Properties Of Bacterial Cellulose Research Articles

Improved flame retardancy and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose fabrics via solvent exchange and entrapment of zein and gluten

This study aimed to improve the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) by introducing cereal proteins, namely zein and gluten. The production conditions were determined by observing residual masses of samples at 1000 ℃ using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). According to the TGA results, the optimized production conditions for the BCs with zein and gluten were combined solvent exchange and entrapment of 20 weight% (wt.%) of zein, and entrapment of 40 wt.% of gluten, respectively. Surface characterization of BC prepared with zein and gluten under the optimal conditions confirmed that the cereal proteins were incorporated into the BC nanostructures via solvent exchange and/or entrapment and the original chemical and crystal structures of BC were not significantly changed. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) analysis confirmed that cereal proteins improved the flame retardancy of BC. In particular, the LOI of BC entrapped with gluten was 50%, which was better than that of cowhide leather. Char morphology analysis confirmed that the as-produced BCs with cereal proteins exhibited condensed-phase flame-retardant mechanism by forming intumescent chars. Analysis of the mechanical properties confirmed that compared with cowhide leather, as-produced BCs with cereal proteins possessed high tensile strength and dimensional stability, making them suitable leather substitutes.

Fermenting Knits: A material-driven exploration of knit-based bacterial cellulose biocomposite textile materials through fibre reassembly

ABSTRACT Environmental concerns surrounding textile production have increased the need and interest in developing material innovations and interdisciplinary approaches to offset this ecological impact. Bacterial cellulose is present in several industries, and its biologically produced form has shown potential use within fashion. Within the emerging field of biodesign, research surrounding bacterial cellulose textiles generally focuses on the initial sheeted growth, while alternative outputs and working methods remain scarce. Here, fibre reassembly is analysed by fully integrating broken down BC fibres with knitted structures. Material selection and working methods take a practice-led approach to experiment formulation in order to observe material behaviour as central to development. This project aims to create biocomposite textiles that enhance the properties of bacterial cellulose and expand its designable characteristics through low-tech working methods accessible from designerly backgrounds. The results are intended to inform further research in footwear design contexts, as basis to develop BC-based components. Experimentation shows BC fibres reassembled around the knitted structures, varying according to yarn choice and fermenting environment alteration. This demonstrates potential for material and methodology development while exploring co-design with living organisms. In the context of future applications, BC-based composite textiles can self-assemble at different growth stages, offering the possibility of material-driven approaches to spaces intersecting biology and design.

Effect of dehydration method on the micro- and nanomorphological properties of bacterial cellulose produced by Medusomyces gisevii on different substrates

Many important properties of bacterial cellulose (BC), such as moisture absorption capacity, elasticity and tensile strength, largely depend on its structure. This paper presents a study on the effect of the drying method on BC films produced by Medusomyces gisevii using two different procedures: room temperature drying (RT, (24 ± 2 °C, humidity 65 ± 1%, dried until a constant weight was reached) and freeze-drying (FD, treated at − 75 °C for 48 h). BC was synthesized using one of two different carbon sources—either glucose or sucrose. Structural differences in the obtained BC films were evaluated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction. Macroscopically, the RT samples appeared semi-transparent and smooth, whereas the FD group exhibited an opaque white color and sponge-like structure. SEM examination showed denser packing of fibrils in FD samples while RT-samples displayed smaller average fiber diameter, lower surface roughness and less porosity. AFM confirmed the SEM observations and showed that the FD material exhibited a more branched structure and a higher surface roughness. The samples cultivated in a glucose-containing nutrient medium, generally displayed a straight and ordered shape of fibrils compared to the sucrose-derived BC, characterized by a rougher and wavier structure. The BC films dried under different conditions showed distinctly different crystallinity degrees, whereas the carbon source in the culture medium was found to have a relatively small effect on the BC crystallinity.Graphical

Effect of Coconut Water Storage Time and Inoculum Size of Lentilactobacillus parafarraginis on Dried Bacterial Cellulose Properties

Effect of Coconut Water Storage Time and Inoculum Size of Lentilactobacillus parafarraginis on Dried Bacterial Cellulose Properties

Reversible Deacidification and Preventive Conservation of Paper-Based Cultural Relics by Mineralized Bacterial Cellulose.

