Properties Of Asphalt Mixtures Research Articles

Impact of Rejuvenator-Modified Mastic on Asphalt Mixture Stiffness: Meso-Scale Discrete Element Method Approach

Encapsulated rejuvenators embedded in asphalt mixtures are a promising technology to extend the service life of asphalt pavements. However, their effects on the asphalt mixture’s performance still need to be properly understood. A recently developed three-dimensional discrete element method framework enables the evaluation of non-homogeneous distributions of the rejuvenator, closely resembling real conditions. This includes different scenarios involving capsule content and release efficiency. The presented numerical results show that the rejuvenator-to-mastic ratio and the number of rejuvenator-modified contacts influence the stiffness properties of asphalt mixtures. In cases where a homogeneous rejuvenator distribution is assumed, the three-dimensional DEM model predicts a significant reduction in the asphalt mixture’s stiffness that compromises the pavement’s performance. Simulations show that the diffusion effect needs to be considered for predicting the post-healed behavior of asphalt mixtures. For cases considering more suitable modified mastic amounts (less than 1.20 wt%), the effect on the asphalt mixture’s stiffness modulus is less pronounced, and the phase angle is not significantly affected. Additionally, the presented simulations suggest that the capsule content can be increased up to 0.75 wt%, and capsules with a release rate higher than 48% can be used without compromising the rheological performance of asphalt mixtures, possibly improving their self-healing properties. These numerical insights should be considered in future designs to achieve optimal post-healed behavior.

Structural layer applicability of semi-flexible material for rutting resistance: A coupled temperature-mechanical approach.

Semi-flexible material (SFM) is produced by pouring cement grouting material into the asphalt concrete skeleton. It exhibits both characteristics of cement and asphalt, increasing structural stiffness and reducing rutting. Extensive studies have shown that the temperature load coupling effect is one of the leading causes of road rutting. However, few researchers focused on the anti-rutting impact and structural layer applicability of SFM under this effect. Thus, a coupled temperature-mechanical approach was developed based on the finite element (FE) method to simulate the rutting of SFM at different pavement layers and times of the day. During simulation, both standard load and overload were applied to the FE model of pavement. Asphalt mixture and SFM specimens were prepared for essential road performance and dynamic modulus testing. The mechanical properties of SFM and asphalt mixtures at different temperatures were obtained based on the measured data. The structural layer applicability of SFM was revealed by simulating the response of the pavement structure under the combined action of temperature and load. An accelerated pavement test (APT) based validation indicated that the simulation results were accurate. The results show that traditional asphalt pavement and pavement with SFM at the surface and bottom layers tend to exhibit dilative heave adjacent to the wheel load. Using SFM at the middle layer shows a compacted rutting mode, and the pavement has a minimum rise of 51% in rutting depth under the double overloading compared with the pavements with SFM in other layers. It implies that using SFM in the middle layer gives optimal resistance to overload. Considering the depth, form, and resistance of rutting, the SFM in the middle layer of pavement can functionally exert its anti-rutting characteristic.

Mechanical activation assisted of biobased encapsulated rejuvenators to promote asphalt self-healing

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of biobased encapsulated rejuvenators on the self-healing properties of asphalt mixtures. With this objective, polynuclear capsules were synthesised using alginate biopolymer as encapsulating material and sunflower oil as rejuvenator. The capsules were physically and mechanically characterised by optic and scanning electron microscopy techniques as well compressive tests. Four types of semi-dense asphalt mixtures were manufactured, varying in capsule content: 0.0%, 0.125%, 0.25%, and 0.5%wt. The self-healing properties of each mixture were evaluated based on mechanical cracking, capsule activation, and healing level quantification processes. A new confined uniaxial compression test was developed for capsule activation. The self-healing capacity of the asphalt mixtures was determined under force and fracture energy criteria. Statistically significant differences in the healing variables were analysed through one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests. The main results showed that the capsules presented regular spherical morphology and high mechanical stability to resist the mixing process at high temperature. The new activation approach effectively activated the alginate-based capsules inside the asphalt mixtures promoting their self-healing. Force and energy crack-healing criteria improved with the addition of capsules in the asphalt matrix, with healing values being higher for the force criterion than those for the energy one. Finally, the addition of capsules in a content equal or greater than 0.25%wt. significantly improved the self-healing properties of the asphalt mixtures.

