81.48 kJ mol–1. In addition, GCMS analysis shows that reaction temperature at 338 K produced the highest yield of biodiesel (88.26%). In conclusion, the best catalyst preparation method was wet impregnation method and the best reaction temperature was 338 K. In addition, the physical properties of the produced biodiesel corresponded to ASTM standard, thereby indicating high quality of biodiesel and can be used as petroleum-diesel substitute.

Thermophysical Properties of Biodiesel with Ethyl Levulinate, Ethyl Acetoacetate, and Ethyl Pyruvate + MgO Mixtures from 288.15 to 338.15 K

Thermophysical properties are important to design the fuel system components and to evaluate new alternative fuels in diesel engine tests. Also, experimental properties allow us to understand the type of interactions present in the studied mixtures. Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices of biodiesel + ethyl levulinate, + ethyl acetoacetate, and + ethyl pyruvate with MgO mixtures have been measured from 288.15 to 338.15 K at 0.1 MPa over the whole composition range and at a constant concentration of 5 × 10–6 in mass fraction for MgO. Our experimental properties for the pure ketoesters agree with data reported in the literature within an average absolute percentage deviation of 0.056, 3.140, and 0.027 % for density, viscosity, and refractive index, respectively. Vibrating tube densimeter, glass capillary viscosimeter, and Abbemat refractometer have been used to measure the properties. Densities and viscosities of the biodiesel mixtures have been compared with the biodiesel fuel standard EN 14214. Flash point, cetane index, and calorific value of the biodiesel mixtures that meet the EN 14214 norm have been measured. Excess molar volume, viscosity deviation, and refractive index deviation are obtained from experimental data and correlated using the Redlich–Kister equation. Equations reported in the literature are used to correlate the thermophysical properties of the investigated mixtures.

State-of-the-art catalysts for clean fuel (methyl esters) production—a comprehensive review

There has been growing and recent interest in using non-edible feedstocks, such as waste animal fats, as an alternative to vegetable oils in biodiesel production to address the food versus fuel debate. Waste animal fats are cost effective and yield good quality biodiesel. Therefore, waste animal fats are appealing and excellent feedstocks to produce biodiesel. Commercially, the biodiesel is obtained by transesterification reaction of triglycerides present in oil/fat with alcohol in the presence of homogeneous base catalysts. However, free fatty acids found in low-quality oil feedstocks are particularly sensitive to homogeneous base catalysts, necessitating extra acid pretreatment and neutralization procedures that not only raise the overall expense of producing biodiesel but also create environmental contamination. Optimistically, the use of solid catalysts can offer an environmentally friendly, cost-effective and practical route for the manufacture of biodiesel from inexpensive oil feedstocks, including waste animal fat. The present review article covers catalyzed transesterification/esterification using various catalysts with particular focus on the use of heterogeneous catalysts when using waste animal fat as feedstock for biodiesel production. In particular, the properties of biodiesel obtained from waste animal fats are also compared to the biodiesel properties of standard organizations, such as the European Committee for Standardization (ISO) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Moreover, this paper also offers future research directions that can direct researchers to fill in knowledge gaps impeding the creation of efficient heterogeneous catalysts for long-term biodiesel generation. To the best of our knowledge, the valorization of waste animal fats from slaughterhouses is not feasible and has some techno-economic concerns. However, this technology is more desirable considering the environmental point of view to address the pollution problems caused by these wastes.

From lab to application: Cultivating limnetic microalgae in seawater coupled with wastewater for biodiesel production on a pilot scale

The technology of cultivating salt-tolerant limnetic microalgae in seawater reduces the freshwater demand and costs of biodiesel production. However, all current trials still occur on the bench scale, and efforts for pilot-scale operation are urgently needed. This study firstly optimised the diameter of the photobioreactors (PBRs) to 0.2 m, as the single module to produce lipid-rich Golenkinia sp. SDEC-16 because of the better algal growth and light attenuation in the PBRs, and then established a 1000 L algal cultivation system. In a medium of seawater supplemented with monosodium glutamate wastewater at a ratio of 1:1000 (S-MSGW), the biomass productivity was 0.26 g/L/d, which was approaching the 0.30 g/L/d obtained in BG11, and the lipid productivity (98.99 mg/L/d) was doubled in comparison to growth in BG11. C16-C18 accounted for more than 98% of the total fatty acid in S-MSGW, and the biodiesel properties also met the biodiesel standards. The input cost of the biodiesel in this pilot-scale system was estimated to be 2.2 $/kg. When considering the carbon reduction and diversified application of the biomass, Golenkinia sp. would annually capture 186.77 kg/m3 PBR of CO2, and yield an output-to-input ratio (OIR) of 3.4 in S-MSGW, higher than the 2.8 in BG11.