Paper-based cultural relics experience irreversible aging and deterioration during long-term preservation. The most common process of paper degradation is the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose. Nowadays, deacidification has been considered as a practical way to protect acidified literature; however, two important criteria of minimal intervention and reversibility should be considered. Inspired by the superior properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) and its structural similarity to paper, herein, the mineralized BC membranes are applied to deacidification and conservation of paper-based materials for the first time. Based on the enzyme-induced mineralization process, the homogeneous and high-loaded calcifications of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles onto the nanofibers of BC networks have been achieved, respectively. The size, morphology, structure of minerals, as well as the alkalinity and alkali reserve of BC membranes are well controlled by regulating enzyme concentration and mineralization time. Compared with HAP/CaCO3-immersed method, HAP/CaCO3-BC membranes show more efficient and sustained deacidification performance on paper. The weak alkalinity of mineralized BC membranes avoids the negative effect of alkali on paper, and the high alkali reserve implies a good sustained-release effect of alkali to neutralize the future generated acid. The multiscale nanochannels of the BC membrane provide ion exchange and acid/alkali neutralization channels between paper and the BC membrane, and the final pH of protected paper can be well stabilized in a certain range. Most importantly, this BC-deacidified method is reversible since the BC membrane can be removed without causing any damage to paper and the original structure and fiber morphology of paper are well preserved. In addition, the mineralized BC membrane provides excellent flame-retardant performance on paper thanks to its unique organic-inorganic composite structure. All of these advantages of the mineralized BC membrane indicate its potential use as an effective protection material for the reversible deacidification and preventive conservation of paper-based cultural relics.

Influence of pectin and hemicelluloses on physical properties of bacterial cellulose.

The properties of bacterial cellulose (BC)-based films produced by in situ biosynthesis with various polysaccharides (water-soluble pectin, arabinan, rhamnogalacturonan I, arabinoxylan, xyloglucan, glucomannan) were investigated. The addition of the polysaccharides to the bacterial growth environment changed the composition of the films by incorporating characteristic monosaccharides. BC-based films contained up to 26.7 % of non-cellulosic polysaccharides. The applied modification had a clear impact on water sorption and caused a decrease in the thermal stability of most BC films, which was connected with the depletion of geometrical dimensions of cellulose nanofibers observed with AFM. The FT-IR and Raman spectra demonstrated a decrease in % Iα of cellulose films, most notably for xyloglucan and glucomannan, as well as a change in their degree of crystallinity and the length of cellulose chains. The addition of xyloglucan had the most pronounced effect on film hardening; the other additives had a similar but lesser effect.

Bacterial cellulose produced by Medusomyces gisevii on glucose and sucrose: biosynthesis and structural properties

In this work, the effects of carbon sources and culture media on the production and structural properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) synthesized by Medusomyces gisevii have been studied. The culture medium was composed of different initial concentrations of glucose or sucrose dissolved in 0.4% extract of plain green tea. Parameters of the culture media (titratable acidity, substrate conversion degree etc.) were monitored daily for 20 days of cultivation. The BC pellicles produced on different carbon sources were characterized in terms of biomass yield, crystallinity and morphology by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Our results showed that Medusomyces gisevii had higher BC yields in media with sugar concentrations close to 10 g L−1 after a 18–20 days incubation period. Glucose in general lead to a higher BC yield (173 g L−1) compared to sucrose (163.5 g L−1). The BC crystallinity degree and surface roughness were higher in the samples synthetized from sucrose. Obtained FE-SEM micrographs show that the BC pellicles synthesized in the sucrose media contained densely packed tangles of cellulose fibrils whereas the BC produced in the glucose media displayed rather linear geometry of the BC fibrils without noticeable aggregates.