A comparative study on rutting behavior of unbound and cement stabilized base layers in flexible pavements

Rutting distress, a phenomenon characterized by formation of ruts in high-stress areas of flexible pavements, necessitates material enhancements due to increased vehicular loads resulting from national and international trade via highways, highlighting the need for revised prediction methods utilizing laboratory tests with standardized protocols to evaluate asphalt mixtures before field application. While pavement construction consumes substantial non-renewable resources, there's an increasing emphasis on sustainability over initial costs in government decision-making, underscoring the importance of sustainable development to reduce investments and preserve natural resources. Notably, cement-treated bases are effective in extending the fatigue life and reducing cracking in flexible pavements. Various testing devices, such as the Georgia loaded-wheel tester, French wheel tracking tester, Hamburg wheel-tracking device, and asphalt pavement analyser, assess asphalt mixture properties, but mainly target bound bituminous layers. This study's primary goal is to compare the rutting performance of two pavement sections using a novel device called the 'Roller compactor cum rut analyser' (RCRA), capable of compacting and analysing all layers of flexible pavement. By applying the RCRA model, the research demonstrates that the section with cement-stabilized layers displays enhanced resistance to rutting and deformation, providing valuable insights for the construction of durable road infrastructure.

Study on induction healing properties of OGFC asphalt mixture with high elasticity and high viscosity modifier

Induction healing is a promising preventive maintenance method of asphalt pavement, but the healing properties of Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) asphalt mixture with high elasticity and high viscosity modifier (HEV) were not clear. OGFC asphalt mixture used for induction heating was prepared by adding steel wool fibers and HEV. The effects of HEV and steel wool on the properties of OGFC mixture were studied. The particle loss resistance, water stability, porosity, induction heating and self-healing properties of OGFC-13 asphalt mixture with different steel wool contents were measured. The results showed that HEV slightly improved the properties of resistance to particle loss, fracture strength and water stability of OGFC-13 asphalt mixture, had little effect on the induction heating rate and porosity, but reduced the healing rate by 10%. The addition of steel wool to OGFC-13 can enhance the particle loss resistance, heating rate and healing effect, and the optimal dosage is 8% of the volume fraction of bituminous binder. The healing rate rose steadily as the heating temperature increased. At the optimal healing temperature of 110 ℃, healing depth ratios of the mixtures without and with HEV were 56.3% and 43%, respectively, and the fracture energy healing rates were 72.4% and 63.1%, both at a high healing level. The incorporation of steel fibers and HEV reduced the porosity and water permeability of OGFC very slightly, and the porosity and water permeability of OGFC did not change significantly after induction heating. It is concluded that induction heating has a potential to heal the cracks within OGFC mixture with HEV to prevent surface raveling which is the primary damage of OGFC.

A Study on the Genetic Algorithm Optimization of an Asphalt Mixture’s Viscoelastic Parameters Based on a Wheel Tracking Test

The generalized Maxwell (GM) constitutive model has been widely applied to characterize the viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures. The parameters (Prony series) of the GM are usually obtained via interconversion between a dynamic modulus and relaxation modulus, and they are then input to a finite element model (FEM) as viscoelastic parameters. However, the dynamic modulus obtained with the common loading mode only provides the compressive and tensile properties of materials. Whether the compression or tensile modulus can represent the shear properties of materials related to flow rutting is still open to discussion. Therefore, this study introduced a novel method that integrates the Kriging model into the genetic algorithm as a surrogate model to determine the viscoelastic parameters of an asphalt mixture in rutting research. Firstly, a wheel tracking test (WTT) for AC-13 was conducted to clarify the flow rutting development mechanism. Secondly, two sets of the AC-13 viscoelastic parameters obtained through the optimization method and the dynamic modulus were used as inputs into the FEM simulation of the WTT to compare the simulation results. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of viscoelastic parameters was performed to improve the efficiency of parameter optimization. The results indicating the viscoelastic parameters obtained by this method could precisely characterize the development law of flow rutting in asphalt mixtures.