Production of microalgal biomass and lipids with superior biodiesel-properties by manipulating various trophic modes and simultaneously optimizing key energy sources

Two promising oleaginous microalgae, Scenedesmus sp. SPP and marine Chlorella sp. were cultivated under various trophic modes. Both microalgae grew best under mixotrophic/nitrogen-rich mode, indicating good metabolisms of both inorganic (CO2) and organic (glucose) carbon sources. While mixotrophic/nitrogen-starvation conditions promoted the accumulation of lipids with superior biodiesel properties. The key energy sources, including light intensity, CO2 and glucose concentrations, for mixotrophic cultivation of the selected Scenedesmus sp. SPP was simultaneously optimized by Response Surface Methodology. High light intensity combined with high CO2 retarded growth but stimulated lipid/pigment synthesis. Two-stage mixotrophic cultivation using optimal conditions for biomass (light intensity 4.8 klux, CO2 13%, glucose 1% under nitrogen-rich mode) followed by those for lipid accumulation (light intensity 6.0 klux, CO2 15%, glucose 1% under nitrogen-starvation mode) successfully enhanced biomass by 1.46 folds and lipids by 1.39 folds and also improved the biodiesel properties. These strategies may significantly contribute to the development of microalgae-based biofuel and biochemical industries.

Exergy, energy, and emissions analyses of binary and ternary blends of seed waste biodiesel of tomato, papaya, and apricot in a diesel engine

• Binary and Ternary Blends of Biodiesel have been tested through IDI–CI Engine to serve as future renewable energy. • Exergy, Energy, and Emissions Were Analyzed at different Engine Work Conditions. • The Binary Blends of Biodiesel Significantly Decrease the Percentage of Heat Loss Exergy. • The Ternary Blends of Biodiesel Drastically Decrease the Heat Transfer Energy Loss. • TAPD Considerably Reduces CO Emissions. Biodiesel is considered as a renewable biofuel-based substitute for fossil diesel as the properties of biodiesel are similar to those of normal diesel fuel. However, biodiesel has some properties which a negative effect on engine combustion. Binary and ternary fuel blends (blends of biodiesels with the opposite properties) are the best environmentally friendly alternative in compression ignition engines. In this paper, the effects of binary and ternary blends of tomato, papaya, and apricot seed biodiesels on the energy and exergy balance as well as emissions on a compression ignition diesel engine were experimentally and theoretically investigated. The obtained results reveal that the maximum and minimum exergy efficiency are related to the biodiesel of tomato-papaya blend at about 29.63% and pure diesel at about 28.46% respectively. Also, the obtained results show that, compared to the tomato biodiesel-diesel blend, using the binary blends decreases the percentage of heat loss exergy by 5.5% and 3.3% on average for tomato-papaya biodiesel -diesel and tomato-apricot biodiesel-diesel, respectively. The results address that the energy percentage of exhaust emissions at the speed of maximum torque and maximum power averaged 30% while this fraction for exergy was about 13%. The emission results show that the minimum oxygen monoxide emissions, which is 0.3% less than that of diesel, is related to the tomato-apricot-papaya biodiesel-diesel ternary blend.

Analysis of methyl compounds variation in the crude Pongamia pinnata oil from Banten, West Java and North Java populations

Identification of methyl compounds from crude oil is an important baseline provenance to support the development of renewable bioenergy resources in Indonesia. Pongamia pinnata, known as Malapari, has great potential to be an alternative to renewable bioenergy resources and an environmentally friendly substitute for fossil fuels. Our analysis of four provenances of crude Pongamia oil has identified eight (8) methyl compounds with a relative value of >1%, i.e. palmitoleate, lenoleate, eicostrienoic, erucate, docosadienoic, nervonate, eicosapentaenoate and arachidate. The value of the individual methyl compounds varied in each provenance. The unsaturated fatty acid content of Pongamia crude was higher and needs to be balanced to maintain the physical properties of Pongamia biodiesel. In addition, the quality of the tested Pongamia crude oil from all provenances that show high acidity and water content in the crude oil but exceed the standard for biodiesel (SNI 04-7182-2006) shows a need for improvement advanced process. The variations of the methyl compounds found in each provenance can be used as a selection basis for the development of products in the pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors.

Enhancement of Flow Properties Biodiesel Using Sorbitan Monooleate

Depletion of fossil fuel and increased pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuel is a leading factor in to use of alternate energy especially palm oil biodiesel as a mixture of diesel oil fuel (B-XX). It was reported that the use of the B-20 caused a blockage in the vehicle’s fuel filter. The blockage is caused by the presence of deposits formed from the agglomeration of monoglycerides. Three different biodiesels with monoglyceride content were used 0.40% - 0.60% by mass. The addition of monoglyceride standards (monopalmitin, monostearin, and monoolein) to biodiesel increases the volume of monoglyceride precipitates formed. The presence of these deposits decreases the flow properties of B-20. Research has been carried out to improve the flow properties of biodiesel by adding Sorbitan Monooleate (CMOST) surfactant, especially cloud points (CP) and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) parameters. The addition of 0.10%w - 1%w CMOST can reduce the CP by 4.80oC and CFPP by 2oC. This proves that the addition of SMO will improve the flow properties of B-XX as an alternative energy.