Investigation of physicochemical and biological properties of bacterial cellulose & zein-reinforced edible nanocomposites based on flaxseed mucilage containing Origanum vulgare L. essential oil

In the present study, the effect of zein and different amounts of bacterial cellulose (BC; 1, 2 and 3 wt%) on the physical, mechanical and barrier properties of flaxseed mucilage/carboxymethyl cellulose (FM/CMC) composite was investigated. The appearance of the absorption band at 1320cm−1 in the ATR-FTIR spectra of nanocomposites indicated the successful introduction of zein into their structure. The characteristic peak at 2θ of 9° belonging to zein disappeared in XRD patterns of the prepared composites suggesting the successful coating of zein via hydrogen bonding interactions. SEM images proved the formation of semi-spherical zein microparticles in the FM/CMC matrix. TGA plots ascertained the addition of zein and nanocellulose caused a significant increase in the thermal stability of FM/CMC film, although zein showed a greater effect. The presence of zein and nanocellulose increased the mechanical strength of nanocomposites. The WVP of FM/CMC decreased after the incorporation of zein and nanocellulose, which created a tortuous path for the diffusion of water molecules. The zein particles exhibited a greater influence on improving the mechanical and barrier properties compared to nanocellulose. FM/CMC-Z film exhibited the highest mechanical strength (49.07 ± 5.89 MPa) and the lowest WVP (1.179 ± 0.076). The composites containing oregano essential oil (EO) showed higher than 60 % antibacterial properties. The bactericidal efficiency of FM/CMC/Z-EO and FM/CMC/Z-EO/BC1 nanocomposites decreased about 10% compared to FM/CMC/EO and FM/CMC-Z/BC1. This evidenced the successful encapsulation of EO molecules in zein particles. According to the in vitro release study, entrapment of EO into zein particles could delay the release and provide the extended antimicrobial effect.

Production of bacterial cellulose by Komagataeibacter intermedius from spent sulfite liquor

This study explores the use of spent sulfite liquor, a byproduct of pulp mills, as a sustainable carbon source for bacterial cellulose production. Komagataeibacter intermedius successfully grew on the sulfite-based medium after pretreatment and addition of media components. Comparisons with standard medium and a standard media with the addition of lignosulfonates using Komagataeibacter xylinus were conducted. The results revealed that for both bacteria sulfite medium outperformed the other two, with a significantly higher cellulose production of 5.68 g L−1 compared to 1.86 g L−1 and 2.17 g L−1 for Komagataeibacter intermedius. Inhibition of the gluconic acid production pathway on sulfite medium medium led to 13 % increased cellulose yield. The celluloses produced on sulfite-based medium exhibited, with 375.8 kg mol−1, higher molecular masses and similar structures to standard media celluloses with only 209.6 kg mol−1. This is highlighting the potential of pretreated spent sulfite liquor to enhance bacterial cellulose properties as a favorable carbon source.

Impact of Fermentation Conditions and Purification Strategy on Bacterial Cellulose Properties

Bacterial cellulose (BC) has attracted much research interest, delivering a combination of exclusive properties, such as flexibility, hydrophilicity, crystallinity and a three-dimensional network. In this study, the effects of carbon source and cultivation conditions on BC production by the bacterium Acetobacter xylinum subsp. sucrofermentans DSM 15973 were assessed. Fructose was the most suitable carbon source and high BC concentrations up to 31 g l–1 were achieved in substrates with 60 g l–1 fructose under static culture conditions. Notably, BC production was equally high under the same fermentation conditions in agitated cultures (~30 g l–1). Moreover, the effectiveness of sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite solutions in BC purification and their potential impact on BC structure and properties were explored. The combination of weak NaOH and NaOCl proved an effective purification method, preserving the fibre structure and crystallinity of BC.