Improving the Gradation of Aggregate used in Asphalt Mixtures Using Bailey Method

The bailey method of gradation analysis it is one of the techniques used in pavement engineering for evaluating and designing asphalt mixtures based on the particle size distribution. This paper presents a comprehensive review of research conducted on the Bailey technique, focusing on its application and impact in the field of pavement engineering. The review encompasses studies that have investigated the effectiveness of the Bailey technique as a mix design tool, a quality control tool, and a performance assessment tool. Researchers have explored its ability to optimize asphalt mixtures for desired performance characteristics, such as rutting resistance, stability, and durability. They have also examined its effectiveness in ensuring consistency and conformity to specified requirements during asphalt production. Furthermore, the review highlights the correlation between the Bailey technique's gradation data and various performance properties of asphalt mixtures. Researchers have investigated the relationship between particle size distribution and properties like rutting resistance, moisture susceptibility, drainage, and particle packing. These studies have provided valuable insights into the influence of gradation on the performance of asphalt pavements.

Performance of Hybrid Asphalt Mixture through the Stability and Tensile Strength

Introduction: The stability and tensile strength of asphalt mixtures play a crucial role in pavement durability, primarily due to the challenges associated with cracking. This study investigates the utilization of a hybrid asphalt mixture comprising hybrid materials: Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), garnet waste and sawdust to enhance the modified asphalt performance. Aims: The objective is to examine the hybrid materials’ influence towards the mechanical properties of the hybrid asphalt mixture, specifically focusing on the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) as well as the Marshall stability test. Methods: To achieve this, hybrid materials were finely ground and sieved to 25µm before being incorporated into the mixture. The Marshall mix design procedure was conducted, utilizing hybrid binders at concentrations of 0% (control), 3% 6%, and 9%. The effects of the hybrid asphalt mixture on stability, flow, stiffness, and ITS were assessed at the optimal binder content. Results: The findings indicate that the hybrid asphalt mixture reveals enhanced Marshall stability, stiffness, flow, and ITS values compared to conventional asphalt mixtures. Notably, hybrid asphalt mixtures with 6% binder concentration demonstrate the most significant enhancement in terms of Marshall stability and ITS. Conclusion: This correlation suggests that the incorporation of POFA, garnet waste, and sawdust as hybrid materials in the hybrid asphalt mixture possesses a positive effect on the overall mechanical properties of the pavement. Highlights: • POFA, garnet waste, and sawdust increased the stability of the hybrid asphalt mixture. • POFA, garnet waste, and sawdust increased the tensile strength of the hybrid asphalt mixture. • Hybrid asphalt mixture performs positively towards flow and stiffness.

Study of Decay Mechanisms and Rules of Recycled Asphalt Pavement via a Full-Scale Experiment

Under the influence of long-term vehicle loads and large attenuation degrees, asphalt pavement performance gradually decreases, which leads to failure in fulfilling the appropriate requirements and, in turn, may affect driving safety. The purpose of this paper was to study the attenuation mechanism and rule of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS)-modified recycled asphalt pavement, so as to determine the applicable position and rational utilization of recycled asphalt mixture. To achieve this goal, two structures were designed, and full-scale experiments were carried out. The performance of the field test road based on accelerated loading testing (ALT) was analyzed through field monitoring data. The fatigue characteristics of stone matrix asphalt-13 (SMA-13) and asphalt concrete-20 (AC-20) mixtures before and after accelerated loading were studied via the trabecular bending fatigue test and dynamic modulus test. The microscopic components in the asphalt mixtures were determined via thin-layer chromatography on chromarods with flame ionization detection (TLC-FID). The results showed that the fatigue properties of recycled asphalt mixture can meet the requirements of ordinary asphalt mixtures and meet the technical standards of asphalt pavement design. With the increase in loading times, the British pendulum number (BPN) value of the two structures tended to be stable, and the BPN of Plan 2 was six less than that of Plan 1. Under the same test conditions, the fatigue life sequence of the recycled asphalt mixture under different loading frequencies was 20 Hz > 10 Hz > 5 Hz. The contents of four components in the reclaimed asphalt mixture were similar to those in the ordinary asphalt mixture. The light component of the reclaimed asphalt mixture of SMA-13 was reduced by 11.69%, and the light component of the ordinary asphalt mixture of SMA-13 was reduced by 15.29% through the full-scale test. In summary, recycled asphalt mixture should not be applied to the upper layer of pavement but can be rationalized in the middle layer and the bottom layer of pavement.