Review of Regulated, Unregulated and Particulate Emissions from Biodiesel Fuelled Compression Ignition Engines

Compression-ignition (CI) engines have been utilised in transport and power generation sectors due to their excellent thermal efficiency, robustness and durability. However, the rapid depletion of crude oil reserves and environmental concerns have forced CI engines to be powered by alternative and environment-friendly renewable fuels. Biodiesel, which contains ∼10 % (w/w) oxygen in its fuel molecules, has become a popular alternative fuel for CI engines. Biodiesel can be stored similar to mineral diesel. Hence it does not require a separate fuel distribution infrastructure. The fuel properties of biodiesel are very close to mineral diesel; hence conventional CI engines can be fueled with biodiesel/blends without major modifications in the engine hardware/software. It is also widely known that biodiesel in CI engines brings significant benefits of lower emissions such as unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter (PM). Since biodiesel is considered an attractive alternative fuel, there are many attempts to produce and utilise biodiesel in different applications from various feedstocks such as soybean, rapeseed, and waste cooking oil. Hence, it is necessary to understand the effects of biodiesel feedstocks and engine applications (operating conditions, engine type, etc.) on regulated and unregulated emissions. This paper reviews effects of biodiesel on regulated/unregulated/particulate matter (PM) emissions based on numerous experimental research studies in open literature conducted on a variety of engines using different biodiesels.

Analysis of oil mixing for improvement of biodiesel quality with the application of mixture design method

The study aims to improve biodiesel's fuel quality using optimal oil mixture. Four oils, namely, Karanja, Jatropha, Palm and Waste cooking oil(WCO) were selected and their mixtures were prepared. A simplex lattice mixture design model for biodiesel properties (Kinematic viscosity(KV), Density, Cetane number(CN) and Oxidation stability(OS)) was developed and optimisation of oil mixtures was conducted. Biodiesel fuel properties of the optimum ratio of the mixture of Karanja:Palm oil (51.6:48.4% v/v) are found as KV(3.854 mm2/s), density (860 kg/m3), CN(56.189), and OS (9.565 h), thereby, indicating that the OS of the biodiesel of optimum mixture is improved by 21.47% and CN by 4.2% compared to Karanja biodiesel. Jatropha oil biodiesel does not meet the biodiesel standard (EN 14214), but when mixed with Palm oil in an optimal ratio of 34.8:65.2% v/v (Jatropha:Palm), biodiesel from this optimal mixture obtained are KV(3.822 mm2/s), density(869.95 kg/m3), CN(55.69) and OS(8.16 h) found. So mixing oils improve the biodiesel OS by 46.9% and CN by 11.28% and also satisfies biodiesel standards compared to individual Jatropha oil biodiesel. However, no optimum ratio for the mixture of WCO with Jatropha or Karanja was found suitable for converting biodiesel that can fulfil biodiesel standards.

Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim seed kernel oil: The optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction and evaluation of its potential as a novel biodiesel feedstock

As a promising source of diesel, non-edible oil derived from phytomass is an attractive option for biodiesel production and has attracted more and more attentions due to its numerous advantages. Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim seed is one such promising, un-explored and un-edible oil feedstock for biodiesel, which stores high content of oil. To evaluate the possibility of T. kirilowii seeds kernel oil (TKSO) as feedstock of biodiesel, the optimum conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction TKSO and physicochemical properties of TKSO and TKSO biodiesel were investigated. The results exhibited that under optimum extraction conditions, TKSO yield (51.62%) was closed to the oil content of T.kirilowii seeds kernel (54.23%). TKSO mainly contained six types of fatty acids, including two saturated fatty acids (12.17%) and four unsaturated fatty acids (87.83%). The physicochemical properties of TKSO biodiesel including cold filter plugging point, pour point, flash point, calorific value, sulphur content and kinematic viscosity were in agreement with biodiesel standards (GB/T 25199-2017 and ASTM standard). Therefore, ultrasonic-assisted extraction was an effective method for TKSO, which as an alternate green resource had the potential application in biodiesel production. This research provided a basis for selecting suitable non-edible oil extraction methods and non-edible oil feedstocks for biodiesel production.

Effect of palm oil biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) on physical and mechanical properties of nitrile rubber elastomer

Alternative fuels, such as biodiesel, play an important role in protecting the global environment. Biodiesel obtained from palm oil holds promising applications for compression ignition or diesel engines. However, one major concern associated with the adoption of biodiesel is the degradation and material incompatibility between biodiesel and the existing fuel system. Changes in fuel composition with the introduction of biodiesel often create many problems in which the elastomer is normally used as the fuel hose material in a diesel engine fuel system. This study investigated the effect of palm oil biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) on the nitrile rubber elastomer's physical and mechanical properties, such as mass and volume change, hardness, and tensile strength. Biodiesel blends were found to affect the mechanical properties of the elastomer, causing the fuel hose to swell. After an immersion of the elastomers in the biodiesel blends at room temperature for five weeks, biodiesel properties, such as density and viscosity, were also examined. The density and viscosity were found to increase in the blends with increasing biodiesel content. The result of the study shows that the density and kinematic viscosity increased with the percentage of biodiesel blends. The elastomer increased mass change by 58.1%, the volume change by 58%, the tensile strength by 53.5% and the hardness by 52% with increasing biodiesel blends.