Review on the strategies for enhancing mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose

Review on the strategies for enhancing mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose

Modification of microstructure and selected physicochemical properties of bacterial cellulose produced by bacterial isolate using hydrocolloid-fortified Hestrin-Schramm medium.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biopolymer with applications in numerous industries such as food and pharmaceutical sectors. In this study, various hydrocolloids including modified starches (oxidized starch-1404 and hydroxypropyl starch-1440), locust bean gum, xanthan gum (XG), guar gum, and carboxymethyl cellulose were added to the Hestrin-Schramm medium to improve the production performance and microstructure of BC by Gluconacetobacter entanii isolated from coconut water. After 14-day fermentation, medium supplemented with 0.1% carboxymethyl cellulose and 0.1% XG resulted in the highest BC yield with dry BC content of 9.82 and 6.06 g/L, respectively. In addition, scanning electron microscopy showed that all modified films have the characteristic three-dimensional network of cellulose nanofibers with dense structure and low porosity as well as larger fiber size compared to control. X-ray diffraction indicated that BC fortified with carboxymethyl cellulose exhibited lower crystallinity while Fourier infrared spectroscopy showed characteristic peaks of both control and modified BC films.

Improved degradability and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose grafted with PEG derivatives

New functional materials based on bacterial cellulose (BC) grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) PEG derivatives for food packaging applications and a facile method for assessing the degradation rates of the final materials are presented. Two types of materials were obtained by grafting the BC films (BCF), respectively lyophilized BC pellicles (BCL) with three PEG derivatives of different molecular weights through radical polymerization. The BC based polymer materials were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, contact angle measurements, and TGA. Tensile tests and DMA analysis were used to compare the two types of materials in terms of shear-modulus, tensile strength and performance giving suitable information for food packaging applications. A new degradation evaluation method, that we propose herein, offers quantitative information about the degradation process in contrast with the SEM analysis, primarily used in literature, which is not decisive in all cases because it characterizes only small parts of the sample. The degradation rates evidenced that the PEG derivatives of higher molecular weight grafted on the surface of BCF led to an acceleration of the degradation process compared with the pristine samples. A good correlation was obtained between the samples analyzed by SEM after the degradation process and their degradation rates were mathematically determined.

Bio-materials for sustainable textile-based sensing applications

The paper is devoted to the production of biodegradable nonwovens (films) based on bacterial cellulose, the study of its physical and mechanical properties and the possibility of designing garments made from this fabric. As a result of the research, samples of bacterial cellulose films of different thicknesses were obtained, the relationship between changes in film thickness and cultivation time was established, the structure of biodegradable films was determined, the values of microfibrils forming them were revealed, and the physical and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose were studied. A comparative analysis of the obtained biomaterials with commercial samples of composite eco-materials was carried out using synthetic leather made from Mexican cactus waste. The data collected is valuable for further research in the design of eco-friendly and biodegradable materials for both casual wear and textiles, as well as smart biomaterials for the engineering of sustainable textile-based sensors.

Insights into the properties of bacterial cellulose produced by Acetobacter senegalensis MA1 and uncovering the novel bioactive metabolites of its spent medium

Insights into the properties of bacterial cellulose produced by Acetobacter senegalensis MA1 and uncovering the novel bioactive metabolites of its spent medium

Preparation of meal replacement powder based on bacterial cellulose/konjac glucomannan and its influence on sugar metabolism

This study investigates the dietary nutritional requirements of type 2 diabetes. It investigated the swelling, thickening, and rheological properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) and konjac glucomannan(KGM). Using BC and KGM as the functional factors and Tartary buckwheat flour and soybean flour as the energy sources, two BC/KGM meal replacement powders were prepared. Afterward, the effect of the meal replacement powders on glucose metabolism was investigated in vitro. The results showed that the swelling degree of BC and KGM was 10.24 ± 0.57 mL/g and 65.58 ± 4.10 mL/g. Both KGM and BC show pseudoplastic fluid characteristics under a shear force. The BC and KGM meal replacement powders have good performance. 1# and 2# powers can inhibit glucose diffusion and reduce the amount of gastrointestinal digestion. The release of glucose in the BC/KGM meal replacement powder follows the first-order kinetic model. This study provides new ideas and a theoretical basis for the prevention, improvement, and dietary support for patients with type 2 diabetes.