Predicting asphalt mixture fatigue life via four-point bending tests based on viscoelastic continuum damage mechanics

A more technically accurate approach to predict fatigue life of asphalt mixtures can enhance the precision of performance evaluation for asphalt pavements. This study applied the viscoelastic continuum damage mechanics (VECD) to investigate the fatigue behavior of asphalt mixtures. The fatigue life of typical asphalt mixtures was evaluated through four-point bending tests under various conditions. The strain-modulus empirical equation was firstly employed to fit the experimental data. However, it was noted that this equation was not entirely suitable for all conditions, as factors like temperature and loading frequency can influence fatigue life not only through the dynamic modulus but also via the damage properties of asphalt mixtures. To address this limitation and achieve a comprehensive fatigue life prediction equation, the Time-Strain Superstition Principle (TSSP) and Frequency-Strain Superstition Principle (FSSP) were introduced to characterize the impact of temperature and loading frequency on fatigue life, which can reduce fitting errors. Additionally, a mechanical prediction equation was also derived by the VECD approach, and its applicability under different conditions was explored. The results revealed that the damage characteristic curve (C-S curve) remained unaffected by loading frequency and strain level but was highly dependent on temperature. Significant fitting errors were observed in different temperatures when employing the VECD method for fatigue life prediction, as the VECD method did not account for the influence of temperature on the viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures, which in fact plays a critical role in fatigue life. In response, temperature adjustment coefficients were introduced into the derived equation. The predicted results demonstrated that the newly modified method significantly improved prediction precision, yielding an error of less than 20%.

Effect of alkali-treated bamboo fibers on the properties of asphalt mixture

ABSTRACT Bamboo fiber is a natural fiber that is ecologically beneficial and one of the best materials to replace lignin fiber for roads, which is still difficult to utilize properly in asphalt mixtures owing to its poor adherence, dispersion, and hydrophilicity. Previous research has discovered that alkali treatment, as an effective treatment approach, may effectively lower the hydrophilicity of plant fibers and improve their compatibility with the matrix. As a result, it is vital to investigate the effect of alkali treatment on bamboo fibers used in asphalt mixtures. The composition and microstructure of bamboo fibers treated with alkali were investigated using SEM and FTIR methods, while the adhesion between the bamboo fiber and asphalt before and after alkali treatment was tested using the fiber pull-out test. In addition, the dispersion rate of bamboo fibers in asphalt mixture was determined by developing a connection equation using the Schellenberg binder drainage test. The performance of bamboo fiber asphalt mixtures was then evaluated using rutting tests, beam bending tests, immersion Marshall tests, freeze-thaw splitting tests, and cyclic fatigue testing. The results showed that the alkali treatment successfully eliminated impurities in the outer layer of the bamboo fibers and reduced their hydrophilicity, which enhanced the asphalt-bamboo fiber interactions as well as the asphalt mixture’s water damage resistance, specifically manifested as the residual stability of ABM was enhanced by 7.8% and the splitting tensile strength of ABM was raised by 12.2%. Furthermore, the surface polarity of the bamboo fibers was reduced, which weakened the agglomeration phenomenon and increases the dispersion rate of bamboo fibers in the mixture by 9%, efficiently improving the low-temperature cracking resistance and fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures.

Study on the shear strength of asphalt mixture by discrete element modeling with coarse aggregate morphology

High shear strength is crucial for asphalt pavements to resist permanent deformation at high temperatures, which is largely determined by the skeletal structure of coarse aggregates. In this study, four size ranges of polyhedral coarse aggregate clumps were built to simulate the morphology and dimensional characteristics of coarse aggregate. Subsequently, virtual triaxial shear tests were simulated using discrete element models. Three gradation types were analyzed to study the effects of aggregate structure, granularity composition, and coarse aggregate modulus on the shear strength of asphalt mixtures. The results show that it is feasible to obtain accurate morphological features of coarse aggregates by controlling the minimum diameter of the filled spheres in a polyhedral coarse aggregate box when constructing a discrete element model. The virtual triaxial shear test model developed in this study can be effectively utilized to simulate the shear mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures under various confining pressures. The numerical simulation results indicate that the cohesion of asphalt mixture AC-13 is the best, while the internal friction angle and shear strength of SMA-13 are the highest. The ranking of factors that affect the cohesion and internal friction can be summarized as: aggregate structure ≫ coarse aggregate modulus > granularity composition, while the order of factors that affect the shear strength is: aggregate structure ≫ granularity composition > coarse aggregate modulus. This indicates that the aggregate structure is crucial for the high-temperature performance of asphalt mixtures. This study addressed the issue of high variability in laboratory test results for macroscopic properties of asphalt mixtures and analyzed the skeleton role of coarse aggregate in asphalt mixtures from a mesoscopic perspective. The findings parameters for explaining the strength mechanism. The discrete element models also facilitate the optimization of asphalt mix design with reduced labor and time consumption on laboratory testing.

Engineering properties-based parameters used for moisture damage evaluation of asphalt mixtures: a review

Moisture-induced damage has been known as a major premature distresses in asphalt pavement. Numerous review papers have been made to provide the progression in study on moisture damage of asphalt pavement. However, mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures used as a parameter for moisture susceptibility evaluation were not reviewed in detail. To make the review of moisture-induced damage in asphalt pavement more comprehensive, this paper reviews research studies on moisture damage of asphalt pavement in view of mechanical properties as a parameter during the past 50 years. These parameters include tensile strength ratio (TSR), cohesion ratio (CR), dynamic modulus ratio (DMR), resilient modulus ratio (RMR), and shear strength ratio (SSR). TSR and CR are only relevant at bottom of asphalt concrete (AC), while SSR can be used to describe moisture damage at different AC depths. DMR and RMR are concentrated on the impact of moisture damage via performance characteristics of asphalt mixtures.

Evaluation of the impact of various stabilizing additives, including hydrolysis lignin, on the basic physical and operational parameters of rubble-mastic asphalt concrete mixtures

The paper considers the use of various stabilizing additives, including hydrolysis lignin, in rubble-mastic asphalt mixtures. Laboratory tests were conducted using calibrated measuring instruments and certified laboratory equipment, along with officially recognized methods for testing the physical and mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures. Based on the data obtained, a comparative analysis of the effect of stabilizing additives on the main physical and operational indicators of rubblemastic asphalt concrete mixtures was carried out. It was established that the use of different stabilizing additives in rubble-mastic asphalt concrete mixtures did not lead to significant changes in the basic physical and operational indicators, except for the binder flowing indicator, i.e., the ability of rubblemastic asphalt concrete mixtures to retain bitumen. The laboratory studies also confirmed the possibility of using a stabilizing additive – hydrolysis lignin – without compromising the physical and operational characteristics of the mixture according to GOST R 58406.1-2020. A slight increase in water resistance was observed when hydrolysis lignin was added, largely due to its ability to modify road bitumen and its high content in the mixture compared to other additives.

Thermal Characteristics and Temperature Distribution of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Residues from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration

As a sustainable substitute for non-renewable mineral resources and solid waste landfilling, municipal solid waste incineration residues (MSWIRs) are useful in road pavements. This study investigates the thermal characteristics and temperature distribution of flexible pavements containing MSWIRs with hollow microsphere structures. First, the volumetric properties of asphalt mixtures containing MSWIR fillers were measured. The effects of MSWIRs on the mixture’s physical characteristics were investigated in terms of thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and thermal diffusivity. A three-dimensional finite element model incorporating surface thermal conditions was established and validated to analyze the internal temperature distribution and heat transfer behavior within the asphalt. Finally, the high-temperature conditions of summer were simulated in an indoor irradiation test to evaluate the risk of heat islands in urban areas. The results showed that the mixture containing MSWIRs exhibited a higher specific heat capacity (from 0.8385 to 0.9554 J/(kg·K)) and lower thermal conductivity (from 1.4356 to 1.1362 W/(m·K)) than the reference mixture with limestone filler. Therefore, it contributed to a lower heat flux distribution within the pavement. However, the increase in asphalt surface temperature caused by MSWIRs may exacerbate the urban heat island effect in the summer, which should be considered before using road materials containing MSWIRs.