Properties of bacterial cellulose developed from genetically stable FM833 bacterial strain for 30 generations via Kombucha tea

The quality control of the bacterial cellulose (BC) production has been facing challenges due to the genetic stability of bacterial strains, which is often overlooked or underestimated. Thus, its commercialized application is limited. Therefore, a bacterial strain FM883 with a 16S rRNA sequence 97% identical to Komagataeibacter xylinus NBRC15237T was isolated from kombucha tea. Cultivation of FM883 was conducted in series to observe the morphology and BC yield among different generations from 1st generation to 30th generation. The results show that FM883 can efficiently produce BC in modified Hestrin-Schramn media at the 30th generation (163.5 ± 0.3 g/L), which was even higher than the 1st generation (157.6 ± 0.3 g/L). This indicated that FM883 has strong genetic stability. Furthermore, several characterizations of the BC indicated that the quality of the BC biosynthesized by FM883 was good with excellent thermostability. With such strong genetic stability, and properties, as well as sufficiently high consistency and high yield, BC biosynthesized by FM883 had demonstrated excellent production quality control, which is desired for commercial manufacturing.

Recent trends in the development of smart bacterial cellulose wound dressings

Though several advancements occurred in the wound management and wound dressing sector, still there is scope for improvement in this area. Recently, several researchers focused on the use of bacterial cellulose in the wound dressing area. However, the use of bacterial cellulose is not yet commercialized widely. The three-dimensional fibre assembly, nano-sized fibre, and very high swelling and water holding capacity are the unique characteristics of bacterial cellulose. This review aims at analyzing the recent advancements in the use of bacterial cellulose in wound dressing application. The first part of the review evaluates the intrinsic properties of bacterial cellulose and its importance in wound healing. The latter part of the review consolidates the recent research works and advancements in bacterial cellulose wound dressing. Finally, the review details the potential merits and demerits of bacterial cellulose along with the scope for future research.

Development and evaluation of ciprofloxacin-bacterial cellulose composites produced through in situ incorporation method

This paper describes the interaction and properties of bacterial cellulose (BC)–ciprofloxacin composites synthesized by in situ incorporation method. Ciprofloxacin's susceptibility to BC's producer, Acetobacter xylinum 0416, was first tested to determine its inhibitory activity against the bacteria. In situ incorporation method was performed by introducing 0.2% (w/v) ciprofloxacin into Hestrin–Schramm medium at the onset of exponential phase of A. xylinum 0416 growth. Following a 10-day incubation at 28 °C, BC–ciprofloxacin composites were harvested and further characterised, while another BC–ciprofloxacin composite was harvested and purified prior to characterisation. The interaction between ciprofloxacin and BC was proven by the presence of quinolines and fluorine groups of ciprofloxacin on unpurified BC–ciprofloxacin composite and the reduction of crystallinity index as compared to the native BC. Moreover, deposited ciprofloxacin crystals on BC film and its composition were exhibited via SEM-Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Unpurified BC–ciprofloxacin film was determined to have strongly inhibited the following selected diabetic foot ulcer bacteria: E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. BC has the potential to be used as a wound dressing and a carrier for ciprofloxacin.

Silicone polyether surfactant enhances bacterial cellulose synthesis and water holding capacity

The versatility and unique properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) motivate research into enhancing its synthesis. Here a silicone polyether surfactant (SPS) was synthesized and tested as a non-nutritional additive to the cultivation media of Komagataeibacter xylinus. The addition of SPS to the Hestrin-Schramm (HS) medium resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in surface tension from 59.57 ± 0.37 mN/m to 30.05 ± 0.41 mN/m (for 0.1% addition) that was correlated with an increased yield of BC, up to 37% wet mass for surfactant concentration close to its critical micelle concentration (0.008%). Physicochemical characterization of bacterial cellulose obtained in presence of SPS, showed that surfactant is not incorporated into BC structure and has a moderate effect on its crystallinity, thermal stability. Moreover, the water holding capacity was enhanced by over 40%. Importantly, obtained BC did not affect L929 murine fibroblast cell viability. We conclude that SPS provides an eco-friendly approach to increasing BC yield in static culture, enabling more widespread industrial and biomedical applications.