Effect of recycled additives on pure mode I fracture resistance and moisture susceptibility of hot mix asphalt (HMA): An experimental study using semicircular bending (SCB) and indirect tensile strength (ITS) tests

Moisture susceptibility and cracking are considered as two major causes of distress in asphalt pavement, which are developed and expanded under environmental factors such as Freeze-Thaw Cycles (FTC) and traffic loading. These causes of distress may be controlled by improving two factors of bituminous phase cohesion and adhesion between aggregates and bitumen. This article was aimed to study the rheological properties of bitumen, such as rotational viscosity, as well as the mechanical properties of asphalt mixture, such as moisture susceptibility, fracture resistance, and fracture brittleness, by using two additives, carbon black and hydrocarbon, which were obtained from the pyrolysis recycling of hospital waste caused by Covid-19. In this regard, a total of 8 mixtures were made, including a mix without any additive, three mixes of 1.25, 2, and 2.75 % hydrocarbon, three mixes of 6, 12, and 18 % carbon black, and a mix of 2.75 % hydrocarbon + 18 % carbon black. In order to determine the effect of FTC on the asphalt samples and to adapt the laboratory conditions to the road conditions, 1 and 3 cycles of Freeze-Thaw Damage (FTD) were applied, respectively, indicating 4 and 12 years of pavement distress. The results showed that the addition of different percentages of carbon black and hydrocarbons (separately and together) through improving bituminous phase cohesion and adhesion between aggregates and bitumen increased the samples resistance to the moisture susceptibility. It was also found that fracture energy (GF) and fracture toughness (KIC) of all mixes improved compared to the base sample. At last, the results of brittleness indicators revealed that all mixes containing 6, 12, and 18 % carbon black and 1.25, 2, and 2.75 % hydrocarbon had a more flexible behavior than the base mix under 1 cycle of FTD; while the mixes containing 18 % carbon black and 2.75 % hydrocarbon were just flexible under 3 cycles of FTD. Accordingly, it can be concluded that a mix containing 2.75 % hydrocarbon + 18 % carbon black had the best results in terms of viscosity, moisture susceptibility, and fracture resistance (under 1 and 3 FTD cycles).

Editorial: Recent advances in testing and modeling of performance-related mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures

Editorial: Recent advances in testing and modeling of performance-related mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures

Volumetric and Mechanical Properties of Large Stone Asphalt Mixture Produced by Laboratory Compaction of Vertical Vibration Compaction Method

Volumetric and Mechanical Properties of Large Stone Asphalt Mixture Produced by Laboratory Compaction of Vertical Vibration Compaction Method

Performance Evaluation and Self-Healing Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Containing RAP Materials and Rice Bran Oil Capsules

Performance Evaluation and Self-Healing Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Containing RAP Materials and Rice Bran Oil Capsules

Sensitivity and Reliability Analysis of Ultrasonic Pulse Parameters in Evaluating the Laboratory Properties of Asphalt Mixtures.

The ultrasonic test is a promising non-destructive testing technique for evaluating the properties of asphalt mixtures. To investigate the applicability and reliability of ultrasonic testing technology (UTT) in evaluating the performance of asphalt mixtures, ultrasonic tests, indirect tensile tests, compression tests, and dynamic modulus tests were carried out at various temperatures. Subsequently, the distribution characteristics of ultrasonic traveling parameters for asphalt mixtures were analyzed. The variation of ultrasonic pulse velocity and amplitude in dry and wet states with temperature was studied. Then, the correlation between the ultrasonic parameters and both the volume parameters and the mechanical performance parameters of asphalt mixtures was revealed, and the functional relationship between ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength was established. Finally, the reliability of predicting high-frequency dynamic modulus by ultrasonic velocity was verified. The laboratory tests and analysis results indicate that both ultrasonic pulse velocity and amplitude in dry and wet conditions show a decreasing trend with an increase in temperature. Ultrasonic parameters are greatly influenced by asphalt content and mineral aggregate content of 9.5~13.2 mm and 13.2~16 mm. The dynamic modulus at a high-frequency load can be predicted by using ultrasonic velocity, and predicting the results for OGFC and SMA mixtures deduced by using the UPV at a high-frequency load have higher reliability.